Passenger cars

Experimental studies of the aerodynamic interference between
passenger cars. Aerodynamic interference covers the
two cases of vehicles in a convoy and in parallel passing
(overtaking). Vehicles are assumed to be moving in
open roads. Flow visualization technique is used to
clarify the flow behavior, especially wake structure
behind interfering passenger cars.
This paper is a trial to further explain the aerodynamic
characteristics, usually reported in the form of pressure
distributions and drag forces, through visible
observations. Visualization images of passenger cars in
close interference are presented for the first time.
Special attention is paid to the effect of Reynolds
number on flow pattern especially in severe interference
conditions. Results show that flow structure around
interfering cars changes dramatically depending on the
gap between the cars and Reynolds number. Interesting
flow structures are captured and analyzed.

This study will analyse the effect the road traffic and travel situation is highly aggravated in metropolitan cities of developing country like India because of significant growth in traffic and addition of more and more numbers of vehicles year by year in to the stream with wide ranging static and dynamic characteristics. Signalisation is a traffic control strategy to ease the competition by providing right of way in a cyclic manner to conflicting traffic at intersections. Saturation flow is a major component in the design of signals, and is influenced by a variety of factors like vehicle composition, intersection geometry and driver's behaviour. Two-wheelers (2W) constitute a major proportion of urban traffic and therefore their effect on the saturation flow could be substantial. The highway capacity manual (HCM) has recommended a saturation flow model primarily for homogeneous conditions, with limited ability to address heterogeneity. But the traffic in India is highly heterogeneous and hence, defining a unified saturation flow concept is a challenging task. The variability in vehicle types necessitates the use of passenger car units (PCUs).Mixed traffic behaviour on saturation flow rate at the signalised intersections. Traffic data will be collected at signalised intersections located in urban area of different cities of Gujarat with different geometric configurations and approach width. Micro level discharge rate studies will be carried out by observing different traffic attributes. The passenger car units (PCUs) values will be derived for different types of vehicles in the traffic stream by different approaches. Mixed traffic discharge flow models will be developed using regression method by relating the various parameters. Also an effect of platoon dispersion on discharge rate will be carried out under this study.

In order for saving the constrained resources and preservation of environment, the natural gas is a proven low cost and low emission alternative fuel to petroleum fuels for all types of motor vehicles. It is being widely used throughout the globe. In Malaysia, still millions of vehicles are plying on use of petroleum fuels. These fuels release huge emissions to the environment. Definitely, this adversely affects the natural ecosystem. In this backdrop, a study is felt important to predict the trend of emissions of anti-body gases released by cars in Malaysia for use of liquid fuels and natural gas between 2006 and 2020. The growth of vehicles demand has been considered alongside. The study reveals that current emission levels of different anti-body gases are huge and these can be significantly reduced by converting liquid fuel based engine into the natural gas based engine.

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/215594760_Ergonomic_Evaluation_of_Data_Entry_Task_Performance_Under_The_Influence_of_Noise_and_Task_Structure_-_The_Effect_of_Gender/file/9fcfd513585d0e0a0f.pdf#page=43

In this paper was presented traction qualities of a Fiat Panda car equipped with a 1.3 16 V Multijet engine. Characteristics of the full power of the 1.3 JTD engine was prepared, along with a selection of the trend curves. On the basis of the moment curve from that graph and the car basic data, traction characteristic of the vehicle was created. It was proven a dependence of the propulsive force on the vehicle’s linear velocity. On that
basis, such traction qualities of the Fiat Panda, as its ability to accelerate, to drive upon hills and its achieving the maximum speed, were analyzed.

Road safety barriers protect vehicles from roadside hazards by redirecting errant vehicles in a safe manner as well as providing high levels of safety during and after impact. This paper focused on transition safety barrier systems which were located at the point of attachment between a bridge and roadside barriers. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the behavior of transition systems located at upstream bridge rail with different designs and performance levels. Design factors such as occupant risk and vehicle trajectory for different systems were collected and compared. To achieve this aim a comprehensive database was developed using previous studies. The comparison showed that Test 3-21, which is conducted by impacting a pickup truck with speed of 100 km/h and angle of 25 to transition system, was the most severe test. Occupant impact velocity and ridedown acceleration for heavy vehicles were lower than the amounts for passenger cars and pickup trucks, and in most cases higher occupant lateral impact ridedown acceleration was observed on vehicles subjected to higher levels of damage. The best transition system was selected to give optimum performance which reduced occupant risk factors using the similar crashes in accordance with Test 3-21. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23820073
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457513002285

Nowadays, in all cities there is an acute problem of lack of parking spaces. The vehicles are becoming more and more not only in megacities, but also in small cities of the country, and there are no more parking places - the pace of solving the problem is several times slower than the speed of transport growth among the citizens. The article is dedicated to determination of the optimum sizes parking place for designing vehicles on parking space which is an element of the roads. On example of the passenger cars and trucks are determined optimum amount parking place. The results of research on the dimensioning of parking spaces, recommendations to use of the results for the design of objects of transportation infrastructure.

The article presents the development of the construction of gearboxes used in passenger cars. The aspect of fuel consumption of these components is taken into consideration. The paper focuses on the overall efficiency of a manual, automatic and continuously variable transmissions (CVT) . It is noted that the manual transmissions continue to be found in the group of the most economical ones.

This paper discusses severe head and neck injuries to restrained occupants in rollover crashes. There are a large number of such injuries, they have devastating consequences, and they occur in an unusually high percentage of rollover crashes. Nevertheless, more than 90 percent of all occupants in rollovers do not receive serious head or neck injuries in rollovers and how that helps us understand the injuries that do occur.

Development of transport technologies leads to a natural evolution of transport services, new requirements to the architecture of transport buildings. Over the decades, the separate buildings of airports, railway, waterborne and bus stations become a hybrid transport complexes. The history of urban planning shows that passenger stations should offer opportunities for economic and social development in order to reach a more mature form. This leads to a pooling of reception and service facilities on multiple stations in common areas of a new type of complex - multimodal passenger complex (hub). Thus a reduction of the built areas enables the liberated territories to be used for landscaping. Nowadays these complexes consolidate flows of transport infrastructure and passenger in one place, which requires more park and protective landscape (noise, dust, harmful gases, etc.).

Technology has enabled the mass production of hybrid and electric vehicles. Interest in these alternative-energy vehicles has been heightened due to air quality concerns in urban areas. However, these vehicles are capable of very quiet operation, which could have negative side effects on pedestrian and driver safety because of the lack of sound cues. A survey of 380 people was conducted to explore interest and concerns about electrically powered vehicles. The data show that there is substantial positive interest in driving quiet hybrid and electric cars. However, in the role of pedestrian, participants expressed concern over the reduced auditory cues to the presence of a moving vehicle. Implications of quiet vehicles are discussed including the additional consideration of reduced driver awareness of their speed. Precautionary measures and suggestions for effective engine noise substitutes are presented.

Technology has enabled the mass production of hybrid and electric vehicles. Interest in these alternative-energy vehicles has been heightened due to air quality concerns in urban areas. However, these vehicles are capable of very quiet operation, which could have negative side effects on pedestrian and driver safety because of the lack of sound cues. A survey of 380 people was conducted to explore interest and concerns about electrically powered vehicles. The data show that there is substantial positive interest in driving quiet hybrid and electric cars. However, in the role of pedestrian, participants expressed concern over the reduced auditory cues to the presence of a moving vehicle. Implications of quiet vehicles are discussed including the additional consideration of reduced driver awareness of their speed. Precautionary measures and suggestions for effective engine noise substitutes are presented.

This research is interested in the computational investigation of the aerodynamics of interfering vehicles during their movement in tunnels. Four cases with different types of vehicles were studied. The computational results cover mainly the pressure distribution inside the tunnel. Thus, this paper may help in explaining/avoiding the serious accidents that occur in tunnels, especially at entrance and exit, by better understanding of the flow structure and changes of pressure around the vehicles in tunnels.

Regarding passenger cars in the European Union there is legislative regulation on the emissions of certain pollutants, such as CO, HC and NOx for gasoline passenger cars and CO, HC, NOx and particulate matter for Diesel ones. However, there is currently no regulation in the EU for the emissions of CO 2 , despite the intense discussion on the specific subject. This work develops in the first part, a methodology for the application of legislative regulation of CO 2 emissions from the PCs in EU. A detailed estimation of the market of new passenger cars in EU in 2020 and their emissions of CO 2 is performed. Then, various scenarios of legislative regulation of CO 2 are examined.

The comfort of passenger and stability of a vehicle are the key objective of any passenger car. Stability of the vehicle should not be provided at a cost a passenger's comfort level. The purpose of this paper is to find out the response behavior for wagon-r car during road irregularities by performing quarter model dynamic simulation in ADAMS. The work represents a response of existing suspension system in various weight and bump height condition. To conclude Eighteen simulations were conducted for different weight and for various bump heights, as a result, seventy-two graphs show the overall results with different criteria. Novelty of this paper is presented in its response pattern, results and conclusion for various inputs. In the end, results show whether the response pattern of the wagon-r car is proper or it needs some improvisation to achieve better results.

Background Pressure at the human interface has received considerable attention over the years since it can cause injury, pain, discomfort, and/or possibly improve comfort. When we wear clothes, shoes, neckties, sleep on a bed, sit on a chair, use a headset, use hand tools during manual work, or use arm rests or elbow supports to reduce muscle fatigue, the forces from these external sources/implements exerted on the body are quite varied, but in all cases act on limited areas. Even though forces on the human body are unavoidable, comfort in many cases appears to be obscure and certainly not guaranteed. Comfort encompasses many different characteristics and has varied definitions: for example, it has been defined as a lack of discomfort (Hertzberg, 1972) and more recently it has been associated with feelings of relaxation and well-being (Zhang et al., 1996). In creating the second definition, however, Zhang et al. pointed out that poor biomechanics may turn comfort to discomfort even though good biomechanics is not a necessary and sufficient condition for comfort. It is not the intent of this paper to look at the disparities in the two definitions. The objectives of this article are instead: • To review the effects of force on human tissue in the published literature • To attempt to explain scientifically some of the design strategies currently used and • Most importantly, to stimulate ideas for innovative designs and research to minimize

Road safety barriers protect vehicles from roadside hazards by redirecting errant vehicles in a safe manner as well as providing high levels of safety during and after impact. This paper focused on transition safety barrier systems which were located at the point of attachment between a bridge and roadside barriers. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the behavior of transition systems located at upstream bridge rail with different designs and performance levels. Design factors such as occupant risk and vehicle trajectory for different systems were collected and compared. To achieve this aim a comprehensive database was developed using previous studies. The comparison showed that Test 3-21, which is conducted by impacting a pickup truck with speed of 100 km/h and angle of 25° to transition system, was the most severe test. Occupant impact velocity and ridedown acceleration for heavy vehicles were lower than the amounts for passenger cars and pickup trucks, and in most cases higher occupant lateral impact ridedown acceleration was observed on vehicles subjected to higher levels of damage. The best transition system was selected to give optimum performance which reduced occupant risk factors using the similar crashes in accordance with Test 3-21.

Two commercial Diesel Euro3 and Euro4 fuels are used in a Euro3 passenger car in order to find out the impact of fuel on exhaust emissions of regulated and of several non-regulated pollutants and on fuel consumption. The results show a significant impact of the fuel on several pollutants. The results on New European Driving Cycle and on steady speeds are not always in accordance, showing that the impact of the fuel on exhaust emission is quite complex and the estimation of real-world emissions is not very easy.

This research is interested in the computational
investigation of the aerodynamics of interfering vehicles
during their movement in tunnels. Four cases with different
types of vehicles were studied. The computational results
cover mainly the pressure distribution inside the tunnel.
Thus, this paper may help in explaining/avoiding the
serious accidents that occur in tunnels, especially at entrance
and exit, by better understanding of the flow structure and
changes of pressure around the vehicles in tunnels.