Minors

Seventy-six percent of 65 psychotherapy cases seen in a child guidance clinic either did not change or improved following a mandated report of suspected child abuse. In a significant minority of cases, the therapy relationship deteriorated when the report was made about a client in treatment, and improved when the report was made about a third party not in treatment.

In 2002, the Dutch Euthanasia Act came into effect, which made euthanasia available to individuals from the age of 12 and above. The objective of our study was to gain insight into how Dutch paediatricians and other physicians treating children feel about the regulation of physician-assisted dying. We interviewed 63 paediatricians, 125 general practitioners and 208 clinical specialists about their views on physician-assisted dying and the Euthanasia Act. Of the paediatricians, 44% agreed with the age limit of 12 years, and 52% agreed with the requirement that parents be involved. Somewhat more than half thought the Act could contribute to the disclosure of end-of-life practices (52%), the quality of the review procedure (61%), careful decision making (54%) and the reporting rate (65%). These percentages were comparable for other physicians. A minority of the physicians in all groups indicated that, with this Act in place, they would be more willing to report such practices. The most optimistic in this respect were the paediatricians, of whom 39% expected such an effect. About half of Dutch paediatricians support the Euthanasia Act and expect it to achieve its aims, which is the same percentage as was found for other clinical specialists and general practitioners. However, most physicians do not foresee an increase in willingness to report cases of physician-assisted dying.

The question of whether clinical ethics consultants may engage in patient advocacy in the course of consultation has not been addressed, but it highlights for the field that consultants' allegiances, and the boundaries of appropriate professional practice, must be better understood. I consider arguments for and against patient advocacy in clinical ethics consultation, which demonstrate that patient advocacy is permissible, but not central to the practice of consultation. I then offer four recommendations for consultants who engage in patient advocacy, and consider the implications of this issue for the field.

Adolescents' rights to abortion have traditionally been restricted more than adults' because of their presumed immaturity. In many states, minors must obtain adult consent for an abortion, but these laws all include a “bypass” stipulation allowing minors to seek consent from a designated third party—usually a judge—if they were denied parental consent or chose not to seek it. Consent and bypass statutes were designed to promote the welfare of minors, but lack of clarity in the standards for judging maturity has made it difficult for these laws to function as intended. Data indicate that courts cannot discriminate mature from immature minors, and that minors are put at greater risk by delaying the abortion in order to obtain third-party consent. Unless an alternative to or modification of bypass legislation is adopted, the best interests of minors may continue to be jeopardized by arbitrary application of the “mature minor” standard.

Esta tesis doctoral analiza la situación de jóvenes migrantes en transición en la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía. Los jóvenes migrantes en transición son aquellas personas menores migrantes acogidas en los centros de protección de la Comunidad Andaluza con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 18, delimitadas en un extremo por el inicio de la edad laboral y en otro por el cumplimiento de la mayoría de edad, momento caracterizado por la emancipación, autonomía y salida del sistema de protección. Los pilares sobre los cuales se articula esta investigación son: conocer la estructura normativa-política y sociodemográfica del fenómeno migratorio de menores migrantes y jóvenes extutelados; identificar quiénes son los jóvenes migrantes en transición; conocer las características del proceso de transición a la mayoría de edad y la salida del sistema de protección; e identificar la situación de vulnerabilidad y procesos de exclusión social presentes en el acceso a la mayoría de edad, así como las consecuencias y los efectos de esta situación en las personas jóvenes migrantes extuteladas.
La metodología que se ha llevado a cabo con el propósito de alcanzar los fines de la investigación combina los elementos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Las técnicas de producción de datos han sido el análisis estadístico, la entrevista en profundidad, la observación participante y las historias de vida.

In the article it is cleared up the participation of minor young people in the events of November national-democratic revolution of 1918 in Lviv and Eastern Galicia. It is shown teens assistance in establishing Ukrainian power (The November act 1918), as well as their participation in the events of the Polish-Ukrainian War for the independence of Western Ukrainian National Republic (ZUNR) 1918–1919.

Medical researchers must continue to develop and test non-blood oxygen-transport products. Resources provided by the Jehovah's Witness Hospital Assistance Line must be consulted. Sickle cell researchers must continue to test non-blood treatment. Information about non-blood treatments must be disbursed. Ways to enhance parental comfort as the laws further and further support children's best interest must be provided. Information regarding cultural diversity must be disseminated. Hospitals and healthcare agencies that have not done so must institute the use of ethics consulting or ethics committees. Nurse ethicists must continue development of the role of educating staff; mediation, arbitration and negotiation; problem solving; obtaining legal opinion; providing patient, family, or staff advocacy; and helping to reduce suffering on the part of the providers. Difficult ethical decisions should continue to be debated. Were the staff X Med Center correct in overriding parental wi...

A minor is a person who has not attained the age of 18 years. But in the case of a minor of whose person or property a guardian or next friend has been appointed by a court or whose property is under superintendence of a Court of Wards, the age of majority is 21 years.

This paper looks at the challenges to the sustainable development of migrant and refugee children in Libyan refugee camps and migrant detention centres. Libya, next to Syria, is still the most destabilised Arab country with a myriad of conflicting parties, warlords, militias, terrorist organisations as well as smugglers and traffickers that continuously compete in a complex network of multidimensional power struggles. Our single case study based on ethnographic fieldwork adopts the human security approach, which provides security analysis with an inherently "sustainable" dimension. In the paper we provide an overview of the empirical study carried out in seven Libyan refugee camps (Tripoli, Tajoura, Sirte, Misrata, Benghazi, Derna and Tobruk) between 2013 and 2019. Our findings show that for refugee children even everyday activities pose a danger to health and life, and the many threats to their security encompass a broad spectrum from health to safety, from education to f...

La sociedad es un ente en continuo movimiento. La ideología, la tecnología, la moda, el arte, los valores morales, etc... todo cambia, se transforma, evoluciona. De igual forma, las drogas y la delincuencia sufren transformaciones y actualizaciones con el paso del tiempo. Ello provoca que exista la necesidad de que al mismo paso las leyes y ordenamientos legales que rigen y norman la conducta de la sociedad se transformen, evolucionen, se modifiquen para adecuarse a las nuevas corrientes ideológicas y tecnológicas con las que la sociedad interactúa.
La Ley del Consejo Tutelar para Menores Infractores del Estado de Quintana Roo fue creada desde el 22 de enero de 1976. Hasta la presente fecha no ha tenido ninguna modificación o adición sustancial, salvo la que cambia la edad de 18 a 16 años. Se encuentra, por ende, a todas luces obsoleta.  Existe entonces una gran discrepancia entre lo que la misma dispone y los problemas sociales de la actualidad. Además,  carece de disposiciones específicas para su desarrollo y aplicación.
Quintana Roo es un estado joven y, por sobre todo, activo. Los menores y adolescentes son atraídos e involucrados, cada vez más, en las actividades que la sociedad realiza. Desde luego, no siempre dichas actividades son buenas para ellos, como se puede observar del índice delictivo cometido por menores infractores y  adolescentes, que cada vez es mas alto. La delincuencia en la que actualmente se ve involucrada la juventud ha sobrepasado la ley, a lo cual no se le da la debida importancia considerando que los jóvenes de hoy son los futuros líderes del mañana. 
De lo anterior se deriva que es importante analizar las necesidades que en materia de legislación para menores infractores existe. A llenar esta laguna cognoscitiva, se orienta la presente propuesta.

Resumen
El siguiente trabajo desgrana el flujo de menores emigrantes que se percibe a su paso por la Provincia de Cádiz y concretamente en el campo de Gibraltar. Se pretende divulgar los datos objetivos que se saben de un fenómeno poco estudiado y que puede ayudar en la formación de los profesionales que los atienden así como tomar medidas preventivas. Además se abordan las dificultades de la atención de calidad a este colec-tivo por parte del sistema de protección a la infancia. Palabras clave: Menores, emigrantes, frontera, UE, centro de protección.
[Eng.]
Abstract:
The following work examines the flow of minor migrants that is perceived as it passes through the Province of Cadiz and specifically in the Strait of Gibraltar. It is intended to disclose the objective data that are known of a little studied phenomenon and that can help in the training of the professionals that attend them as well as to take preventive measures. It also addresses the difficulties of quality care to this group by the child protection system.

As the scales of the world economy continue to tip to the service side, Internet-based business transactions account for an ever increasing share of revenues. The mere speed of this conversion from brick-and-mortar to online business has made the corresponding changes in the regulatory framework largely reactive, which is to be expected. One of the sub-sectors within the information technology part of the service industry that is growing amongst the fastest are the “freemium” applications (or apps). In this paper, we will examine the concept of “freemium”, its origins, social, legal and ethical implications of the “freemium” business model, existing applicable legal framework or case law, as well as proposed changes to the legal structure, along with their pros and cons and potential ramifications to all stakeholders.

The respect for patients’ autonomy has become a fundamental principle of bioethics, which has led to legal changes and a shift of the healthcare model, but in the case of minor patients it is very controversial: medical decisions are not taken advantage of in order to support these patients in their maturing process, so it is difficult to respect the autonomy which is neither recognized nor promoted.
There is a double cause for this. On the one hand, minors have been and are seen as immature, as having no reasoning power and, in the medical field, in a biocentrical way. This has prevented healthcare professionals to gain awareness of their educative role and, consequently, the current healthcare relationship is not an empowering one but a paternalistic or adultistic one. On the other hand, the legislation upon which professionals rely establishes three criteria for dealing with minors’ decisional capacity, two of which are ambiguous, because of being subjective (maturity and best interests of the child). The third one, the age, is objective, so it gives legal security, but is not standardisable. In this way, if adults do not assume their duty of ensure that these rights are exercisable, the discourse of the rights of the child has no content.
Taking this situation into account, this thesis suggests a model of autonomy promotion in minors of 12 to 15 years old (age bracket called “mature minor”), that is to say, a model of accompanying minor patients in their process of forging autonomy.
The aim of this model is the forge of autonomy. It can be understood as the right and capacity to make decisions, which in the medical field are intended to develop self-care. Hence, the adolescent will need help to empower himself and to develop basic capacities. And the strategy to do so must be participation, as long as capacities can only be acquired by exercising them. Supporting adolescents will then consist on a virtuous circle between autonomy, participation and capacities.
This model has to be assumable for any professional working with adolescents, in order to foster coordination between fields (healthcare, education, social work) and, therefore, an integrative view of minors. But, at the same time, it has to be applicable to the specificities of each field, so as not to make any professional go beyond his profession.
This model is adolescent and family-centred, which requires two types of abiliites from professionals: communicative and pedagogical.
This model has three requirements. One, having a biopsychosocial view of adolescents. Second, exercing an empowering responsibility towards them. And third, understanding that accompanying adolescents is a community process. In addition, it will be based on essential ethical principles, such as dignity, vulnerability or solidarity. And it will have three ends: one, forging identity, which is narrative and relational; two, empowerment, which has to do with developing capacities and moral development; and three, care, which should be understood as caring of adolescent’s voice and body. In short, the suggested model understands that supporting adolescents means recognizing them as subjects of needs, subjects of rights and duties and subjects of capacities to forge self-care, autonomy and their vital project.
In order to ensure that the model is applicable to the daily practice of any professional working with adolescents, we propose a deliberative decision-making procedure that consists of 9 steps, as well as we include a last chapter of recommendations for professionals according to each healthcare service.

Adults, those over the age of eighteen, are presumed competent and therefore enjoy a certain level of autonomous decision-making free from outside intrusion. Those who have not reached the age of majority, on the other hand, are presumed incompetent, and thus require the aid of parents or guardians to assist in the decision-making process. Recent studies in adolescent development suggest that certain individuals, though not yet eighteen, have the requisite competence to make informed, autonomous medical decisions. In turn, some states have acknowledged the mature minor doctrine, which is based on the seemingly simple principle that minors who demonstrate a sufficient level of maturity ought to have their choices respected independent of third parties.Though many agree that certain adolescents reason on a level equal to that of young adults, debate surrounds the conclusion that minors should be permitted to consent to or refuse medical treatment especially when the choice has life or...

The insanity defense is a legal construct that excuses certain mentally ill defendants from legal responsibility for criminal behavior. This practice guideline has delineated the forensic psychiatric evaluation of defendants raising the insanity defense. The document describes acceptable forensic psychiatric practices. Where possible, standards of practice and ethical guidelines have been specified. And where appropriate, the practice guideline has emphasized the importance of analyzing the individual case, the jurisdictional case law and the state (or federal) statute. This practice guideline is limited by the evolving case law, statutory language and legal literature. The authors have emphasized the statutory language of current legal standards, as well as the state or federal courts' interpretation of those standards because the same statutory language has been interpreted differently in different jurisdictions. Similarly, this practice guideline has reviewed the state and fe...

There is a lack of agreement regarding the concept of “minor” in the area of the European Councile. Different notions are handled legally, depending on the area of application of the international agreement. Therefore, in the regulation related to “biolaw” directives prescribing the treatment must be given to the minors in the matters of informed consent, scientific investigation, cloning, abortion, birth control and the so- called “wrongful” birth.
In the present study it will be shown how the promulgation of these normatives has been influenced by the insertion of the principle of “the child’s best interest”. In addition, the conflicts concerning the applications of this principle as well as how the substitution of the terms “minor” for “child” hides the recovery of the child’s autonomy will be discussed. Occasionally, this can turn out to be disproportionate and certainly difficult to adjust to the native legal authority of the parents. This is a sensitive matter, which requires a precise and responsible regulation of one of the most vulnerable groups of our society: the minors.

The southwestern U.S. border has recently seen a significant increase in the number of unaccompanied children from Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador illegally crossing the Mexican border into the United States. Many of these children leave home to flee violence, starvation, impoverished living conditions, or other life-threatening situations. The treatment of acute stress, anxiety, and depression associated with traumatic events is crucial in helping these children address these negative psychological events they have experienced so that they can move forward with their lives. Untreated, traumatic events experienced by this population can develop into Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, a potentially life-changing and physically threatening psychological and medical issue. The United States needs to effectively address the serious matter of responding to mental health issues facing refugees from war-torn or impoverished nations so as to help them to successfully adjust to American sy...