Presumption

This study aims to examine whether cigarette companies can release responsibility for the health losses of smokers by including warnings on the dangers of smoking on cigarette packages and analyze how responsibility can be imposed on cigarette companies for the health losses of smokers. This research is a normative juridical study with a statute approach. The primary and secondary legal materials obtained are systematized and synchronized through deductive logic, then analysis is carried out using the interpretive method to provide answers to the proposed legal problems. The results show that cigarette business actors can release responsibility for the health losses of consumers due to smoking if the health losses are as stated in the warning of the dangers of smoking on cigarette packages. However, cigarette companies that cause consumer health losses beyond what is stated in the warning of the dangers of smoking contained in cigarette packs, can be liable based on the principle of...

The presumption of innocence is accepted by its position in all international and regional human rights treaties as a standard of fair trials, which similar to that Continental Law System. According to Anglo-Saxsons Law System, the presumption is described in principle of burden and standard of proof. Whereas; the presumption of innocence in every legal system may not be understood as an accepted by Anglo- Saxons and Continental Law Systems. A level of abstraction is necessary, for accepted to common principle, a search for the minimum standard that universally hold. According to this minimum standard level; the presumption has long been regarded as fundamental to protecting accused persons from wrongful conviction; and the basic principle is that the accused is to be considered innocent until proven guilty of a criminal off er. Understanding the presumption of innocence is possible with determining the nature of the right. In this article, the presumption of innocence considering t...

Transfer learning and deep learning approaches have been utilised in several real-world applications and hierarchical systems for pattern recognition and classification tasks. However, in few of the real-world machine learning situations, this presumption does not sustain since there are instances where training data is costly or tough to gather and there is continually a necessity to produce high-performance learners competent with more easily attained data from diverse fields. The objective of this review is to determine more abstract qualities at the greater levels of the representation, by utilising deep learning to detach the variables in the outcomes, formally outline transfer learning, provide information on present solutions, and appraise applications employed in diverse facets of transfer learning and deep learning. This can be attained by rigorous literature exploration and discussion on all presently accessible techniques and prospective research studies on transfer learn...

Numerous studies document that societal happiness is correlated with individualism, but the nature of this phenomenon remains understudied. In the current paper, we address this gap and test the reasoning that individualism correlates with societal happiness because the most common measure of societal happiness (i.e., country-level aggregates of personal life satisfaction) is individualism-themed. With the data collected from 13,009 participants across fifty countries, we compare associations of four types of happiness (out of which three are more collectivism-themed than personal life satisfaction) with two different measures of individualism. We replicated previous findings by demonstrating that societal happiness measured as country-level aggregate of personal life satisfaction is correlated with individualism. Importantly though, we also found that the country-level aggregates of the collectivism-themed measures of happiness do not tend to be significantly correlated with indivi...

The standard objection to the utilitarian vision of morality is that utilitarian so-called ?Greatest-Happiness Principle? could justify counter-intuitive practices such as punishing and sacrifice of innocents, breaking of promises and manipulation. The underlying presumption is that the greatest cause (general utility, ?happiness?) must be capable of justifying causing suffering of the few. The fact is that, in the upbringing and education of humans (children), some degree of manipulation is needed. Instead, in that process, we use concepts which belong to deontological prescriptions (?obligations,? ?duties?) such as ?Do not lie? or ?Do not steal.? Our question is: Can we imagine the University guided by the simple utility principle. We must remember that a University is for adults, not for children. Why now not be open and at the University say that everything we do we do for the sake of hedonistic ?happiness,? not for the sake of duty. That seems suspicious for several reasons. Ma...

I INTRODUCTION When it comes to the governance of human affairs, people love to build grand theories, only to find out that they do not work in practice. (1) But what of ideas--or call them intuitions--that make perfect sense in practice but for which it seems impossible to develop a theory? This, we believe, is the problem with the appealing idea that when humans come to govern themselves at various scales of aggregation, from the village to the global, they should always attempt to remain at the lowest scale possible--that self-government is at its best on a smaller scale. And yet, people must solve their problems together, across borders and across levels of governance. And so, in practice we adjudicate between these two imperatives. But how do we make sense of the balancing act in theory? This symposium issue does so through systematic exploration of the analytical and normative dimensions of the principle of subsidiarity across time and issue areas. The introduction acknowledge...

Sustainable construction is the one of the measures that has been put forward to mitigate the adverse impact of construction activities on environment, economy and society. This paper presents the Bhutan’s case study on sustainable construction practises. This paper presents and discusses the scope and definition of sustainable construction; Barrier to the implementation of sustainable construction; the benefits of sustainable building compared to conventional building; and various technical approaches to achieve sustainable construction. The lack of education, awareness and training were the major barrier to the implementation of sustainable construction in Bhutan.

Numerous studies document that societal happiness is correlated with individualism, but the nature of this phenomenon remains understudied. In the current paper, we address this gap and test the reasoning that individualism correlates with societal happiness because the most common measure of societal happiness (i.e., country-level aggregates of personal life satisfaction) is individualism-themed. With the data collected from 13,009 participants across fifty countries, we compare associations of four types of happiness (out of which three are more collectivism-themed than personal life satisfaction) with two different measures of individualism. We replicated previous findings by demonstrating that societal happiness measured as country-level aggregate of personal life satisfaction is correlated with individualism. Importantly though, we also found that the country-level aggregates of the collectivism-themed measures of happiness do not tend to be significantly correlated with indivi...

El concepto de prosumidor, con cuatro décadas cumplidas desde que fuera acuñado por Alvin Toffler, se ha mantenido como el término conceptual más prevalente en los estudios sobre consumo-producción. Con todo, distintos conceptos que matizan la idea de prosumidor han ido apareciendo a lo largo de, al menos, las dos últimas décadas. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es llevar a cabo una revisión a los elementos heurísticos de dos conceptos relevantes, y considerados fundacionales en este ámbito, para extender el abanico terminológico en este campo de estudios: los conceptos pro-am y maker.

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The concept of prosumer, with four decades since it was coined by Alvin Toffler, has remained the most prevalent conceptual term in studies on consumption-production. However, different concepts that add nuance to the idea of prosumer have been appearing throughout, at least, two decades. Thus, the objective of this work is to carry out a review  of the heuristic elements of two relevant, and considered foundational, concepts in this area, to extend the terminological range in this field of studies: the pro-am and maker concepts.

The prevalence of people infected with COVID-19 in Aarhus on 7 August can be calculated using the dark figure of seroprevalence studies and a conservative estimate of the 12-day contagiousness. This conservative estimate is based on the fact that the transmission of the disease may already begin in the Pressentomatic period, 23 days before symptoms, and even in asymptomatic patients, and is at maximum during symptomatic disease, but is unlikely after 710 days of symptoms. These numbers correspond to a prevalence ratio of 2.8%. A recent study has estimated that most individuals are infectious for about five weeks only, which is the number of infected individuals can be 4,080, producing a prevalence ratio of 1, 2%. Therefore, the risk of satisfying an individual who can transmit Sars Cov2 is in the range of one in 3686 people. These numbers and risks can be more relevant to consider when choosing to visit a disco, a football celebration or even a supermarket. This can be extended to t...

In this article I discuss my personal introduction to narrative therapy as an African American family therapist and my discovery of the similarities between narrative practices and my own approaches to therapeutic work. I also examine the cultural relationship between narrative therapy and the therapies of a growing number of communities outside of European dominant culture. The article questions the dominant approach to multiculturalism in the field today and introduces the idea of cultural democracy as an alternative approach to managing the relationship between narrative and other Euro‐culture grounded therapies and the therapies of non‐European peoples which may be similar to, yet culturally unique from, Euro‐cultural therapies. This difference is not superficial or inconsequential. The article argues that a cultural democracy view challenges the emotional/psychologically colonizing links based in presumption of Euro‐cultural superiority of the ideas of Europe over the rest of t...

The contention of the essay which follows is that the presumption that Wyatt's rhythm can be judged by standards which are impervious to the actual performance of his poetry, to the actual affects achieved and the 'meanings' thereby imparted, leads ineluctably to the rejection of Wyatt's poetry by prosodists and that the rejection of that presumption leads as rigourously to the conclusion that prosody (as that term is widely understood) has no role to play in the assessment of Wyatt's poetry. Evidence in favour of this conclusion is provided by the slight and previously unacknowledged testimony of the punctuation of two principal Wyatt manuscripts (transcripts of which are provided in vols. 2 and 3) and slightly reinforced by attention to the phrasal rhyme-scheme of some of the poems. The evidence is considered suggestive rather than conclusive, but by following through the suggestion of a non-quantitative rhythmical principle an attempt is made to show that in W...

Organizations need to establish safety programs that reinforce behavioral compliance with existing safety policies, procedures, and regulatory requirements (i.e., compliance safety programs) and motivate spontaneous and innovative behaviors that proactively support the safety of others within the organization (i.e., proactive safety programs). However, the success of implementing such programs is dependent on the organization’s safety culture. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the factors that support strong safety cultures within organizations. For this scan, the scan team has adopted a simplified version of the definition of organization safety culture proposed by the US Department of Transportation: Safety culture within an organization is exemplified by “the shared values and behaviors that demonstrate a commitment to safety over competing goals.” Based on this definition, safety programs can strengthen (i.e. transform) the culture of an organization by several means, inc...

PurposeIn this study of Korean and US negotiators, the authors aim to demonstrate limits on the presumption that inter‐cultural negotiations are doomed to generate low joint gains.Design/methodology/approachIn a laboratory study with 45 bi‐cultural Korean students and 47 mono‐cultural American students, the authors created a total of 16 US‐US, 15 Korean‐Korean, and 15 US‐Korean dyads. The authors audio‐recorded their negotiation conversations and analyzed the content of the negotiation transcripts. The authors focused on the use of pronouns and coded how they were used and the impact this use had on the outcomes of the intra‐ and inter‐cultural negotiations.FindingsResults show that inter‐cultural dyads generate higher joint gains than Korean or US intra‐cultural dyads. The explanation based on social awareness and social distance theorizing shows that inter‐cultural negotiators, one of whom is bi‐cultural, who use language, especially the pronoun “you” to close social distance, ach...

The tension between the central government and the federating units has always been an intractable issue between the forces of centralization and decentralization in a federalism with the judiciary at the intersection of the conflict. Therefore, this study examines judicial interpretation in resolving the conflict on jurisdiction between the central government and the federating units. It applies Henri Lefebvre’s theory of space, Richard Ford’s analysis of jurisdiction, Benjamin Cardozo’s and Oliver Wendell Holmes’s psychology of judging to judicial interpretation in resolving the conflict on jurisdiction between the central government and the federating units. It finds that the justices on the majority and the minority who interpret the constitution to resolve questions of jurisdiction between the central government and the federating units often play politics of space hidden within the interstices of legal rules without being conscious of their psychological biases. Hence, it argu...

This study aimed to find criteria for distinguishing and presumption of Israeli narratives and to recognize these traditions from the pure Islamic traditions. In order to achieve this aim, using library resources as well as focus on research that has been done in this area, by defining the Isra'iliyyat word, criteria of diagnosing Isra'iliyyat narratives is introduced.