Right of Publicity

Στους κόλπους μίας δομημένης κοινωνίας το έργο απονομής δικαιοσύνης και άρσης τυχόν αμφιβολίας ως προς την εφαρμογή του νόμου έχει ανατεθεί στα δικαστήρια. Ο δικαστής λοιπόν, ως «νομοθέτης της ατομικής περίπτωσης»  έχει την εξουσία να ερμηνεύσει τον νόμο και να υπαγάγει την επίδικη διαφορά σε συγκεκριμένο κανονιστικό πλαίσιο διατάξεων στο οποίο θα καταλήξει βάσει προσωπικών του νομικών θέσεων και παραστάσεων . Ενόψει του πρόδηλου κινδύνου αυθαιρεσιών αλλά και εκ παραδρομής εσφαλμένης δικαστικής κρίσης επιβάλλεται ο έλεγχος των αποφάσεων που εκδίδονται σε όλα τα στάδια της δίκης μέχρι και τον πλήρη σχηματισμό της απαιτούμενης δικανικής πεποίθησης. Ο εν λόγω έλεγχος καθίσταται εφικτός όταν εξασφαλίζεται δημοσιότητα στην διαδικασία απονομής δικαιοσύνης, ώστε και οι κρίνοντες να κρίνονται και τα υποκείμενα των εννόμων συνεπειών να μην μετατρέπονται σε αντικείμενα του δικαίου υποτασσόμενα σε δογματικούς κανόνες.

Η ανά χείρας μελέτη επιχειρεί να εμβαθύνει στην θεμελιώδη δικονομική αρχή της δημοσιότητας της δίκης και να εξετάσεις τις επιμέρους υποχρεώσεις που αυτή συνεπάγεται για τα πολιτειακά δικαιοδοτικά όργανα.

Проблемы публицистики в журнале «Азербайджан» (1953-2010)
РЕЗЮМЕ
Диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения и списка использованной литературы. Во «Введении» обосновывается актуальность темы, излагаются объект и предмет, научно-теоретические и методологические основы исследования, цели и задачи, научная но-визна, теоретическое и практическое значение исследования.
Первая глава под названием «Публицистика советского периода в журнале «Азербайджан» (1953-1991)» состоит из шести разделов:«Художественная публицистика и ее роль в журнале «Азербайджан», «Ха-рактерные особенности и тематика публицистики советского периода», «Образы нефтяников и нефтяной фактор в публицистике», «Литературные портреты в публицистике», «Традиции «Молла Насреддина» на страницах журнала «Азербайджан», «Международные литературнокультурные связи и художественная публицистика». В каждой из этих частей раскрываются поставленные в заголовках проб¬лемы.
Во второй главе под названием «Публицистика «Азербайджан»а впериод независимости: проблемы, перспективы (1991-1920)» рассмотрены, такие проблемы как «Проблема Карабаха в художественной публицистике», «Исторические личности в публицистике: в свете искусства и реальности», «Проблемы экологии в публицистике: поиски и концепции».
Третья часть, называется «Возвращение к народным истокам и художественное отображение турецкого мира в публицистике». Здесь рассматриваются актуальные для современного этапа литературные отношения. Азербайджана с тюркскими народами, которые связаны общей культурой и системои мышления. В данной главе рассмотрены такие проблемы как «Тема Турции в художественной публицистике», «Турки Средней Азии и Ирака в исследованиях», «Тема репрессий, геноцида и депортации в журнале «Азербайджан», «Художественное отображение темы Южного Азербайджана в публицистике». Раздел «Особенности литературного мастерства в публицистике журнала «Азербайджан» состоит из двух частей: «Проблемы жанра и структуры» и «Вопросы языка, стиля и художественности». Это очень важно при изучении теории публицистики.
В «Заключении» диссертации обобщаются основные положения и выводы, излагаются важнейшие научно-теоретические принципы диссертации.

Issues of publicity in “Azerbaijan” journal (1953-2010)
SUMMARY
The dissertation work consists of “İntroduction”, three chapters, “Conclusion” and “Reference”. The urgency of the theme has been based the object, the subject, the aims and duties, scientific-theoretical and methodological basis of the scientific work has been explained, the scientific innovation, theoretical and practical importance of the dissertation has been clarified in the “Introduction”.
The first chapter named “Publicity of the Soviet period (1953-1991) in the “Azerbaijan” journal” consists of six sections: “Literary publicity and its place in “Azerbaijan” the journal”, “Characteristic features and problematics of the theme of the Soviet period publicity”, “The characters of oilman and oil factor in the publicity”, “Literary portraits in the publicity”, “Molla Nasreddin” traditions on the pages of the “Azerbaijan” journal”, “International literary-cultu¬ral relations and literary publicity”. Each section has been dealt within its topic.
The second chapter named “Publicity in the period of the independence “Azerbaijan”: problems, perspectives (1991-2010)” consists of three sections as “Karabakh problem in the literary publicity”, “Historical perso-nalities in the publicity: in the light of arts and truth”, “Ecological problems in the context of publicity: views and searches”.
The research of the third chapter named as “The return to the national generation and the literary reflection of the Turkish world in the publicity” dealing with the literary relations of the turkish nations consisting of the system of common culture and thought with Azerbaijan is a special actual problem today.
The research  of the sections of the third chapter named as “The subject of Turkey in the literary publicity”. “Middle East and Iragi-Turks in the researches”, “Genocide, repressions, deportations in the “Azerbaijan" journal”, “The literary incarnation of the theme of the South Azer¬baijan in the publicity”. The analysis of craftsmanship features of the publicism works in the subsections “Genre and structural problems” and “Language, style and literary issues” including  to the section “The features of the craftsmanship in the publicity of the “Azerbaijan” journal”. It is important for studying the theory of publicity.
Final items of dissertation have given to the attention and generalized achieved scientific-theoretical considerations in the “Conclusion”.

El right of publicity es la figura conexa a la propiedad intelectual de aparición más reciente y protege los componentes de la personalidad de personas famosas, sean artistas, músicos, celebridades, entre otros. Dicha figura protege el valor de la voz, la imagen, las frases célebres, los lemas comerciales, la apariencia, el vestuario, tanto de forma directa o indirecta y su relevancia jurídica irá de la mano con el desarrollo de la industria del entretenimiento y ha superado el ámbito de protección
del derecho a la imagen y la voz propias. (Actualidad Jurídica, Julio 2018, N° 296 pp. 198-222)

Conducted examination allowed to conclude on the following. The right of publicity is one of the emerging rights belonging to celebrities who have gained publicity in certain spheres of show business (singers, actors, artists, writers, etc.), the sports industry, or politics; individuals who have become the victims of crime; and others. American legal doctrine has already developed case law and a legal framework allowing famous persons to freely license and transfer their right of publicity. The countries of the EU have not developed a unique approach regarding the right of publicity, while the Bailiwick of Guernsey has introduced a unique system of protection of the so-called image rights, creating a special register of such rights and allowing protection of moral and patrimonial rights to one׳s image, which is broadly defined.

The right of publicity is distinguished from trademarks and copyright; an analysis of their legal nature shows that these objects are not identical.

Current Ukrainian legislation provides for protection of one`s name and image, however the emerging market of show business in Ukraine makes it obvious that the right of publicity shall be introduced into Ukrainian Civil Code. A new right in Ukraine can be based on the example of the American model (i.e. on relevant provisions of the California Civil Code).
Keywords: Right of publicity; Personality rights; Entertainment law; Show business; Image rights

Bu çalışmanın amacı, iletişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler neticesinde artık geniş kitlelerce kullanıl-maya başlanan ve yeni bir kamusal alan olarak kabul gören sosyal medyadaki politik kimliklerin sunum-ları bağlamında "siyaset yapma" ilişkileri üzerinedir. Sosyal medya günümüzde artık sadece politik kimliklerin sergilendiği bir mekân değil, kamusal hak taleplerinin de dile getirildiği toplumsal bir alan-dır. Hatta bu taleplerin etkileri ve gerçekleşme şansları düşünüldüğünde, sosyal medyanın klasik kamu-sal alandan daha işlevsel olduğu da söylenebilir. Böylelikle sosyal medya ortamlarında sergilenen politik kimliklerin kamusal haklara bakışı ve kamusal taleplere yaklaşım biçimleri de merak uyandırmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu makale, sosyal medyada yaygın siyaset yapma mekânlarından birisi olan Twitter'da böy-lesi bir merakın peşine düşecektir. Çalışmanın araştırma tekniği olarak içerik analizi yöntemi seçilmiştir. Türkiye'de yaygın Twitter modülü üzerinden taratılmıştır. Tarama sonucunda ça-lışmaya katkı sunabileceği düşünülen twit'lerin ekran görüntüleri alınmış, bu twit'lerde geçen söylem-ler tasnif edilerek seçilen politik kimliklerin kamusal bir mekân olan sosyal medyada nasıl ve hangi bağ-lamlarla birlikte kullanıldığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Esta obra ofrece un estudio práctico de los aspectos más relevantes de la protección de la imagen personal en el derecho civil uruguayo, con especial énfasis en el alcance de la protección patrimonial de la imagen, las particularidades que presentan los contratos que se celebren para dicha explotación y el régimen de la responsabilidad civil aplicable a la intromisión ilegítima en el derecho de imagen ajeno.
Se presenta al lector una descripción y análisis de los requisitos para que la imagen se considere protegida por el derecho y el contenido de dicha protección. Este estudio, que parte la escasa regulación existente, contenida principalmente en el art. 21 de Ley N° 9.739 y la Ley N°18.331 (y sus respectivas modificativas), comprende no solo una descripción del modelo de protección vigente en Uruguay, sino también un análisis pormenorizado de los desarrollos doctrinarios y jurisprudenciales producidos a la fecha, los que resultan fundamentales para la comprensión de una temática de gran actualidad
Se trata de una obra con vocación de ser útil para el ejercicio práctico, pero que atiende profundamente los aspectos dogmáticos o teóricos relevantes. El lector podrá encontrar en el texto ocasiones de diálogo con los fallos judiciales en torno al derecho de imagen, así como un anexo donde se presenta una breve reseña de cada uno de los casos utilizados.

The internet is a venue where personality rights violations commonly take place. Injunctive reliefs which may be used to rapidly eliminate the effects of such violating internet- based publications are only available for specific types of violations. 5651 numbered Law provides a special injunctive relief mechanism for internet- based personality rights violations, but the judiciary has the view that such procedure may only be used for prima facie violations. Therefore, an alternative litigation strategy is necessary to provide an injunctive relief for persons whose rights are violated by the publication of videos including the persons’ own image. In this paper, it is expressed that 5846 numbered Law Additional Article 4 may be applied to provide an injunctive relief against videos including a person’s image, even when 5651 numbered Law’s injunctive relief mechanism cannot be activated.

Can the right of publicity (a state law right) be reconciled (in a legitimate and non-arbitrary way) with the First Amendment's prohibition against state laws that “suppress” speech? Ever since the Supreme Court said that commercial speech deserves First Amendment protection, people sued for misappropriating celebrity fame for profit have claimed that they have a First Amendment right to do so. The defense has morphed in the case law to the point that the controlling issue seems to be whether the challenged use is “sufficiently transformative” to justify the taking. The use of a transformation construct to manage the conflict has been dubious at best, and misleading at worst. It has spawned an inconsistent and increasingly arbitrary body of law.

This Article argues that the courts' conceptualization of the conflict — as a property right against a speech right — is askew. We argue that the conflict is about allocating competing economic claims: the right of the plaintiff to prevent commercial use of her image versus the right of the defendant to make commercial use of her image. The use of the transformation test essentially turns the inquiry into an attempt, albeit not transparent, to allocate the economic value created or attributable to the celebrity plaintiff against the add-on value created by the person who took the celebrity image and allegedly transformed it into a new product with new economic value attributable to work or creativity of the unauthorized user.

This article concludes that in order to save both of these important rights, we must allow judges to honestly deal with the underlying economic issues. We can only accomplish this by transitioning to a compulsory licensing system with forced apportionment. In order to satisfy the First Amendment, censorship must be taken off the table as a plaintiff tool. But to satisfy the right of publicity, mandatory profit sharing mechanisms must be implemented.

Co-authored with David Franklyn

The proliferation of social media marketing has resulted in a growing number of right of publicity claims brought by non-celebrities. In cases such as these, compared to those involving celebrities, plaintiffs face additional hurdles in order to succeed. Some of these hurdles hinge on the courts’ interpretation of the scope of the right, specifically with respect to the notions of “consent” and “injury.” This Note examines whether this latter class of obstacles should be removed, and if so, why. In doing so, it contextualizes the right of publicity within wider concerns over (mis)uses of personal data in the information economy. Frequent calls for a reconceptualization of the right of publicity in the context of online advertising and social media marketing have, until now, overlooked the societal repercussions of the right’s doctrinal shortcomings. In social media marketing cases, the injury is scrutinized on an individual basis, which may make it seem trivial. But since the value of a social media user’s unwitting endorsement lies in the aggregate, the injury also has a collective dimension. This Note suggests that these types of misappropriations detract from the public good in two interrelated ways: (1) they increase the imbalance of power between companies and consumers by concealing the true nature of their relationship; and (2) they siphon economic value to the company away from the prosumer (producer-consumer) who has created it. This has negative economic ramifications that go beyond the relationship between the company and the single user. A rethinking of the right of publicity in the age of social media should take into account these far-reaching consequences.

Nell’antichità gli eroi diventavano tali grazie alle loro qualità e virtù umane. La loro fama ne determinava l’assurgere a modelli da seguire ed imitare. Non la stessa cosa può dirsi oggi, con riferimento alle persone celebri. La celebrità non sempre discende dal compimento di imprese eroiche, da meriti guadagnati “sul campo” (come per gli sportivi, i musicisti, gli scienziati) o, comunque, appartenenti alla sfera dell’essere. Ha sempre più a che fare con la sfera dell’apparire.
La celebrità può finanche discendere da gesta poco nobili o addirittura moralmente riprorevoli; può derivare da circostanze accidentali o costituire il risultato di un investimento finalizzato al suo acquisto e accrescimento.
La riflessione sulla celebrità conduce alla rielaborazione della categoria dei diritti della personalità, crocevia tra istanze personalistiche e logiche patrimoniali, da riferire all’ordinamento vigente e alla sua assiologia, in primis al valore normativo della dignità umana. Il contenuto complesso, anche patrimoniale, della celebrità non deve infatti far perdere di vista il fondamentale valore della personalità coinvolto.
Nella persona celebre, i segni distintivi ed evocativi della celebrità  si oggettivizzano e distaccano dalla persona reale, assurgono a sua icona. Il personaggio famoso diviene un idolo, costituisce egli stesso un simbolo, un segno avente valore commerciale. Interessi patrimoniali ed esistenziali si fondono in tutt’uno inscindibile, strumentale alla realizzazione del valore della personalità.
La celere circolazione della celebrità nella new economy, il diritto allo sfruttamento esclusivo del suo valore economico, la tutela dalle utilizzazioni abusive, l’accostamento con il right of publicity, l’incidenza della celebrità sopravvenuta sui rapporti contrattuali, le situazioni strumentali al suo acquisto e mantenimento sono solo alcuni degli aspetti indagati, espressioni della rilevanza trasversale del bene-celebrità nel sistema italo-europeo.

En Chile, el derecho a la imagen no cuenta con un reconocimiento constitucional expreso, de ahí que calificarlo como fundamental parezca exagerado. Entonces, ¿por qué aún se le reconoce como tal? En este artículo se entregan los antecedentes histórico-jurídicos básicos para comprender por qué este tradicional derecho personalísimo llegó a ser un tópico constitucional, particularmente tras el proceso de “constitucionalización” experimentado por el Derecho privado chileno y la aparición de la acción constitucional de protección. Asimismo -y críticamente-, el autor ofrece su propia tesis para adaptar el derecho a la imagen a los tiempos actuales: la libertad para crear retratos.

(together with Herfried Münkler)
Methodologically, we present a powerful approach to political thought that scrutinizes how ideas answered concrete political challenges. In turn, the history of political thought can be used as a pool to think through current political problems. Addressing the internet as a public space, we differentiate three concepts to tame the public, interrogating their value for our times: the classical republican concept, Kant's census concept, and Bentham's praxeological concept. We derive these concepts historically by our contextualist approach, demonstrating that liberalism reframed republican elements, after the republican concept of the public collapsed in the French Revolution. In conclusion, we propose a re-newed concept of republican diversity, taming the public by pluralizing 'publics' and fostering free speech.

Hace 15 años no existian “youtubers”, “instagramers”, etc., pero el negocio era el mismo: cesión de derechos sobre la propia imagen para vincularla a la publicidad de productos o servicios. Tradicionalmente dicha actividad era realizada por celebridades, mas hoy cualquier hijo de vecino puede devenir -de un día a otro- en un influencer. Por eso se explica que Messi, Ronaldo o Alexis Sánchez hayan enfrentado mediáticos juicios por el no pago de impuestos -a propósito de la cesión de sus derechos de imagen-, pero que hoy el Servicio de Impuestos Internos también pretenda que cualquier persona considerada influencer tribute, en Chile, por sus rentas.

This study is aimed at describing the three main comparative law models for explaining the economic protection of the right to one's image (intellectual property right, personality rights and a hybrid right consisting of personal and economic attributes). It will then analyze the main elements of the regulations on the right to one's image in Latin America, specially focusing on acts of commercial exploitation, and it will finally try to connect the Latin American reality with the existing theoretical models.

In the Chilean law, the thesis prevails that the “public figures” have a significantly diminished
right to one’s own image than others, more so if a “public interest” is involved in the dissemination of news,
information or portraits. Based on the case that affected a candidate for the presidency of the Republic of Chile,
our conclusion is that the outdated understanding of creating portraits prevents a proper solution to typical
phenomena of the digital and information age, since all the legal issues involved end up reduced only to balancing
test between the fundamental right to privacy versus the contribution to a debate of “general interest”.

This Article examines the overlaps between the right of
publicity and rights granted by trademark law and other
deception-based restrictions on the use of names and symbols. It
shows that the right of publicity creates a more expansive right
rooted in a variegated normative soil with elements of privacy, personhood, and property. The Article suggests a proper scope for the right of publicity that protects free speech.  The issue of
descendibility is also discussed.