Residential

The current financial and economic crisis has affected many sectors, and also the construction sector. The construction market has been and will be an important source of income for the entire Europe, totaling about 1.650 thousand billion euro, which is more than the GDP of Italy. Building no doubt brings significant percentage in the GDP of any European country, which of course is different from country to country. In Western European countries, the residential market is almost 50% from the construction market, while in Eastern European countries the majority is held by the civil and non-residential constructions. In addition, in the West the medium budget per capita spent on construction is 3-4 times higher than that spent in Eastern countries. But, according to previsions in the coming years the countries that will witness a growth, albeit small, will be the Eastern ones. The paper highlights the impact of the economic and financial crisis in the construction industry on a Europe...

The Municipality of Lingayen being the capital town of the Province of Pangasinan is an
attractive site not only because of its rich history but the present tourism and trading condition that makes
it more welcoming. As the municipality becomes a better place to live and to invest, increase of population
is an inevitable phenomenon that needs legislative and administrative measures in order to have less
negative consequences in the future. The Municipal Zoning Ordinance and the Comprehensive Land Use
Plan are the two important documents in this research. These are guides in the construction of survey
instrument. This research looked into the provisions that make concerned local offices responsible in
implementing and monitoring the priority projects. It was conducted in the Municipality of Lingayen from
January to April 2014. It found out that all the provisions stated in the Municipal Zoning Ordinance were
observed and the priority projects of the municipality are in on-going status. It is recommended that there
should be monitoring and assessment activities to be done in order to remind those in-charge of the projects
to finish them according to plan. Also, partnership with private enterprises and other local government
units should be strengthened in order to implement the priority projects

Vernacular architecture in Lagos, Nigeria crystallized from the fusion of traditional architecture and the Brazilian influence and is characterized by ornate walls, mouldings and motifs. The adoption of the international style architecture with its subsequent variants relegated the Brazilian influence to the background. However, through the eclectic approach currently being applied to architectural design, ornaments, mouldings and motifs are returning to the façade of many buildings in Lagos, Nigeria. This paper examines the resurgence of wall mouldings in contemporary Nigerian residential architecture using Lagos, Nigeria as a case study. The paper seeks to answer questions relating to types of materials and techniques used for the mouldings and motifs, as well as the craftsmanship associated with the work. Observations of ongoing and completed buildings within selected medium-and low-density residential areas in Lagos. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. The results of the study shows that the mouldings, which often incorporated stone veneer finish include edge mouldings, mouldings around openings, horizontal and vertical wall mouldings, as well as eaves mouldings. The use of decorative columns is also evident. It was also found that architects' involvement in the design of mouldings is limited. The implications of the above for façade composition by architects are emphasized.

The implementations of new mega national projects have a major effect on the surrounding built environment. On one hand, the impacts of such projects
extend to redefine the urban fabric that fall within its proximity, it reaches the infrastructure, roads networks, landscape, traffic volumes, utilities buildings, and services. On the other hand, these projects modify the uses and architecture of the surrounding residential settlements; they have direct effects on the architectural character, the economic value, and the types of settlers of these settlements.
However, the studies that analyze the modified built environment and trace the changes to the surrounding residential settlements as a result of implementing mega national projects still require additional in-depth analyses of the influencing factors and variables and also to the projected alteration which embraces both problems and opportunities. The anticipation of those
problems and opportunities is of utmost importance to protect the built
environment and to exploit the opportunities to the maximum.
Therefore, this study attempts to discuss the potentials and limitations that
national mega project would bring about. It will study the impact of
implementing the new Grand Egyptian Museum on the surrounding
neighborhood particularly on the urban fabric and the architecture of the
residential community located within its proximity, which already have started
to experience various changes and alterations.

Offsite-manufacture is considered to be the panacea to challenges in traditional construction methodology. Envisaged to address the contemporary issues of housing affordability and shortage in Australia, a great amount of research and promotion is put in by academia and government into prefabricated housing. Despondently, the sector's growth is comparatively lower due to a multitude of reasons and lack of financial backing from financial institutions appears to be consequential. The aim of the research is to identify the factors for the perceived aversion of banks and lenders towards prefabricated housings and to draw pathways to address them in order to develop a robust business model for promoting sustainable growth of the branch in Australia.

Considering vicinity as a mere prerequisite but not an ample cause needed for creation of a relationship, the paper investigates the interfering factors playing a significant role in social life of residential complexes habitats.Data for survey were collected through dividing the residential complexes in two groups of homogeneous and heterogeneous. In this way, we selected four residential complex in Esfahan, using a site-based questionnaire originated from the literature reviewed. As a result, social interaction among residents was measured and significant factors influencing this quality were studied and evaluated. Before which an open interview was conducted with residents and scholars in order to specify the hypothesis of the survey.The results of this study led to the following conclusions. Existence of a base for triple activities supports and facilitates social interaction among residents the most. Prompting a sense of place attachment, privacy and safety consequently correlate with social interaction as an independent factor. After all, social homogeneity has been recognized an influential ground factor.

A preliminary investigation of one of each of municipal and the private school
were studied by questionnaire and interview was undertaken to familiarize the author
with the lighting situations in the schools and the residences of the school going
children in Chennai City and also to obtain guide lines for structuring final interview
schedule. The sample selected for this preliminary investigation consisted of 25
children from each school. The responses obtained were analyzed and utilized along
with other literature to develop the final instrument. The final instrument was
developed based on the objectives of study and consisted two separate schedules for
schools and residential visits. In spite of being time consuming interview method was
chosen for present study as to safeguard against non return and incomplete responses
from school and students family, to establish rapport with respondents so that
authentic data could be collected.

Urbanization is a new development of city centres within its original boundaries to satisfy a growing population. Today, rapid population growth collapses the land use pattern due to the developments of housing and infrastructure. This study aims to identify the impacts of population growth on land-use changes in the Batticaloa Municipal Council. Various methods were used to interpret and analyze the maps, such as the supervised maximum likelihood classification, density analysis, and Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. The results revealed that a high population density was identified near the core city, which decreases from the city centre to the city limits. Commercial and residential categories strongly correlated with population growth, and agriculture mostly closed at a significant level. Rest categories were insignificant with population growth. Thus, land use planning should be implemented to control the effects on land use.

This research aims to investing the present situation of residential buildings in Greater Khartoum to evaluate them by sustainable environmental parameters. The problems of residential in the indoor and outdoor environment and services. The research also aims to find a sustainable assessment method to enable us to evaluate residential areas and their services in the Greater Khartoum. The methodology of the research starting by literature review. Identify the passive and sustainable solutions suitable to hot dry climate. This method contains eight main categories which are, sustainable site, indoor environmental quality, outdoor thermal control, building form, materials and resources, water supply, power supply system and environmental plan process. The total points achieved should be 125 points, the method has a scale of points for evaluations, main categories and sub issues calculate the total of points to get the result of evaluation for the building. The scale, of evaluation and range of evaluation from pass, good, very good and excellent according to the study method of assessment. The survey starts by identifying the standards of selecting the case study, tools of investigation, and the documentations methods, interviews with professionals and owners; then survey studied forty-eight cases in the residential areas in Greater Khartoum, analyzing the data by the evaluation method of the research, summarizing in tables and figures. The finding by the method of assessment and got the result as; zero of the case studies were Excellent, 18.75% of the cases studies were Good, 25% of the cases studies were PASS and 56% were Weak .The analysis of buildings showed Good results in sustainable site and outdoor thermal control and indoor environmental control. Weak result in building form, materials and resources and services, such as drainage system, water supply system, power supply system and environmental process in the first class areas and shows Weak results in all categories in the areas third class areas General conclusions for areas of study in the main categories are set in the conclusion. Conclusion and Recommendations in urban, housing, services, building construction and community level are set up to be applied in sustainable ecological building in Greater Khartoum

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A comparison of the overheating risk assessment of a number of residential developments shows that designs can more easily pass the Part L overheating assessment using the SAP methodology compared to the CIBSE thermal comfort assessment using dynamic modelling. There is a risk, therefore, that residences are being designed and built without an appropriate evaluation of overheating risk, if only the standard building regulation assessment procedure is used. The Part L overheating assessment is relatively simplistic, thus potentially leading to inappropriate design decisions regarding building form, materials and ventilation strategies. Dynamic modelling, on the other hand, provides a more detailed assessment and prediction of overheating risk and should be more widely used to evaluate residential designs. This work shows that, without appropriate evaluation, overheating risk in residences could increasingly become a problem. Practical application: Residential overheating risk assessments using CIBSE comfort criteria show that risk of overheating can occur in a sample of proposed residential properties, despite passing heat gain compliance checks for building regulations. Therefore, overheating assessments using dynamic thermal modelling, implemented at the planning and design stages, can provide a more appropriate assessment of thermal discomfort than Building Regulation Part L1A (criterion 3) compliance checks alone.

This research aimed to investigate the critical factors that contribute to the success of residential land development in New Zealand. The methodology employed involved reviewing the literature to determine those factors earlier identified as critical by international researchers and then comparing those to critical factors identified in a survey of property development teams active in New Zealand. In the interests of brevity the findings are reported in two papers. This paper focuses on factors associated with the site itself. A second paper focuses on factors relating to the development team. The findings include the concept of “success ” is centered on profitability, timeframes and budgets. There was a greater focus on the due diligence phase, at the expense of the site selection phase, compared with earlier research. There were also fewer options available for financing property development in the New Zealand context. The development legislation was generally seen as appropriate...

According to the India Energy Security Scenario 2047, the number of residential air conditioner (A/C) units may increase seven-fold by 2037 as compared to 2017. Also, the related energy consumption might increase four times in the next two decades, according to India’s National Cooling Action Plan. Therefore, the study of occupant cooling behaviour is essential to reduce and manage the significant electricity demand, helping to formulate and implement climate-specific cooling policies, and to adopt low-energy and low-cost technologies at mass-market scale. The study aims to analyse residential electricity consumption in order to investigate occupant behaviour, especially for thermal comfort by using space cooling and mechanical ventilation technologies. Among the five climate zones in India, this study focuses on the occupant behaviour in a warm-humid climate using Auroville as a case study, where climate analysis of the past 30 years demonstrated progression towards unprecedented warmer weather in the last five years. In this study, electricity consumption data from 18 households (flats) were monitored for seven months (November 2018–June 2019). The study also elaborated the limitations faced while monitoring and proposed a data filling methodology to create a complete daily profile for analysing occupant behaviour through electricity consumption. The results of the data-driven approach demonstrated the characteristics and complexities in occupant behaviour and insight on the operation of different technologies to attain thermal comfort in residential buildings in an increasingly warming climate.

Electricity consumption by air-conditioners in residential buildings significantly affects the electrical grid. The stability of the grid can be improved by a precise prediction of airconditioning (AC) variations. Therefore, more information about the electricity usage patterns specifically on AC load is important. This paper aims to determine the consumption patterns of AC and total load through a field measurement of 20 dwellings located in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Next, correlation and clustering are employed to identify the relationship between outdoor temperature and AC electricity consumption. The results revealed 75% of the occupants use the AC almost every day for about five to six hours per day at the rates of 0.93 kWh/day during day time and 3.43 kWh/day during night time. The correlation coefficient between the total daily AC consumption and the mean daily outdoor temperature ranged from-0.1 to 0.48. The variation of electricity consumption with time shows that AC electricity consumption increases with the increase of usage time. Lastly, the clustering process of AC usage pattern based on outdoor temperature displayed the uncommon behaviour from dwellings whereby high AC electricity consumption was recorded at low outdoor temperature.

One of the striking effects of the Covid 19 pandemic has been the dramatic increase in the disconnection between finance and the real economy in the United States and Europe. In China there is a similarly growing disjuncture between house prices and economic fundamentals. Both cases show a process of asset inflation driven by a frenzy of investment in a context of deflationary pressure. But the comparison ends there, because the dynamics of real estate investment in China respond to the logic of a sui generis 1 capitalist regime that has placed the extraction of land value at the heart of its economic model. Far from being the result of a defined project, the institutional construction of land and property markets has been forged empirically during the period of economic transition. However, it received a major impetus in the mid-1990s, when the state secured property rights and granted strong autonomy to local governments while re-centering tax revenues. The result was a widening gap between municipal expenditure and revenues (Figure 1), which local governments sought to close by commodifying public land through the use of their power to sell land use rights 2. During the period of intense manufacturing production that made China the "word's factory", low-cost land use rights were granted in the urban periphery to manufacturing firms (initially foreign, then also domestic) with the aim of increasing employment and fiscal resources. Then, as industrial growth stimulated urbanisation, which generated higher land values, local governments sold land use rights in central and peri-urban areas at high prices to property developers (with little compensation from residents or farmers) for the construction of office and housing projects 3. Urban infrastructures were financed by dedicated investment platforms (the famous LGFVs, Local Government Financing Vehicles) guaranteed by municipal land reserves, beyond the control of the financial authorities. These extra-budgetary revenues made it possible to cover the cost of urban growth while providing metropolitan areas with quality infrastructure, thus increasing their attractiveness for industrial production. In return, these strategies ensured an upward career for municipal executives (primarily mayors and party secretaries), under a system of executive promotion based on the ability to generate economic growth.