Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (SAR images)

We would like to invite you to join this exciting new project as a chapter contributor. Since this is a textbook, a great deal of this chapter entails a survey on the topic under the paradigm of cyber-physical systems, what can be done onboard and remotely, the distributed nature of the system and some exercises on futurology (anticipating trends can shed some light on upcoming designs). IET will bring great visibility to your work. You are welcome to suggest another topic/chapter title if you feel it would be more suitable. Each chapter should be around 20-25 pages each and can be submitted as a Word or Latex File. The IET will send you additional information (formatting, permission form, etc.) with the contributor's agreement once you have agreed to contribute to the book. Visit http:// www.theiet.org/resources/author-hub/books/index.cfm to get all information you need as a contributor to an IET research-level book. Each book is expected to have a total number of 500 printed pages (based on approximately 550 words per page with a 20% allowance for figures and tables). We have included a tentative schedule and list of topics below. If this is something you would consider, please send me the title of your chapter, a short description/abstract of the chapter content, and your full contact details. We will expect original content and new results for this book. You can, of course, reuse published material but the percentage of material reuse for the chapter should be less than 40%. The IET will run a piracy software on the full manuscript to control that you are including original material and will reject chapters who contain a large amount of already-published material so please do take this into consideration.

Наред с интензивното развитие на дистанционните методи и дигиталната фотограметрия, приложението на безпилотните летателни системи (БЛС) предоставя отлични възможности за прецизни измервания на Българската черноморска крайбрежна зона (БЧКЗ), чието интегрално картографиране включва и подводния брегови склон в качеството му на неделима част от БЧКЗ. Разнообразието от абразионен, акумулативен и техногенен бряг предоставя възможност за тестване на набор от подходи за заснемане на БЧКЗ с различни типове БЛС, което от своя страна улеснява избора на най-подходяща методика в съответствие с типа бряг и неговите пространствени характеристики. С настоящата статия се цели да се демонстрира методика за заснемане с БЛС и генериране на дигитални модели на релефа, съчетани с растерни ортомозайки с разделителна способност под 5 cm на базата на изображения от БЛС, които са основополагащи за изследване на силно изменчиви форми на бреговия и дънния релеф. Подробно са описани методиката на заснемане, процедурите по обработка на получените данни и генерирането на интегрален теренен модел на сушата и подводната част от бреговата зона. На примера на два представителни района от БЧКЗ са дадени анализ и интерпретация на геоморфоложката пространствена структура.

Along with the intensive development of remote sensing and digital photogrammetry, the application of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) provides excellent opportunities for high-precision surveys of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal zone (BBSCZ). The integrity of these photomapping studies requires inclusion of the submarine coastal slope, as it represents an indivisible part of the BBSCZ. The combination of erosional/abrasional, depositional and technogenic types of coast allows for testing various surveying approaches using different types of drones, thus facilitating the selection of the most suitable methodology depending on the particular location and its spatial properties. The aim of the present article is to demonstrate a methodology for the extraction of digital surface models and raster orthomosaics with ground resolution finer than 5 cm from drone imagery data. These geospatial products represent a fundamental prerequisite for studying highly erratic coastal land- and bedforms. The photomapping and subsequent data processing workflow for the extraction of an integral digital terrain model, covering both the terrestrial and underwater sectors of the coastal zone, are thoroughly described herein. The interpretative analysis of the spatial geomorphic pattern is exemplified for two representative case study sites within the BBSCZ.

From ubiquitous surveillance to drone strikes that put “warheads onto foreheads,” we live in a world of globalized, individualized targeting. The perils are great. In The Eye of War, Antoine Bousquet provides both a sweeping historical overview of military perception technologies and a disquieting lens on a world that is, increasingly, one in which anything or anyone that can be perceived can be destroyed—in which to see is to destroy.

Arguing that modern-day global targeting is dissolving the conventionally bounded spaces of armed conflict, Bousquet shows that over several centuries, a logistical order of militarized perception has come into ascendancy, bringing perception and annihilation into ever-closer alignment. The efforts deployed to evade this deadly visibility have correspondingly intensified, yielding practices of radical concealment that presage a wholesale disappearance of the customary space of the battlefield. Beginning with the Renaissance’s fateful discovery of linear perspective, The Eye of War discloses the entanglement of the sciences and techniques of perception, representation, and localization in the modern era amid the perpetual quest for military superiority. In a survey that ranges from the telescope, aerial photograph, and gridded map to radar, digital imaging, and the geographic information system, Bousquet shows how successive technological systems have profoundly shaped the history of warfare and the experience of soldiering.

A work of grand historical sweep and remarkable analytical power, The Eye of War explores the implications of militarized perception for the character of war in the twenty-first century and the place of human subjects within its increasingly technical armature.

It is so important to be aware of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of changes for the environment, land use planning and sustainable development. Detecting the changes in the condition of an issue is done by time difference observations. Change detection refers to the process of detecting time changes of an object through different time observations. The detection of changes by satellite imageries has come recently to the focus of attention due to their comprehensive and integrated characteristics and their ability to monitor changes during long periods as well as their application to monitoring and controlling changes in the forest ecosystems. The vegetation maps are now used to generate required information for macro and micro planning. This study was done to monitor the changes in the forest of Golestan province in the past and also to investigate the possibility of its future forecast using the Land Change Modeler (LMC). A forest type map was first prepared to monitor changes in forests of Golestan province from 2000 to 2015. The images taken in 12 months during 2000 and 2015 were collected form MODIS satellite imageries to monitor the forest. After pre-processing and preparing the time series in two sections, the forest changes were considered using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Moisture Stress Index (NDVI and MSI). The changes were then classified by indices, including the lands with excellent, very good, medium and poor coverage and compared together. The accuracy of the classification results was assessed using the field maps. The best result was found in the average time series data and the use of the NDVI index was prioritized over other indices. The forecast of changes by 2030 as 0.8629 Kappa and the model results for 2030 indicated a decline of 70000 in the land with high and very high capacities and a further increase in land with a low capacity.

Nowadays drones were very used in civil applications and this technology has known a very fast spread in many sectors where it is adopted to compensate the limitations in traditional aerial photogrammetry. This is due to the high speed in rural-urban migration and economic development where there is an apparent growing need of more up-to-date, detailed and accurate maps for more diverse applications. Thereof, the UAV technology is used in many countries for various applications such as land administration, urban planning, agriculture and archaeology. The very fast popularity of this technology is attributable to its particular advantages like very high resolution, manoeuvrability, low cost and availability. However, the UAV photogrammetry has limitations related to low accuracy because of a consumer grade digital camera combined with low-cost GNSS/INS system on board in most of the cases.
As this accuracy can only be increased by an indirect orientation, more accurate ground truth information is required. In this regard, this project was conducted in order to find a solution to the low accuracy of UAV image block without using ordinary GCPs. And the main motivation is to maintain the low cost, flexibility and efficiency of this technology. Thereof, manual and automated methods were developed, implemented and tested using ISPRS Benchmark from Multiplatform Photogrammetry. In both methods, control points were detected, and measured from already available aerial orthophoto and elevation model in comparison to the UAV images block to be adjusted. As a result, a set of 3D control points were produced in aerial map coordinates system and used as ground truth to indirectly orient the UAV image block.
The experiments showed that the proposed two methods can reliably increase the accuracy in the image block oriented based only on geotags. In both manual and automated methods, the horizontal accuracy was increased from around 1 to 2 meters up to about 5cm, and the relative errors considerably corrected. From the current research and experiment, one can conclude that the proposed methods were effective and can be proposed in applications where such level of accuracy is sufficient.
Keywords: UAV image block orientation, Image block quality assessment, manual selection of GCPs, automatic selection of GCP, aerial orthophoto and DSM/DTM

In recent years, different technologies have emerged and have made the obtaining of metric and graphical information increasingly faster, more accurate and cheaper for documentation and research of Cultural Heritage. Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS), or drones,
have contributed in this way, allowing the obtaining of images with a high spatial resolution that, in addition to the analogue advancement of software, offer a vast set of photogrammetric possibilities for geometric reconstructions and of remote sensing via different spectral analyses.
In addition, the evolution of commercial sensors adapted to these systems, especially related to the field of precision agriculture, allow the use of multispectral cameras that cover visible, NIR and thermal wavelengths at all lengths similar to those provided by satellite images but with a clear advantage in resolution, in immediacy and, therefore, in versatility. A comprehensive reflection of the application of these new tools are the scientific publications that analyse these applications in Cultural Heritage, to cite some examples: Uribe et al. (2015), Farjas et al.
(2015), Campana (2011, 2017) or Verhoeven et al. (2013).

Photogrammetry and GIS technologies are developing rapidly and becoming more affordable. They have also emerged as significant archaeological tools as a result of an increasing level of automated workflow in data acquisition and processing. Moreover, these techniques offer considerable reduction in the cost of underwater archaeological research. That is in addition to significant enhancement in research plans, management, and results, especially in extended seabed archaeological projects. Therefore, these technologies are utilized as essential aspects of the underwater archaeological research project in the site of Marsa Bagoush, Egypt. The site is located 250km west of Alexandria, and it takes the form of a bay, almost 650,000 m2. Marsa Bagoush (ancient Zygris) was mentioned by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century AD as one of the main anchorages along the northwest coast of Egypt between Alexandria and Marsa Matrouh (ancient Paraetonium). 
This paper presents the results of the on-going digital documentation of the site which is a major part of an underwater archaeological investigation project. The paper will discuss the promising application of photogrammetry in underwater archaeology. It will also look at the integration of GIS Database techniques, which represent accurate methods of documenting topographical and archaeological elements and obtaining three‐dimensional digital models of the site and its contents.

Despite the harmful effects of invasive species, the mechanisms behind the invasion and dynamics of invasive alien species are poorly understood in Ethiopia. Geographical Information Systems are emerging as valuable and cost-effective tools for understanding invasion dynamics and prioritizing management efforts these days. Moreover, remote sensing is the only practical method to acquire spatially and temporal detailed data over a large area. Because images can be acquired multiple times and provides a way to directly assess changes over time. This study was done in Amibara woreda in the Afar National Regional State. The objectives were: to evaluate the land-use/land cover change in the last two decades, examine the spatial distribution of                P. juliflora in the study area, assess the temporal dynamics of P. juliflora invasion and to determine the rate of invasion, and identify the land-use/land cover types which are affected by P. juliflora and explore the possible causes. Post classification comparison change detection scheme was employed to discriminate spatial and temporal invasion of P. juliflora between 1986 and 2007. The invaded land which was 769 ha in 1986 changed to 3,849 ha by 2001 and highly increased to 11,579 ha by 2007 year. During this period, almost all the land-use/land cover has been invaded by P. juliflora. Shrub land was the most affected land-use/land cover having 2,742 ha area invaded by P. juliflora. Between 2001-2007, the overall change of all other land use/land cover to P. juliflora invaded land have showed at least two fold increase than during 1986-2001 period except the cultivated land that was reduced by half in percent invasion. Hence, the rate of change from other land-use/land cover to invaded land has shown an increasing pattern in 0.06% area per year in 1986-2001 to 0.37% per year of the study area in 2001-2007. If this situation continues with out proper management it will not take longer to see these areas reaching at climax invasion, where it reaches impossible to think of management. The consequence will not only be of the Woreda level or Regional level but also at the National level. Hence, a GIS Model and Remote Sensing application in order to show further risk zone and its invasion driving forces should be carried out in the area. This helps to plan an immediate control and management options and strong policy to organize different stakeholders starting from lower level to regional level on the invasive species P. juliflora.
Key words: ASTER, Landsat, invasive species, invaded land, livelihood, land-use/land cover

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how optical pre-processing with polarizing filters and digital pre-processing with HDR imaging, may improve the automated 3D modeling pipeline based on SFM and Image Matching, with special emphasis on optically non-cooperative surfaces of shiny or dark materials. Because of the automatic detection of homologous points, the presence of highlights due to shiny materials, or nearly uniform dark patches produced by low reflectance materials, may produce erroneous matching involving wrong 3D point estimations, and consequently holes and topological errors on the mesh originated by the associated dense 3D cloud. This is due to the limited dynamic range of the 8 bit digital images that are matched each other for generating 3D data. The same 256 levels can be more usefully employed if the actual dynamic range is compressed, avoiding luminance clipping on the darker and lighter image areas. Such approach is here considered both using optical filtering and HDR processing with tone mapping, with experimental evaluation on different Cultural Heritage objects characterized by non-cooperative optical behavior. Three test images of each object have been captured from different positions, changing the shooting conditions (filter/no-filter) and the image processing (no processing/HDR processing), in order to have the same 3 camera orientations with different optical and digital pre-processing, and applying the same automated process to each photo set.

The problem of recursively approximating motion resulting from the Optical Flow (OF) in video thru Total Least Squares (TLS) techniques is addressed. TLS method solves an inconsistent system Gu=z , with G and z in error due to temporal/spatial derivatives, and nonlinearity, while the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model has noise only in z. Sources of difficulty involve the non-stationarity of the field, the ill-posedness, and the existence of noise in the data. Three ways of applying the TLS with different noise conjectures to the end problem are observed. First, the classical TLS (cTLS) is introduced, where the entries of the error matrices of each row of the augmented matrix [G;z] have zero mean and the same standard deviation. Next, the Generalized Total Least Squares (GTLS) is defined to provide a more stable solution, but it still has some problems. The Generalized Scaled TLS (GSTLS) has G and z tainted by different sources of additive zero-mean Gaussian noise and scaling [G;z] by nonsingular D and E, that is, D[G;z]E makes the errors iid with zero mean and a diagonal covariance matrix. The scaling is computed from some knowledge on the error distribution to improve the GTLS estimate. For moderate levels of additive noise, GSTLS outperforms the OLS, and the GTLS approaches. Although any TLS variant requires more computations than the OLS, it is still applicable with proper scaling of the data matrix.

This research aims to define new methodologies for the 3D documentation and preservation of archaeological sites. 3D archaeological surveys are becoming more common in archaeology, but this can become problematic because researchers have yet to integrate these technologies to develop a complete and coherent methodology for their use. In this paper we will show one approach to document completely aspects of an archeological site using different 3D survey technologies and find the most appropriate ...

This book is aimed at raising awareness of researchers, scientists, and engineers on the benefits of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in data analysis. In this book, the reader will find the applications of PCA in fields such as energy, multi-sensor data fusion, materials science, gas chromatographic analysis, ecology, video and image processing, agriculture, color coating, climate and automatic target recognition.

Subsurface imaging in arid regions is a well-known application of satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Archaeological prospection has often focused on L-band SAR sensors, given the ability of longer wavelengths to penetrate more deeply into sand. In contrast, this study demonstrates capabilities of shorter-wavelength, but higher spatial resolution, C-band and X-band SAR sensors in archaeological subsurface imaging at the site of ‘Uqdat al-Bakrah (Safah), Oman. Despite having varying parameters and acquisitions, both the X-band and C-band images analyzed were able to identify a subsurface paleo-channel that is not visible on the ground surface. This feature was first identified through Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey, then recognized in the SAR imagery and further verified by test excavations. Both the GPR and the excavations reveal the base of the paleo-channel at a depth of 0.6 m–0.7 m. Hence, both X-band and C-band wavelengths are appropriate for subsurface archaeologic...

During the past decades we have been observing a permanent increase in image data, leading to huge repositories.[1]. This paper focuses on image compression and storage. We define methods to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of image compression. Image compression refers to represent an image with as few bits as possible while preserving the level of quality and intelligibility required for a particular application. The present work aims to develop an efficient algorithm for compression and storage of two-tone image. In this paper, an efficient coding technique is proposed and termed as line- skipping coding for two-tone image. The technique exploits 2-D correlation present in the image. This new algorithm is devised to reduce fifty to seventy five percentage of memory storage.

TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X form the first space-borne interferometer providing full-PolInSAR acquisitions with a near-zero temporal gap. This paper explores the potential of X-band SAR data for forest height estimation over tropical Indian forests. Unique TanDEM-X data sets with varied spatial baselines are acquired over a tropical, deciduous In-dian forest. Multiple dual polarimetric and fully polarimetric acquisitions are analysed and the best performance is achieved using fully polarimetric data acquired over both high-and low-biomass forests (r 2 =0.86 and r 2 =0.80 respectively). It is shown for the first time that, for deciduous Indian tropical forests, seasonal changes such as leaf-fall affect the PolInSAR based height inversion performance. For species exhibiting leaf-fall, acquisition during leaf-on season provides better height inversion accuracy (r 2 =0.75) than for leaf-fall season (r 2 =0.65). Results show consistent PolInSAR height inversion performance for both high-and low-biomass forests in both natural and managed forest tracts. Spatial baseline is a critical factor for selection of suitable acquisitions for PolInSAR based height estimation. The effect of spatial baseline on height inversion performance is also discussed.

IET indexes its books and journal in SCOPUS and IEEE Xplore.
Computer Vision (CV) and Sensors play a decisive role in the operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), but there exists a void when it comes to analysing the extent of their impact on the entire UAV system. In general, the fact that a UAV is a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is not taken into account. In this proposal, we propose to expand on earlier books covering the use of CV and sensing in UAVs. Among other things, an entirely autonomous UAV can help to (i) obtain information about the environment, (ii) work for an extended period of time without human interference, (iii) move either all or part of itself all over its operating location devoid of human help and (iv) stay away from dangerous situations for people and their possessions. A Vision System (VS) entails the way CV data will be utilized, the appropriate architecture for total avionics integration, the control interfaces, and the UAV operation. Since the VS core is its sensors and cameras, multi-sensor fusion, navigation, hazard detection, and ground correlation in real time are important operational aspects that can benefit from CV knowledge and technology. This book will aim to collect and shed some light on the existing information on CV software and hardware for UAVs as well as pinpoint aspects that need additional thinking. It will list standards and a set of prerequisites (or lack of them thereof) when it comes to CV deployment in UAVs. The issue of data fusion takes a centre place when the book explores ways to deal with sensor data and images as well as their integration and display. The best practices to fuse image and sensor information to enhance UAV performance by means of CV can greatly improve all aspects of the corresponding CPS. The CPS viewpoint can improve the way UAVs interact with the Internet of Things (IoT), use cloud computing, meet communications requirements, implement hardware/software paradigms necessary to handle video streaming, incorporate satellite data, and combine CV with Virtual/Augmented Realities.

VOLUME 2-DEPLOYMENT AND APPLICATIONS: This tome introduces procedures, standards, and prerequisites for the deployment of Computer Vision (CV) in UAVs from their application point of view. It discusses existing/desirable open source software tools, image banks, benchmarks, Quality of Experience (QoE), Quality of Service (QoS) and how CV can benefit from a Robot Operating System (ROS) in surveillance, remote sensing, inspection, maintenance and repair among other usages, while offering an assessment of current bottlenecks and trends. It will pave the road towards better studies on the necessity and viability of implementing collaborative environments for visualization, knowledge management and teleoperation of UAVs. This is planned to be the companion volume of Estrela, Hemanth, Saotome (Eds) / Imaging and Sensing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Volume 1-Control and Performance.

Editor(s):
Dr. Vania V. Estrela, https://www.linkedin.com/in/vania-v-estrela-96b9bb29/
Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), RJ, Brazil
vania.estrela.phd@ieee.org

Dr. Jude Hemanth,https://www.karunya.edu/ece/drjude.html
Karunya University, Coimbatore, India
jude_hemanth@rediffmail.com

Dr. Osamu Saotome, https://www.linkedin.com/in/osamu-saotome-83935818
Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, CTA-ITA-IEEA, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
osaotome@gmail.com

CONTENTS:
1. Image Acquisition and Restoration in UAVs
2. Image Fusion in UAVs
3. Super-Resolution Imaging in UAVs
4. 2D/3D/4D Imaging in UAVs
5. Multi-view Image and ToF Sensor Fusion in UAVs
6. Range Imaging in UAVs
7. Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging in UAVs
8. Imaging Standards and UAVs
9. Virtual/Augmented Reality in UAVs
10. Collaborative Environments in UAVs
11. Archiving, Storage, and Compression in UAVs
12. Analysis, Indexing, Retrieval in UAVs
13. Multicast/Broadcast/Streaming in UAVs
14. Modelling, Simulation and UAVs
15.  Image-Oriented Estimation and Identification in UAVs
16. Open Source Software in UAVs
17. Image Banks and Benchmarks in UAVs
18. Quality of Experience (QoE) and Quality of Service (QoS) in UAVs
19. Robot Operating System (ROS) in UAVs
20. Cloud Computing in UAVs

Specification and Schedule

July 1st, 2017: Call for Chapter Abstracts
September 1, 2017: One-Page Chapter Abstract (up to 1000 words) Submission Deadline. Free style.
          A proposal must outline one of topics fromthe list above (mention its number, for instance 1. and reference PBCE120B).
November 30, 2017: Last Day for Notification of Acceptance
Jan 30, 2018: Full Chapter Submissions
March 30 2018: Review Chapter Submissions and send comments to authors
May 31, 2018: Receive revised Chapter Submissions
June 30, 2018: Notification of Final Acceptance
July 31, 2018: Gather all material, figure files and copyrights permission forms
Aug 30, 2018: Book editors to finalize introduction and conclusion chapters
Sept 15th, 2018, Delivery of full manuscript to the IET
Scheduled publication: Feb/March 2019

Readership: Graduate students and Researchers in the fields of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering, Control Systems, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Instrumentation and Measurement, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Oceanic Engineering, Safety Engineering, Reliability, Robotics and Automation, Signal Processing, Technology and Engineering Management, Environmental Engineering, Public Health Management, Non-Invasive Testing/Monitoring and Vehicular Technology.

Additional Information: Dr. Vania V. Estrela,    vania.estrela.phd@ieee.org
                                          Dr. Jude Hemanth,      jude_hemanth@rediffmail.com

, "Detecting underground metallic objects of different sizes using synthetic aperture radar," Proc. ABSTRACT Detecting underground/subsurface metallic objects such as landmines and IEDs (improvised explosive devices) using efficient and effective inspection techniques is crucial in demining and mine clearance missions. The use of microwave/radar sensors in remote sensing represents a new approach to reduce demining risks and to improve efficiency. To achieve the goal, electromagnetic signatures of underground metallic objects must be thoroughly studied. The objective of this paper is to use synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging to investigate the size effect of an underground metallic object buried in SAR images at three ranges (15 cm, 30 cm, and 60 cm). Three different sizes (diameters = 7.6 cm, 15.2 cm, and 20.3 cm) were used and buried inside a container (sandbox) filled up with dry sand. A 10-GHz SAR imaging radar sensor was applied to generate all SAR images inside an anechoic chamber. It was found that SAR amplitude decreases with the increase of radar range. In addition, reconstructed distribution of SAR amplitudes depended on the size of underground steel disk specimens. SAR amplitudes (maximum and integrated) were related to the range and modeled by empirical equations.

It is so important to be aware of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of changes for the environment, land use planning and sustainable development. Detecting the changes in the condition of an issue is done by time difference observations. Change detection refers to the process of detecting time changes of an object through different time observations. The detection of changes by satellite imageries has come recently to the focus of attention due to their comprehensive and integrated characteristics and their ability to monitor changes during long periods as well as their application to monitoring and controlling changes in the forest ecosystems. The vegetation maps are now used to generate required information for macro and micro planning. This study was done to monitor the changes in the forest of Golestan province in the past and also to investigate the possibility of its future forecast using the Land Change Modeler (LMC). A forest type map was first prepared to monitor changes in forests of Golestan province from 2000 to 2015. The images taken in 12 months during 2000 and 2015 were collected form MODIS satellite imageries to monitor the forest. After pre-processing and preparing the time series in two sections, the forest changes were considered using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Moisture Stress Index (NDVI and MSI). The changes were then classified by indices, including the lands with excellent, very good, medium and poor coverage and compared together. The accuracy of the classification results was assessed using the field maps. The best result was found in the average time series data and the use of the NDVI index was prioritized over other indices. The forecast of changes by 2030 as 0.8629 Kappa and the model results for 2030 indicated a decline of 70000 in the land with high and very high capacities and a further increase in land with a low capacity.

The present research was conducted to determine the sensitivity of needle-leaved species compared to broad-leaved in causing a natural fire in Golestan province. Vegetation and moisture stresses of plants were studied in both needle and mixed leaved forest the fire occurred in 2010-2014. In order to examine the normal condition of each indicator, the time series was produced from 2000 to 2015. The threshold of the applied indicators was determined using its long-term normal. The threshold value was determined as an average of 15 days before the fire, as well as on the day before the fire. The results showed that the amount of dry matter increased in the affected areas and the plants were exposed to moisture stress. Among the indicators used in this study, GVMI shows more sensitivity to fire rather than other indicators with a higher nominal frequency. In the broadleaf forest of (1.803) and in the forest forests (1.63), there is a decrease compared to the time series. Generally, these needle-leaved species have a lower tolerance to moisture stress than the broadleaf.

İnsanların ulaşmakta güçlük çektiği eğimli, engebeli arazilerde insansız hava araçlarının (İHA) yardımı ve
fotogrametrik yöntemlerle araziyi modellemek, diğer yöntemlere göre maliyet ve zaman açısından daha
avantajlıdır. Bu çalışmada dağlık, engebeli arazilerde fotogrametrik modellemenin doğruluğu ve yer
kontrol noktalarının (YKN) dağılımının konum doğruluğuna etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda ArtvinYusufeli barajı inşaat sahası çalışma bölgesi olarak seçilmiştir. Bölgeye YKN tesis edilmiş ve konumları
yersel ölçme yöntemleri ile tayin edilerek uçuş aşamasına geçilmiştir. İHA ile elde edilen bindirmeli
görüntülerle Pix4d yazılımında, YKN’lerin konumları baz alınarak koordinatlı üç boyutlu modeller
oluşturulmuştur. İlk etapta YKN’ler, yatayda ve düşeyde homojen olarak dağıtılmış, daha sonra farklı
yükseltilerde farklı dağılım biçimleri uygulanarak YKN’lerin konum doğruluğuna etkisi incelenmiştir.
Sonuç olarak, yatayda ve düşeyde homojen YKN dağılımı ile maksimum hata miktarının 5 cm’nin altında
olduğu görülmüş, çalışma bölgesinin sınırlarını yatayda ve düşeyde üç boyutlu olarak çevreleyen,
arazinin topografik yapısını yansıtan bir YKN dağılımının gerekliliği açıkça ortaya konmuştur.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how optical pre-processing with polarizing filters and digital pre-processing with HDR imaging, may improve the automated 3D modeling pipeline based on SFM and Image Matching, with special emphasis on optically non-cooperative surfaces of shiny or dark materials. Because of the automatic detection of homologous points, the presence of highlights due to shiny materials, or nearly uniform dark patches produced by low reflectance materials, may produce erroneous matching involving wrong 3D point estimations, and consequently holes and topological errors on the mesh originated by the associated dense 3D cloud. This is due to the limited dynamic range of the 8 bit digital images that are matched each other for generating 3D data. The same 256 levels can be more usefully employed if the actual dynamic range is compressed, avoiding luminance clipping on the darker and lighter image areas. Such approach is here considered both using optical filtering ...

The use of digital techniques for the survey, analysis and organisation of data on an archaeological site asks new methodological questions about the validity of surveyed information, archiving and long-term exploitation and transdisciplinary transmission, and then the dissemination to a wider audience. As a corollary, there is a need to identify a data 0 element, which is currently related to geometrical data with a connection to form, thus to tangibility. However, this position can change. The analysis of data can be subjected to a conceptual leap. From categorisation to comparison, it is possible to introduce the concept of attuning, and to develop modes of understanding by multiple comparisons. These considerations lead to questions of transmission within the academic system, then to a wider audience, taking into account what, seemingly heritage-related, is in fact associated with creation.

Representation of architectural heritage artefacts with minimum risks to their authenticity has been advised by heritage guidelines; their transport for representation maximises the risk of destruction and questions the authenticity. Contemporary curators turn to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Mixed Reality for an improved representation but there are challenges related to audience accessibility, costs of asset transport to and lifecycle management with the museum platforms, and the potential threats to authenticity. Digital Twin (DT) as a revolutionary concept opens new doors to mitigate the challenges and may facilitate better access to the architectural heritage through digital experiences. In the long term, DT implementation costs may be offset by enabling wider access. This article presents the DT concept, the necessity of its adoption, the challenges of Digital Twining, benefits and opportunities, and reviews available curation practices of ‘digital asset’ ...

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how optical pre-processing with polarizing filters and digital pre-processing with HDR imaging, may improve the automated 3D modeling pipeline based on SFM and Image Matching, with special emphasis on optically non-cooperative surfaces of shiny or dark materials. Because of the automatic detection of homologous points, the presence of highlights due to shiny materials, or nearly uniform dark patches produced by low reflectance materials, may produce erroneous matching involving wrong 3D point estimations, and consequently holes and topological errors on the mesh originated by the associated dense 3D cloud. This is due to the limited dynamic range of the 8 bit digital images that are matched each other for generating 3D data. The same 256 levels can be more usefully employed if the actual dynamic range is compressed, avoiding luminance clipping on the darker and lighter image areas. Such approach is here considered both using optical filtering ...