Nearctic

The genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802, from the New World, is revised based on external morphology and male genitalia.
New synonymy is proposed as follows: E. aureus Isely, 1917 = E. americanus de Saussure, 1852; E. bollii oregonensis
Bequaert, 1838, and E. b. ehrenbergi Zavattari, 1912 = E. bollii Cresson, 1872; E. consobrinus pedalis Fox, 1894 = E.
consobrinus de Saussure, 1855; E. crucifera bolliformis Viereck, 1908, E. c. nearcticus de Saussure, 1855 and E. c. stricklandi Bequaert, 1944 = E. crucifera Provancher, 1888; E. smithii belfragei Cresson, 1872 = E. smithii de Saussure, 1852;
E. verticalis coloradensis Cresson, 1875, E. v. neoboreus Bequaert, 1944, E. v. tricinctus Isely, 1917 = E. verticalis Say,
1824. Eumenes flavitinctus Bohart, 1950, revised status, is no longer a subspecies of E. crucifera but elevated to specific
level. Eumenes brunneus is elevated to the specific level and a new name is proposed because of homonymy, E. bequaerti
Grandinete & Carpenter nom. nov. An identification key for all the species of the genus from the New World is provided
and the geographical distributions are updated.

Three new species from the Neotropical region are described: Ancistroceroides soikai Grandinete & Carpenter, sp. nov.
(Costa Rica, Paraguay); Cephalastor huautla Grandinete & Carpenter, sp. nov. (Mexico), and Symmorphus centralis Carpenter
& Grandinete, sp. nov. (Costa Rica).

The purpose of our study was to analyze the origin of the Icelandic population of the Holarctic caddisfly Apatania zonella, a species with a highly skewed sex ratio. Biological diversity in Iceland, as in the Arctic, has been shaped by the glacial periods of the Pleistocene, but Iceland’s geographic isolation contributes to its low diversity. Many species at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere have diverged allopatrically during glacial periods and expanded their distribution following the retreat of the glaciers. Genetic patterns of various species reflect these climate changes, but freshwater insects show patterns that differ from those of many vertebrate and terrestrial species. To analyze the origin of the Icelandic population we assessed sequence variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in specimens from Iceland and throughout its distribution range. We included sequences from different species for a further comparison. We also assessed sequence variation in 3 nuclear introns for a subset of the sample. We partitioned variation at the molecular level among and within groups and reconstructed and dated phylogenetic trees based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. The molecular variation was highly structured at the large geographical scale and within Iceland. The analysis defined 2 major lineages, Nearctic and Palaearctic, which diverged during the last ice age. Both lineages have colonized Iceland, resulting in high diversity in the Icelandic population. High diversity is also observed in Alaska, and the Alaskan mitochondrial DNA haplotypes are situated close to the center of the genealogical network. The phylogeny of the genus Apatania is not fully resolved, and several species of Apatania cluster within the genealogy of Apatania zonella.

The male genitalia of 58 species of the New World Polistes are described: 29 of Polistes (Aphanilopterus), 12 of Polistes (Epicnemius), 13 of Polistes (Fuscopolistes), one of Polistes (Onerarius) and three of Polistes (Palisotius). Comments and remarks are also provided.

The Kinsey collection of gall wasps deposited in the American Museum of Natural History was studied. Some species of the genus Andricus were originally described based on cotypes: A. furnaceus, A. incomptum, A. marmoreus, A. peredurus, and A. tecturnarum. The type series of A. furnaceus and A. peredurus were previously studied and lectotypes were designated. Lectotypes are here designated for A. incomptum, A. marmoreus, and A. tecturnarum. Comments on the type series and photographs of the lectotypes and galls of these species are included. Also some generic synonymies and some other Andricus species are discussed.