Non-ionizing radiations

The wide use of mobile phones coupled with those living close to base transceiver stations (BTSs) as well as those working in chemical environment has inevitably raised the question of whether there are any implications on human health. At the moment, there are insufficient and inconclusive scientific findings to prove if there are any adverse health effects caused by Radio Frequency (RF) radiation. This inconclusive debate is the reason for this research work, which is focused on determining the ionizing radiation level and its effects on humans living close to base stations and chemical environments such as a chemistry laboratory. This research work was achieved by studying and measuring the ionizing radiation level and thereafter an analysis on the measured values was carried out. The experiment was carried out carefully with precision using a radiation dosimeter RADEX 1706 equipped with two Geiger Muller counters, a meter rule, a Global Positioning System (GPS) enabled device, and a Stop watch. Measurements were taken from the Chemistry Laboratory in the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA) and several telephony base stations of the following networks; MTN, ETISALAT, GLO and AIRTEL. Measurements taken from BTSs using RADEX dosimeter were taken in any convenient direction around the station at 5m intervals from the base station up to 100m using a meter rule for accuracy, the GPS was used to take down coordinate for future reference. The Stop watch was used to time the cycle of observation of the RADEX dosimeter, the radiation was measured in micro Sievert per hour (μSv/h). Precautions were taken as much as possible, so that the measured value were not influenced by other sources and the movement of the meter were avoided while measurements were taken. Results obtained showed that MTN and ETISALAT gives off the highest radiation value, followed by GLO and AIRTEL, but the values measured from the Chemistry Laboratory in FUTA were far greater. In conclusion, all readings measured and observed were in the safe range, but I strongly believe a continuous exposure will pose a long term effect and I strongly recommend that the three safety factors - distance, shield and time be adopted.

The content of this paper is primarily related to the review of published papers in the domain of protection against non-ionizing radiation in the past 29 symposia of the Society for Radiation Protection of Serbia and Montenegro. Finally, instead of the conclusion, a general critical review of the current facts related to the potential topics of the papers at the next symposiums is given.

Currently, telecommunications systems have become more widespread and there is still a discrepancy between whether or not non-ionizing radiation produces health problems in living beings at cellular level. From an experimental point of view, it is interesting to raise the correlation of high levels of electromagnetic pollution with health problems in urban populations which would make it possible to clearly determine the effects of this type of radiation on human health and the environment. By means of remote sensing, a geographic information system (GIS) has been developed for the analysis of electromagnetic pollution levels generated by emissions from non-ionizing radiation (NIR) sources in a city. A method for measuring electromagnetic pollution was applied, which allows the generation of a table of attributes of the GIS that is the input to generate by inverse distance weighting (IDW), the layer of electromagnetic pollution. The method, as a case study, was applied in the city of Manizales, located in Colombia, obtaining as a result a layer that allows evidence that the highest levels of electromagnetic pollution are concentrated in the most central area of the city. In this way, the effects of NIR on public health can be analyzed by means of correlations.

As we all know, atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus, surrounded by one or more negatively charged particles called electrons. If number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus of any substance is greater than the number of protons, the atomic nucleus of that substance is unstable. The excess neutrons in this unstable nucleus will spontaneously decompose to form a stable nucleus. This decomposition can produce invisible alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays. These particles are called “radiation”.

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published 2020 updated guidelines on radiofrequency (RF) radiation in the frequency range 100 kHz to 300 GHz. Harmful effects on human health and the environment at levels below the guidelines are downplayed although evidence is steadily increasing. Only thermal (heating) effects are acknowledged and therefore form the basis for the guidelines. Despite the increasing scientific evidence of non-thermal effects, the new ICNIRP guidelines are not lower compared with the previous levels. Expert groups from the WHO, the EU Commission and Sweden are to a large extent made up of members from ICNIRP, with no representative from the many scientists who are critical of the ICNIRP standpoint.

Introduction. One of the most important features of professional competence of the modern school teacher is the environment's culture. The ecological influence on the contents of the school teaching is permanent tendency which appears at the primary stage of education, therefore the preparation in this direction acquires increasing importance. The first concepts about radiation are formed at the primary school and the school teacher's role is to reveal bilateral character of the human activities – with advantages and disadvantages.
The goal of the survey, the results of which are given below, was to reveal and compare the perception of both - Bulgarian and Turkish students - future teachers in elementary school, about the balance between benefits and risks of ionizing radiation applications.
The results of the survey showed that Turkish students tend to underestimate the benefits and overestimate the risk of the activities related to the applications of ionizing radiation.

Due to rapid technological development, unwanted levels of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields in the environment have become omnipresent. In this sense, members of the public are requesting information about levels of exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields in their living space. For low-frequency range
(0 Hz – 100 kHz), attention is focused on survey in the vicinity of the systems for transmission, distribution and use of electrical energy.
In order to adequately assess the exposure of people to electric and magnetic fields, estimation of measurement uncertainty plays an increasingly important role.
Based on examples of good practice, the primary intention of this paper is to present a practical solution for the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty in a case of in-situ measurement of low frequency electric field strength and magnetic flux density.

Keywords: electric field, magnetic field, environment, measurement, uncertainty.

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published 2020 updated guidelines on radiofrequency (RF) radiation in the frequency range 100 kHz to 300 GHz. Harmful effects on human health and the environment at levels below the guidelines are downplayed although evidence is steadily increasing. Only thermal (heating) effects are acknowledged and therefore form the basis for the guidelines. Despite the increasing scientific evidence of non-thermal effects, the new ICNIRP guidelines are not lower compared with the previous levels. Expert groups from the WHO, the EU Commission and Sweden are to a large extent made up of members from ICNIRP, with no representative from the many scientists who are critical of the ICNIRP standpoint.

After increases the users of the mobile phone in the last prior as propagate of the house hold devices that emits the electromagnetic fields , It essentially to make a dense research about its negative trees for this waves also make a permanent surveying to detect and limit the regions that move impact in this research we studying the pollution of Non_Ionizing radiation that emit from cell phone systems by comparison ,The field measurement with the international properties and Iraqi property .To make this research the work involve to locate at Tikrit university that emit varies frequency and the towers are for as a cell telecommunication company. The field measurements are taken by using of wave measure devise and also a computer program is applied to simulate . The waves and for towers itself . The results of research proved that its corresponding to. International committee for Non_Ionizing radiation protection (ICINRP) property and Iraqi property.For all point detected and also. The results proved that some points are out of Salzburg 2000, and Salzburg 2002 ,property. The research shows that. The greater value of power density was locate wear of the deanery of pharmacy college building. Where it reaches(4.1179 mW/m2 ). The other point that less effects are at minimize value of power density . Which locate behind the building where this building veil part of power radiation. Also we reaches to three dimension chart that explain the regions that less effects and the region which are out of property. Also we used (EFC_400TC) computer program which facilitate to measure the for remittance power density theoretically for the researcher to find the field value for any detected points that intended to study where the limiting factor for this equation is(R2=0.994).

Electromagnetic pollution has taken on importance in recent decades, as interest is growing in knowing how the proliferation of mobile communication devices can affect the environment and generate health problems in the population. In this document, a systematic review of the methodologies for measuring electromagnetic radiation is carried out with a view to generating pollution profiles. It also develops a novel methodology for measuring electromagnetic pollution (EMP) in urban areas, and is validated with a case study using a map of EMP in the city of Manizales (Colombia), determining the spatial distribution of radiation levels. In order to generate the map, EMP measurements were carried out in the bands of local mobile telephone operators, in addition to the LPWAN (low power wide area network) LoRaWAN and Sigfox networks, Wi-Fi, and those related to IoT technologies.

Introduction. The ionizing radiation – artificial and natural, is an invisible threat for the living organisms but also contributes benefits to humans – in medicine, energetics, construction.
Goal. To study the opinion about the ionizing radiation of students from Bulgaria and Turkey.
Material and method. A comparative analysis, based on an inquiry wilh 27 questions, revealed discrepancies and similarities of student's knowledge on the radiation - its nature and applications, between two group students studying primary school teaching - from Trakia University, Stara Zadorа, Bulgaria and from Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey, was carried out.
Results. As a first step the questions' difficulty and discriminative force were estimated by a statistical analysis of the answers. A part of questions – 12, was excluded from the further analysis due to its insufficient discriminative force and the comparative analysis between the two groups was based on the answers of the rest of questions in the inquiry. The results show that there are significant differences in the knowledge about the radiation between two groups of students - the differences are not significant only for 4 questions which shows differences in the secondary school accents on the radiation between the two countries. From the rest 11 areas (questions) with signiffcant differences in the knowledge between the two groups, the Turkish students' knowledge prevails in six of them and the knowledge of Bulgarian students prevails in the rest five areas.

The question regarding the potential biological and adverse health effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on living organisms is of primary importance in biophysics and medicine. Despite the several experimental evidences showing such occurrence in a wide frequency range from extremely low frequency to microwaves, a definitive theoretical model able to explain a possible mechanism of interaction between electromagnetic fields and living matter, especially in the case of weak and very weak intensities, is still missing. In this paper it has been suggested a possible mechanism of interaction involving the resonant absorption of electromagnetic radiation by microtubules. To this aim these have been modeled as non-dissipative forced harmonic oscillators characterized by two coupled “macroscopic” degrees of freedom, respectively describing longitudinal and transversal vibrations induced by the electromagnetic field. We have shown that the proposed model, although at a preliminary stage, is able to explain the ability of even weak electromagnetic radiating electromagnetic fields to transfer high quantities of energy to living systems by means of a resonant mechanism, so capable to easily damage microtubules structure.