Public Ceremony

RESUMEN

“Miguel Hidalgo en los relatos de nación. Del patriotismo criollo al nacionalismo posrevolucionario” no es una investigación que se ocupe de la vida y obra de Hidalgo. Este estudio desarrolla  cómo se construyó el mito nacional en torno a este personaje y cuál fue la importancia que tuvo dicho mito en el proceso de invención de la nación mexicana durante el siglo XIX y primera mitad del XX.

        El trabajo está enfocado en dos aspectos importantes: se aborda cómo el mito del “padre de la patria” ha sido utilizado como estrategia de legitimación política  y como fuerza cohesionadora que facilitó que la población se identificara y sintiera parte de una sola comunidad cultural y política: la nación mexicana

        Para desarrollar la investigación fue necesario identificar los distintos imaginarios nacionales que fueron impulsados desde el siglo XIX para explicar qué era la nación mexicana, qué era lo mexicano y quiénes eran los mexicanos. Cada uno de estos imaginarios fue promovido por diversas condiciones políticas, económicas y tecnológicas. Una vez que se tuvieron estos contextos, en cada uno de ellos se desarrolla qué interpretación se hacía de Miguel Hidalgo, cómo las elites rectoras del país reinterpretaron y se apropiaron de su culto para justificar su poder político y para potenciar una identidad nacional en el resto de la población.

        Esta estrategia metodológica fue derivada de la llamada “teoría modernista sobre el nacionalismo y la invención de las naciones”, la cual sostiene que las naciones modernas son construcciones culturales que tuvieron cabida a finales del siglo XVIII e inicios del XIX, cuando se desplazó la tradición divino-dinástica de los Estados de Antiguo régimen y “la Nación” fue colocada como fuente de soberanía de los Estados modernos. La investigación se centró en cuatro tipo de fuentes: la historiografía clásica del siglo XIX, las celebraciones patrióticas, la enseñanza de historia patria en sistema escolar influenciado por el gobierno y a partir de las fuentes icónicas (monumentos, pintura, etc.) que han tenido un peso en la construcción de imaginarios nacionales.

        Como última precisión, es pertinente mencionar que la tesis, aunque está centrada en la invención del mito del “padre de la patria”, también aporta conocimiento sobre el proceso de invención de la nación mexicana y lo que esto ha implicado: la manipulación del discurso histórico.

Palabras clave:    Miguel Hidalgo, nacionalismo, nación, mito, héroe.

Il saggio prende in esame le pubbliche cerimonie tenute nella chiesa di San Lorenzo tra la seconda metà del Cinquecento e la fine dell’Ottocento. In particolare si sofferma sulla semi-sconosciuta cerimonia della consegna delle doti, cui era legata una processione che interessava l’intera città e vedeva sfilare insieme ai sovrani, le fanciulle povere dello Stato fiorentino. Un’opera di beneficienza, ma anche un grande operazione di propaganda, ideata da Cristina di Lorena, poi proseguita da Ferdinando I e poi Cosimo II. Nel ricostruire i percorsi urbani, si indaga sulla relazione della chiesa di San Lorenzo con la chiesa di Santissima Annunziata e il Duomo, anch’esse interessate dalle processioni e perciò immortalate in due famose lunette, da sempre conosciute, ma finora mai associate alla cerimonia in questione. Nella seconda parte si chiariscono le motivazioni, ideali e politiche, che portarono i Lorena a mantenere solo alcune delle cerimonie inaugurate dai Medici.

Durante los siglos XVII y XVIII en Europa y América, un gran espectáculo urbano aglutinó todas las artes, la música y la literatura, en una asombrosa creación de arte total, transformando las ciudades por medio de las decoraciones efímeras y dotando a sus espacios de ideología. Este segundo volumen sobre los Triunfos Barrocos revive, recrea y transmite la esencia de la cultura festiva en los virreinatos americanos en una edición en tapa que recoge más de 400 imágenes, muchas de ellas inéditas

It recounts the expedition of Don Pedro de Mendoza in 1534 and the founding of the city of Buenos Aires through the vision of the book of Ulrich Schmidl, with news of his men, among whom was the ciezano Juan de Aroca. There is also talk of the founding of Asunción and the survivors of the expedition.

Mihail Sturdza was the first local Romanian prince who reigned in the Principality of Moldova in the time of the Organic Regulations (Regulamentele Organice), i.e. between 1834 and 1849. The latter were proto-constitutional collections of rules and regulations, authored by Moldovan nobles and representatives of the Imperial Russian Court, and meant to create the legal framework both Romanian Principalities should have used to undergo structural reforms, aiming at their modernisation. The Prince ought to be chosen and voted by an elected legislative body, in the idea of strengthening a "parliamentary"regime, which could cut down any signs of authoritarianism from the Prince himself. Mihail Sturdza was not elected, but nominated by both the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, as a token of trust St. Petersburg and Istanbul would offer him. It was also a sign that the Organic Regulations, no matter how mildly liberal they were, could always support political interpretation. The ceremonies of enthronment were designated for this simple purpose: to show the Principality of Moldova has the rightful ruler, who would obey the Organic Regulation. At the same time, while symbolically connected to the famous medieval Moldovan princes who fought against the Ottomans, the ceremonies were meant to show, in an allusive manner, that the new ruler, Mihail Sturdza, considers himself independent from the two empires and a defender of Western civilization.

Se analizan las características del proyecto “Puebla: ciudad mural”, en el barrio de Xanenetla, Puebla. Éste se ha desarrollado entre 2009 y 2012, coordinado por el colectivo Tomate, mediante el diálogo par-ticipativo entre los vecinos del barrio y artistas, tanto nacionales como extranjeros, con el fin de crear un conjunto de 55 murales que reflejen la identidad y los valores de los habitantes de este barrio, sistemáti-camente olvidado por las políticas urbanas municipales. Esta propuesta de arte urbano busca redefinir y mejorar el diseño urbano de este barrio y mejorar la atención de las autoridades respecto de los pro-blemas socioeconómicos de éste.

ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the characteristics of “Puebla: Mural City” project in the neighborhood of Xanenetla, in Puebla. It was developed between 2009 and 2012 and it was coordinated by “Colectivo Tomate”, a young people group. Through participatory dialogue between neighborhood residents with local and for-eign artists has created a set of 55 murals that reflect the identity and values of people of this neighbor-hood, systematically neglected by municipal urban policies. This urban art proposal seeks to redefine and improve the urban design of this neighborhood and enhance the attention of the authorities regard-ing the socioeconomic problems of this.

Lost in the files of the archives found the information about our history. Thanks to three documents we've heard of the life, death and legacy of Captain Fernando Jerónimo de Pineda, a native of Murcia, engineer of the prison of Santo Domingo and part of the story and events that took place in the Caribbean and Constantinople during the eighteenth century . The first document is the information file and license Indian passenger Jerónimo de Pineda, assistant military engineer of the armies, borders and squares of New Spain in 1725. The following document, dated 1754, documents are property of deceased engineer, died in Santo Domingo. Finally, we will study the process raised by the Indian Council Tax to deliver part of the inheritance to John García de Pineda, who was held captive in Constantinople and the corresponding settlement in 1773.

The objective of this conference is to present Alonso de la Veracruz’s thesis upon the crimes against nature and, in specific, the accusation of cannibalism attributed to the Native Americans in the Indies.  In first place, we will study some of principal ideas upon this subject of some renowned members of the School of Salamanca and representatives of Spanish humanism. I will show that for the Spanish scholarship the crime against nature committed by Native Americans justified the removal of their political authorities and their dominium. The Spanish colonization was a mean to extirpate these customs.
In second place, I maintain that the common ideas upon cannibalism were contested by Alonso de la Veracruz during the second half of the sixteenth century. The first master in philosophy in Colonial Mexico was capable, by turning to Thomism philosophy and Roman legal theories, to prove that in some cases the cannibalism could not be considered a crime against nature.  Consequently, the Spanish philosopher is ready to accept the existence of natural rights as dominium and liberty even in nations in which cannibalism and human sacrifices are accepted customs.
Finally, my intention is to prove that Alonso de la Veracruz’s theses became some of the first attempts to understand cultural plurality from Thomist philosophy and a new lecture of the law of nature.

“The Battle of Roncesvalles as Nationalist Polemic: 1050-1624,” in Marina Pérez de Mendiola, ed., Bridging the Atlantic: Toward a Reassessment of Iberian and Latin American Cultural Ties (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), 15-29.