Roman Portugal

Sample (first page) of an article published in: Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos (Instituto de Estudios Gallegos Padre Sarmiento), 64/130 (2017), pp. 15-48. Please download here the complete file: http://estudiosgallegos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgallegos/article/view/412/419

Language: Galician. Abstracts in Galician, Spanish and English

ABSTRACT: "Changes and continuIty of the municipium in late Roman Gallaecia (3rd-5th centuries)". This paper examines the evolution of local organizative framework of Gallaecia between the 3rd and 5th centuries, determining certain transformations of the municipium settled since the previous centuries and contextualizing them in the analogous evolution of the contemporary West. Finally it is stressed the apparent post-roman permanence of the basic structure of this organizative regime.

CONTENTS: Persistencia do municipium na Gallaecia baixo-imperial — O réxime municipal galaico-romano — Historiografía do municipium baixo-imperial: crise ou transformación? — Os comprometedores condicionantes estruturais — Fundus e patrocinium — Cargos imperiais no municipium: un curator en Asadur? — Implicación fiscal das curias: o moio de Ponte Puñide — O municipium sen o Estado: a irrupción bárbara — Liderados e representacións circunstanciais — As plebes galaicas na terminoloxía hidaciana — A ineludíbel remanencia estrutural do municipium — Conclusións.

This thesis is the result of a preventive archaeological work carried out during the project "Recovery and Musealisation of the Roman Factories of Sines" promoted by the Municipality of Sines, designated with the acronym SALGAS, between 2017 and 2018.
The archaeological intervention was carried out at Largo João de Deus, in Sines, outside the Fish Sauce Factory A and allowed the identification of new archaeological contexts associated with an artefactual component of roman chronology.
During Roman times, the present-day Largo João de Deus was densely occupied by fish processing workshops, a metallurgical workshop and a pottery. The study of the exhumed archaeological remains made it possible to interpret and date the archaeological contexts, showing two distinct moments of occupation. In the 1990’s, Largo João de Deus was dug by Carlos Tavares da Silva and Antónia Coelho-Soares (2006) who have documented a fish preparation factory built during the 1st century AD. The metallurgical workshop documented in 2017 would have operated between the 1st century and the end of the 2nd century, maybe beginning of the 3rd century AD. At that time the fish preparation workshops will have undergone changes and remodelling, and domestic contexts have been documented inside Factory A showing occupation between the 3rd century and the 4th century AD (Silva, Coelho-Soares, 2016: 106-108).
During the 2017 archaeological works, a pottery production kiln was also documented within a meter from the factory. However, its digging was not allowed. It would have enabled us the understand the production type and the possibility of Sines being an amphorae production centre, thesis defended by Dias Diogo e Reiner (1987).
The coexistence of several workshops with different trades during the same chronological period raised the issue of trade simultaneity. Would it have been possible to have such a polluting workshop as the mining smelting and processing industry side by side with a fish processing workshops? The 2017/2018 archaeological works have brought light into this issue and have categorized new archaeological contexts, as well as two rituals associated with the sacralization of space: one in Sector 3, in the metallurgical workshop and the other in Sector 4 in a domestic context.
In the framework of the present thesis, the analysis of the exhumed archaeological remains was consolidated. This made it possible to date all different contexts and to present a new chronology concerning Factory A construction. The analysis of remains from contexts of dumps and abandonment, with the exception of some contexts in Sector 4 and Structure 5 in Sector 3, has enabled the categorization of consumption preferences and the import of fine ceramics, which are compatible with the two phases of occupation of Largo João de Deus.

Em época romana a cultura da água constituiu um elemento essencial do modo de vida urbano. De facto, o desenvolvimento da engenharia hidráu-lica permitiu a melhoria dos abastecimentos urbanos e a disponibilidade de água em abundância para os mais diversos fins. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um panorama geral do ciclo da água nas cidades romanas do actual território português, assunto pouco investigado pela arqueologia lusa. A análise é arti-culada nas cinco etapas básicas que integram o ciclo urbano da água: capta-ção, condução, distribuição, utilização e escoamento, expondo para cada uma delas os casos mais representativos. Embora o conhecimento sobre este tema se afigure fragmentário na maior parte das cidades do Portugal romano, uma aproximação global mostra que neste território as inovações técnicas conhecidas na época foram amplamente utilizadas.

PDF contains: resumen español / résumé français / abstract italiano / resumo português.

Due to size limits, the file on Academia.edu only has 150 dpi images; the file on OhioLINK is 300 dpi.

In the Augustan period, a group of workers built a series of fish-salting vats in Tuscany using virtually identical techniques as the team that installed a set of vats in southwest Spain a few generations earlier. How did this happen? The builders surely never met, so the resemblance between their constructions is remarkable. But even more striking is how common this phenomenon was among the countless ordinary, mundane structures found throughout the Roman world. The basic explanation for these similarities is simple: the knowledge that underpinned their design and construction spread from person to person and place to place. This, however, leaves many questions about the intricacies of the process unanswered.

In this dissertation I examine how the movement of knowledge among sub-elite communities shaped the construction of ancient industrial buildings. I introduce a “knowledge network analysis” framework—an analytical approach that I developed to focus attention on how knowledge moves through communities, setting people and the social ties that bind them at the forefront of my investigation. I critically examine ancient literary, epigraphic, iconographic, and archaeological evidence, complemented by comparative anthropological and sociological studies, to reconstruct who designed and built Roman workshops, how the requisite knowledge moved among them, and what socio-cultural factors shaped the links between them. I then apply this model to the archaeological remains of two Roman industries—fish-salting (food production) and fulling (cloth treatment)—which together encompass 405 workshops containing 2,829 pieces of equipment. I analyze patterns in their design and construction to deduce the contours of the “toolkits” of knowledge that were used to create them, and to deduce who used these toolkits and how they spread.

I determine that in each industry, both workshop managers and specialized builders contributed crucial know-how. As a result of the industries’ distributions and geospatial positions, however, their knowledge networks had distinct shapes. The workshops of the geographically concentrated fish-salting industry were similar and highly specialized; workshops in the scattered fulling industry were largely generic, but some specialized practices spread within social clusters. Finally, I show how the positions of these industries in their wider natural, social, cultural, and economic contexts further shaped the development of their knowledge networks. I explore aspects of the impact an industry’s processes and business model had on its distribution; the role of urbanism and the market economy in promoting knowledge transmission; the impact of intensive building activity on knowledge creation and movement; the reasons why specialized knowledge emerged; the limits of knowledge networks and the causes of regionalism; and the evolution of knowledge during periods of social, political, and economic upheaval.

By investigating systems of knowledge that were essential to the creation and use of spaces and objects, this study reveals part of the intellectual infrastructure of the Roman world. In doing so, it presents a new framework for reconstructing the spread of craft knowledge—one not restricted to the ancient Mediterranean—while speaking to the study of the sub-elite, architecture and construction, crafts and industrial spaces, the economy, and the provinces.

NOTE: For the data set, see https://www.academia.edu/50109245/A_Dataset_of_Roman_Fish_Salting_and_Fulling_Workshops

The Roman city of Ossonoba, located under the current city of Faro in the Portuguese Algarve, was one of the South’s most notable cities of Lusitania. From the time of Augustus this maritime city, whose name denotes Iberian origins, expands his area, and around mid-century its urban sprawl is already very significant. The epig- raphy, as well as a very strong presence of ceramics with origin in Baetica, reveals a great proximity with this neighboring province. Taking advantage of any weaknesses of the cities of Baetica from end of the 2nd century, Ossonoba reaches a great development around the III and IV century, particularly supported by the fish salting and maritime trade.
From the end of the fourth century its urban sprawl, like other cities of Hispania retracts too and the rich villas that developed on their territories, such as Milreu, suffer profound changes related to the new times in which the values and lifestyles have changed.

Este trabalho permitiu-nos visitar os locais que conhecemos com vestígios arqueológicos, constatar a ocupação dos vales iniciais dos ribeiros, destacar a ocupação romana em S. João de Areias e nas Regueiras/Coturo, a travessia a vau dos rios Dão e Mondego (sem pontes, nem calçada), a ocupação de novas terras e dispersão na época pós-romana com abertura de sepulturas escavadas na rocha (os vestígios que mais marcam a paisagem da freguesia), apresentar uma nova proposta de datação das sepulturas antropomórficas situando a sua abertura nos séculos VII-VIII, propor que as aldeias, a paróquia e o “concelho” se formaram entre os séculos VIII e X e acompanhar, a partir da documentação medieval, a organização do território da actual freguesia e a sua passagem pelos seus senhorios: condes, mosteiro de Lorvão, mosteiro de Arganil, Sé de Coimbra e Sé de Viseu.

This paper highlights the relevance of Lusitanian religious inscriptions as sources to help us reconstruct the local language of the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Religious texts are the only epigraphic genre for which Lusitanian language was used. This linguistic choice could be understood in terms of linguistic retention for ritual reasons and / or because of the identification "community-language-religion", which is a well-documented phenomenon that generates mixed inscriptions with code-switching Latin-Lusitanian and Lusitanian inscriptions, not only in Lusitania (which is where the majority of the texts come from), but also in other regions of the Western Roman Empire.

Horizontes artísticos da Lusitânia. Dinâmicas da Antiguidade Clássica e Tardia em Portugal. Séculos I a VIII tem um carácter único e marcante pois preenche uma lacuna no panorama multidisciplinar da investigação em Ciências Sociais e Humanas em Portugal e dedica-se a um período cronológico nem sempre olhado com a atenção que merece nem entendido no potencial que detém.

É neste sentido que se torna urgente conhecer os horizontes artísticos lusitanos da Antiguidade Clássica e Tardia recorrendo às contribuições interdisciplinares da Arqueologia, História, Humanidades Digitais, Filosofia, Literatura, Geologia e juntando, de forma inédita, nomes reconhecidos da investigação nacional e internacional e jovens entusiastas guiados por boas práticas de pesquisa. Horizontes artísticos da Lusitânia aposta fortemente na divulgação do património histórico e artístico da província romana da Lusitânia cujo território pertence hoje, em grande parte, a Portugal. De entre os vários locais em estudo destacam-se: Idanha-a-Velha, (Idanha-a-Nova, Beira Baixa), Mértola (Mértola, Baixo Alentejo), Tróia (Grândola, Alentejo Litoral), Santiago da Guarda, (Santiago da Guarda, Ansião, Região Centro) e Frielas (Loures, Estremadura).

Coordenada por Justino Maciel e Filomena Limão, a obra condensa a actualização interdisciplinar realizada por professores especialistas e por jovens investigadores.

Autores Ana Patrícia Magalhães, António Carvalho, Cátia Mourão, Edgar Fernandes, Filomena Limão, Inês Vaz Pinto, Javier A. Domingo, João António d’Almeida Cardoso Carriço, Jorge M. F. Carvalho, Licínia Nunes Correia Wrench, Luís Campos Ribeiro, Mafalda Marcos, M. Justino Maciel, Maria Ángeles Gutiérrez Behemerid, Maria de Fátima Abraços, Maria de Jesus Duran Kremer, Maria do Rosário Laureano Santos, Maria Filomena Molder, Patrícia Brum, Paulo Brázia, Paulo Varela Gomes, Teodora Olteanu Dragu, Vasco Gil Mantas, Vasco Resa, Virgílio Lopes.

The Antonine Itinerary, a road guide written ca. 220 A.D., with later additions, presents the distances between the main cities located along the road linking Olisipo to Bracara Augusta. Unfortunately, not all distances are correct. This has been complicating the location of several cities. In this paper, a curvature coefficient is defined as the difference between the road distance and the straight line distance in proportion of the straight line distance. It is proposed that the detection of errors in road distances should be based on the computation of curvature coefficients. This means that, when the curvature coefficient for a certain road segment falls out of the interval of values considered normal, the road distance may be incorrect. Following this approach, one can conclude that four out of the nine distances indicated by Antonine Itinerary for the Olisipo-Bracara road are incorrect. The main source used for correcting these errors is Ptolomy’s Geography which, as it is well known, was based on road distances. It was possible to reconstruct the guides used by Ptolemy for the Olisipo-Bracara road and, based on these guides, it was possible to correct three of the four mentioned errors. A sketch of a genealogy of the guides of the road is proposed. From the point of view of the location of the cities, the corrections support the location of Scallabis and Moron in Santarém and of Talabriga in Marnel.

O sítio da Boca do Rio é bem conhecido desde que o tsunami de 1755 colocou à vista, até hoje, as suas ruínas romanas. Cento e vinte anos depois iniciam-se um conjunto de campanhas arqueo-lógicas, suscitadas, em grande parte, pela tentativa de resgatar da destruição pela ação marí-tima os bem conservados testemunhos da presença romana. Este artigo, apresentado nos Encon-tros de Arqueologia do Algarve de 2011, do qual nunca saíram atas, dá sobretudo conta de mais uma dessas campanhas com vista a salvar um mosaico do sítio, permitindo esta intervenção conhecer um pouco mais desta notável estação arqueológica e de propor uma interpretação do sítio no que concerne à sua organização funcional e à sua classificação como villa marítima de vocação produtiva, cujo " fundus " era o mar e a pars frumentaria as officinae salsamentariae. The archaeological site of Boca do Rio is well known since the 1755 tsunami put in sight its Roman ruins. 120 years later began a set of archaeological campaigns, raised in large part by trying to rescue from destruction by maritime action the well preserved remains of Roman presence. This article gives another account of these particular campaigns in order to rescue a mosaic of the site. This campaign also enabled to see some more of this remarkable archaeological station and to propose an interpretation of the site with regard to their functional organization and its classification as a productive maritime villa, whose " fundus " was the sea and the officinae sal-samentariae the pars frumentaria.

This paper highlights the relevance of Lusitanian religious inscriptions as sources to help us reconstruct the local language of the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Religious texts are the only epigraphic genre for which Lusitanian language was used. This linguistic choice could be understood in terms of linguistic retention for ritual reasons and / or because of the identification "community-language-religion", which is a well-documented phenomenon that generates mixed inscriptions with code-switching Latin-Lusitanian and Lusitanian inscriptions, not only in Lusitania (which is where the majority of the texts come from), but also in other regions of the Western Roman Empire.

El registro monetario de varios yacimientos rurales (7) situados en el territorium de la antigua ciudad de Olisipo (Lisboa, Portugal), nos ha permitido conocer los usos y formas de la moneda romana en un espacio rural influenciado por vías de comunicación y por el puerto más importante de la provincia Lusitania. Hemos realizado un estudio de circulación monetaria donde hemos incluido también otros datos de interés como el consumo de cerámicas de importación y/o la demanda
de servicios

The monetary registry of several rural archaeological sites (7) located in the territorium of the ancient city of Olisipo (Lisbon, Portugal), his has helped us to know the uses and forms of the Roman currency in a rural space influenced by communication routes and the most important port in the Lusitania province. We have carried out a currency circulation study where we have also included other interesting data such as the consumption of import ceramics and / or the demand for architectural and decorative services.

The main goal of the present study is the analysis of a group of grey clay bowls imitating Italic Terra Sigillata and coming from the 2008-2013 excavation seasons in the site of Monte dos Castelinhos (Vila Franca de Xira – Portugal). The chronology attributed to these materials (early
1st century CE) is based on the recognition of a particular phase of the site (phase 4), currently under study.
The concept of “imitation” is particularly suitable and flexible to shed light on the productive and consumer logics at the heart of the spread of these materials in Monte dos Castelinhos as well as in other Portuguese sites. Their occurrence could be due to the change in the daily consumption of the local community at the turn of the current Era.

In 2004, Brown University began a five-year archaeological project to investigate the Roman and Iron Age site of Tongobriga in northern Portugal. The project was under the direction of Professor Rolf Winkes in collaboration with the Portuguese Ministry of Culture. In addition to the archaeologists and students from Brown University, the team consisted of members from the Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) and Deree – The American College of Greece (Greece). Excavations and research were conducted over four summer campaign seasons (2004-2007), with an additional study season taking place in the winter of 2009.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una
panorámica general sobre la utilización del patrimonio
arqueológico romano como recurso
turístico en Portugal. Para conseguir este objetivo,
analizaremos los casos de los principales
yacimientos arqueológicos de esta cronología
abiertos al público. Unos lugares donde la investigación,
conservación y puesta en valor del
patrimonio romano, ha conseguido generar un
impacto económico y social.

The aim of this article is make a general vision
about the use of the roman archaeological heritage
how a touristic resource in Portugal. In
order to achieve this objective, we will analyses
the principal examples of roman sites open
to the public. A places where the research,
conservation and enhance Roman Heritage,
generated an impact economic and social.

The present paper presents the Roman epigraphic evidences concerning the territorial context of the actual county of Lousada. Although there are few testimonies and even though none resulting from secure archaeological contexts, the challenge is, in addition to a detailed presentation or review of each inscription, to consider its inclusion in the coeval settlement plot, taking into account the current state of knowledge on this matter. KEYWORDS Epigraphy; settlement; Roman period; Sousa river valley; Lousada.
...
Contributo para o estudo da ocupação romana no concelho de Lousada: achados epigráficos e povoamento RESUMO Procede-se com o presente texto à apresentação do espólio epigráfico de época romana referente ao contexto territorial do hodierno concelho de Lousada. Ainda que se trate de parcos testemu-nhos, e apesar de nenhum provir de contextos arqueológicos seguros, o desafio que se coloca é, para além de uma apresentação ou revisão deta-lhada de cada uma das inscrições, equacionar a sua inclusão na trama do povoamento coevo, ten-do em conta o estado atual do conhecimento rela-tivamente a esta matéria. ABSTRACT The present paper presents the Roman epigraph-ic evidences concerning the territorial context of the actual county of Lousada. Although there are few testimonies and even though none resulting from secure archaeological contexts, the challenge is, in addition to a detailed presentation or review of each inscription, to consider its inclusion in the coeval settlement plot, taking into account the current state of knowledge on this matter. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Epigrafia; povoamento; período romano; vale do rio Sousa; Lousada.

In the mid-18th century a farmer accidentally discovered, between Armês and Lameiras, Sintra – “Western zone” of the municipality of Olisipo – a roman stone with a double epitaph engraved in two text columns side by side. Of this finding, meanwhile lost again, we have only a transcription kept in the BibliotecaNacional de Lisboa (COD. 425 fl. 94), hand-written by an anonymous antiquarian who observed the monument in loco. He didn’t, however, realize the epigraph was distributed in two columns, and he transcribed the full lines from left to right not minding the separation between columns or even between lines. As a result, he left a chaotic and, at first sight, incomprehensible text. Hübner (in CIL II 265) attempted to reconstitute the original text but, having assumed that the first word, which he deemed an abbreviation, was common to both epitaphs, he took a complicated and equivocal line of thought that relied on the proposition of two pretenselypalaeohispanicanthroponyms completely unknown: *Alteciniris (gen.) e *Licassi (gen.); and also on an augustal status held by slaves. Due to the authority of the author of CIL II these anomalies were accepted by other investigators, some of high prestige, although others showed some dissent and skepticism. Returning to the original manuscript, we looked in it for clues that might allow, without preconceptions, to elaborate a new reconstitution of the original epigraph. The result is a normal text, devoid of irregularities or inconsistencies: nothing more than the parallel epitaphs of two slaves, AugustinusG(aii) Licini(i) Bassiser(vus) and Euticus L(ucii) Cassi(i) Alterisser(vus) – without any religious role but, solely, their identifying onomastic elements. Later, at the same archaeological site, a further inscription appeared that somehow helps to confirm our reconstitution: the funerary stele of [-] LiciniusBassus.