Military Heritage Building

En los últimos años, debido al crecimiento improvisado de la ciudad, los predios militares históricos en la ciudad de Lima han experimentado cambios con el paulatino recorte de sus funciones y actividades. Al reducirse la infraestructura militar, y dejar sin uso considerables extensiones de suelo inmersos en la trama urbana, ineluctablemente se fomentan los intereses inmobiliarios del sector privado. Estos cambios se han dado sin un análisis previo de la importancia y valor patrimonial que significan los predios militares para la ciudad. La presente investigación analiza el caso del Fuerte General de División Rafael Hoyos Rubio en el distrito del Rímac y nos sirve para comprender la importancia de los patrimonios militares en el proceso de regeneración urbana integral desde una perspectiva social y cultural. Además, contribuye a identificar las fortalezas y debilidades de estos enclaves urbanos, formular metas a corto, mediano y largo plazo para lograr su integración a la ciudad, promueve la interacción del gobierno local con su población en la búqueda de solución a sus necesidades, lo cual significa un empoderamiento del ciudadano al participar activamente en los procesos de cambio.

Det finns perioder i historien som kan betraktas som mera betydelsefulla eller extrema än andra. Dessa kan benämnas brytningstider eller brytpunkter. Under dylika brytningsskeden kan det ske förändringar i samhället med konsekvenser också på individnivå. Man kan gott påstå att andra världskriget utgjorde en brytningstid i historien. Kriget, som utgjorde en extrem krissituation, medförde diskontinuitet och stora förändringar både på samhälls- och individnivå. Kriget utgjorde därmed ett upprivande avbrott i det normala. I denna artikel har jag för avsikt att belysa några aspekter på kriget som tid. Vad är det som gör att man kan se på kriget som en särskild epok eller period? Vad karaktäriserar krigets tid? Varför är det befogat att tala om uppkomsten av en krigsvardag och vad utmärker denna vardag? Utgångspunkten för denna begreppstömmande studie tar jag i ett omfattande brevmaterial från fortsättningskriget 1941–1944 i Finland. I mina resonemang utgår jag från skribenternas sätt att...

Günümüzde teknolojinin gelişmesine paralel olarak rölöve, restitüsyon ve restorasyon alanlarında dijital metotlara yönelim artmıştır. Eski çizimlerin sayısallaştırılmasının sağlayacağı olanaklar, bu artış ile araştırılmakta ve bilimsel veri olarak kullanımı değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, savunma sistemleri ve bunların mimari yapılardaki etkisi olan tabyalar; arşiv belgeleri, orijinal harita-planlar ve literatür taramasından elde edilen veriler aracılığıyla Çatalca Tabyaları özelinde değerlendirilmiştir. Çatalca Tabyaları'nın dijital teknolojilerin yardımıyla, iki ve üç boyutlu çizimlerle birlikte mimari illüstrasyonları yapılmıştır. Çalışma konusu olan Çatalca Tabyaları ile alakalı arşiv belgeleri, literatür taraması vb. tüm kaynaklardan ulaşılan bulgular bir araya getirilerek değerlendirilmiş, yapıların okunaklı teknik çizimleri, belgeler üzerinden CAD çizim olarak ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Osmanlı'nın geç dönem kurgulanmış savunma yapılarının mimari özelliklerini gün yüzüne çıkarmak; tarih, mimarlık, tasarım ve teknoloji arasında ortak bir odak noktası oluşturmuştur. Kaybolmaya yüz tutmuş kültürel mirası, arşiv ve literatürdeki belgeleri kullanarak gündeme getirme girişimi, diğer tarihi yapılar için de örnek teşkil etmektedir. Böylelikle fiziksel inşadan metinsel inşaya, mimarlık pratiği ile disiplinler arası köprü; tarih, tasarım, teknoloji ve dijital arşiv belgelerinin enformasyonu ile bu çalışmada okunaklı hale gelmektedir.
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Today, in parallel with the development of technology, the orientation to digital methods in the fields of survey,
restitution and restoration has increased. The possibilities of digitizing old drawings are being investigated
with this increase and their use as scientific data is evaluated. In this study, the defense systems developed by
all nations and states to protect their lands throughout the history of humanity and the bastions that have an
effect on architectural structures; Archival documents, original map-plans and the data obtained from the
literature review were evaluated specifically for the Çatalca Bastions. Architectural illustrations of the Çatalca
Bastions were made with the help of digital technologies, along with two- and three-dimensional drawings.
Archival documents, literature review, etc. related to the Çatalca Bastions, which are the subject of the study.
The findings obtained from all sources were brought together and evaluated, and legible technical drawings of
the structures were revealed as CAD drawings over the documents. Uncovering the architectural features of
the late Ottoman defensive structures; It has created a common focus between history, architecture, design and
technology. The attempt to bring the disappearing cultural heritage to the agenda by using archives and
documents in the literature also sets an example for other historical structures. Thus, from physical
construction to textual construction, architectural practice and interdisciplinary bridge; With the information
of history, design, technology and digital archive documents, it becomes legible in this study.

In Sweden, a nation that historically has nurtured a self-image of being neutral, peaceful and gender progressive, initiatives have recently been implemented to preserve the memory of the Cold War. For instance, since 2005, more than 20 military establishments from the period have been turned into museums with state funding. Additionally, many stakeholders outside of national memory institutions, from entrepreneurs and civil society organizations to enthusiasts and non-profit groups, have converted former military sites into tourist establishments and residential or recreational areas (Frihammar, Krohn Andersson, Wendt, Åse 2021). This development has an interesting sociocultural side, as legacies of military activities are central in national narratives. Thus, Sweden stands out as an intriguing case in which an extensive military heritage needs to be reconciled with the prominent national narratives of peace and neutrality. Another interesting aspect concerns Swedish militarisation...

During the communist regime of Enver Hoxha, Albania built nearly 200 000 bunkers as a measure of protection towards an imaginary attack from (un)known enemies of the Popular Socialist Republic. Most of these structures built in concrete are still part of the landscapes almost in every part of the territory. While the most common type is small and identified from the semi spherical shape, particular bunkers have quite large dimensions and specific features related to their function and location. During the last five years, three of the most unique modern fortifications built during socialism for the displacement of the governmental authorities in case of war, were revealed and made accessible to the public. These structures, transformed today in museums, cultural spaces or simply visitable attractions, are the symbol of an auto-referenced reality within Europe, where the paranoia produced an unusual typology of modern age fortifications. These bunkers, planned to withstand twentieth ...

The conservation process, which started in monumental buildings, has evolved from a single building scale to an urban scale. Contemporary functions are given to historical buildings that have lost their original function within the protection and restoration process, and the transfer of the structures to future generations is ensured. In the Venice Charter of 1964, one of the international documents valid in the conservation area, in the new functions to be given to historical buildings; It was emphasized that minimal changes should be made in the setup and decorations of the building. Criteria to be considered in the process of re-functioning historical buildings that have a document nature; It has been determined as "the interaction of the original function and the new function, the exhibition of the historical building, the carrier system, the architectural features, the concept of the contemporary annex, the meaning of the building, the nature of the new additions and the necessity of the new function".These criteria require a holistic view of both the tangible and intangible features of the historical building. In this sense, this study aims to discuss the role and importance of the tangible and intangible values of historical buildings in the reuse process by evaluating the concept of reusing in terms of a holistic approach. Within the framework of the theoretically defined re-functioning criteria, the tangible and intangible values of the Obruk Han, located on the Konya-Aksaray road, which was determined as a field study, were examined from a holistic perspective and a reuse proposal was developed. Within the scope of the reuse proposal, it is aimed to preserve the cultural practices related to the original function of the building, the cultural expressions embodied in the construction process, and the meaning of the environment in which it is located, by maintaining it within the new function to be given. Working method; archival research consists of literature research and field research. Within the scope of the field research, architectural documentation, photographic documentation and observation, interviews with local people and local administrators were conducted. In this study, after compilation and preliminary study from archival sources and literature sources, the tangible and intangible values of the historical structure will be documented with field research; The structural system and architectural features will be examined to determine the new function. A reuse project of the building will be prepared in accordance with the re-functioning criteria determined within a holistic conservation approach.

The fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Soviet Union completely changed the mili­ tary­political situation in the Nordic countries. New precision bombing technology and the move­ ment from invasion defence to input defence in countries like Sweden resulted in many of the sub­ terranean modern fortresses of the Cold War no longer having any use. Despite the rapid geopoliti­ cal changes in Northern Europe during the recent years, there is still a current problem of what to do with the superfluous military establishments of the Cold War: let them fall into decay, preserve or reuse them – and for what purpose? The article examines the cultural as well as spatial foundation of a new genre of heritage in Sweden and in its neighbouring states – the cultural heritage of the Cold War – whose value is negotiated by various stakeholders through a range of processes: emo­ tional, social and cultural processes as well as legal and economic ones. Similar to the built heritage of in...

Our cultural heritage, which is the certificate of our past values, is faced with the danger of extinction against the time as a result of the urbanization policies implemented after 1950. It is accepted as the most natural duty of today's human being to determine, document, protect, introduce and transfer the values that are accepted as common property of all humanity against these dangers without damaging their originality to future generations. One of our material cultural assets that have been instrumental in the transfer of cultural traces from past to present is the houses built during their periods. Although each region, each culture has its own structures, the oriel is one of the most important elements that bring the traditional Turkish house closer together. An important element of traditional housing, the oriel is often used in the traditional residence of the Eskigediz district of Kütahya. In the facades of the city, which are dominated by the city, the oriels on the ground floor affect the street silhouette as well as the building facade. The outward reflections of inner life and the exits that allow the outside life to be included in the inner life vary in the Eskigediz houses. The oriels tahat play an important role in the formation of the Eskigediz street texture and the movement of the street, the difference of flat oriel and square oriel is clearly distinguished. The differences in the use of flat and square on the façade were examined, and the advantages that it provides to the building and the street were evaluated. Within the scope of the documentary study, 111 registered houses in Eskigediz district, which protects the historical texture to a great extent, have been examined and detected houses with oriels. On the basis of structured housing, the houses were categorized within themselves. The distribution and usage percentages of the flat and miter oriels of single facades, double facades and three facades were calculated and their structures were documented according to the purpose of the study.

The material remains of the First World War field-battles are gradually disappearing, especially in marginal mountain areas, due to negligence and changes in land coverage. The paper presents the first stage of an ongoing project, devoted to identifying the forgotten material features of war landscapes on the Trentino Alps, using a wide range of historical sources, such as cartography, aerial and ground photos, textual descriptions and field surveys. The case study chosen to test the methodology is a small area of the municipality of Trambileno, in the south of the Province of Trento. Different data from different sources are integrated in a GIS platform, in order to safeguard the memory and the location of cultural heritage, as well as to support future enhancement plans.

XVIII. yüzyıldan önce, Osmanlı imparatorluğunda, ordunun savaşlarda elde ettiği zaferler nedeniyle Batı medeniyetlerine ilgi duyulmadığı
gözlemlenmektedir. Balkanlarda yaşanan gelişmeler ile birlikte, Karlofça
antlaşmasına sebep olan mağlubiyet ve sonrasında meydana gelen toprak kayıpları, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun, Avrupa'ya karşı olan ilgisini artırmıştır. Bu ilgi ile birlikte hemen her alanda başlayan modernleşme hareketleri ordu içinde de etkisini göstermiş, öncelikle uygulamalı eğitime ağırlık veren askeri okullar, önemli gelişmeler kaydederek başta Mustafa Kemal Atatürk olmak üzere Türk tarihine damgasını vuran çok sayıda değerli komutanı yetiştirir duruma gelmiştir. Bu makalede, modernleşme sürecinde askeri eğitim sisteminde yaşanan gelişmeler kısaca ifade edilerek, birçok kaynakta sadece tarihçesi irdelenen Kuleli Kışlası mimari boyutuyla ele alınacaktır.

It is observed that Ottoman Empire had no interest in westem civilizations before XVIII century due to the victories won by the Army. The events taking place in the Balkans that resulted in the defeat leading to Karlofca Peace Treaty and subsequent loss of lands increased the Ottoman Emipre's interest in the European civilization. The modemization process initiated in almost every fields with this interest affected also the Army, that, military schools, which focused on applied education, showed significant improvements and grew in schools graduating many great commanders who played important roles in Turkish history, such as Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. This paper investigates the architectural aspects of Kuleli Barracks, whose history has been studied in many references, by presenting thedevelopmentsin military education system during the modernization process briefly

Osmanlı Devletinde, modernleşme sürecinde, toprakları genişletme amaçlı taarruz yerine, toprakların korunması amaçlı savunma ilkesi öne çıkmıştır. Bu amaçla oluşturulan redif teşkilat, var olduğu süre içinde, ordu sisteminde görevini etkin şekilde sürdürmeyi hedeflemiştir. Teşkilat ile belirli yaşa kadar erkek nüfusunun her an savaşa hazır olması, ülke bütünlüğünün korunması gibi devletin geleceğini düşünen amaçlar güdülmüştür. Redif teşkilatının Anadolu genelinde dağlımı askeri mimari örneklerin sergilenmesini sağlamıştır. II.Abdulhamid döneminde, askeri yapı inşasına büyük önem verilmiştir. Bu yapılardan biri de redif birliklerinin ihtiyacı olan elbise, silah ve araç gerecin depolandığı "debboy" olarak adlandırılan askeri depolardır. Bu çalışmada Şereflikoçhisar Redif Deposu mimari karakteristikleri ele alınmış, tarihi
belgelere dayalı yapım süreci aktarılmıştır.

Instead of an attack aimed at expanding the territory, the defense principle having the goal of protecting territory came to the fare during the modernization process in Ottoman Empire. The soldier hattalion formed for this purpose aimed at sustaining its function effectively in the military system. Additionally, by the aid of this battalion, the goals thinking the future of the government such as making the male population up to a certain age ready for the war at any moment and the protection of the territorial integrity were intended. The distribution of the soldier battatian in Anatolia provided the exhibition of the rnilitary architecture samples. The construction of militarbuildings had great importance in the period of Abdulhamid II. One of the building types among these buildings is the military depats named as "debboy" in which clothes, weapons and vehicles necessary for the soldier battalion were stored. In this study, the architectural characteristics of the Şereflikoçhisar Soldier Depot were studied, and the constructioıi. process depending on the historical documents was explained.

The modernization process in the Ottoman Empire, started in the 18th century with “Lale Devri” (Tulip Era), and reached its peak in the 19th century. The first changes were initiated in the military field and the remodeling of the military organization. The rise of the new style of military architecture coincided with the period known as “Nizam-ı Cedid” (the New Order). The first structure type in the military field were “barracks” that have been applied different plan schemes in this period . The rehabilitation of the military and the ongoing wars led to construction of new military structures other than barracks. These were army corps, recruiting offices, depots etc.
Based on a Ph. D dissertation, which was completed in 2017 at the YTU, the aim of this study is to identify the military structures built in the 19th century's Adana Province; to examine their architectural features; to document their current status; to develop a method for their conservation; and to offer new functions for them.
The methodology of this study follows the literary research, identifying the military buildings during fieldwork and the analyses of conservation problems and methods. First, the boundaries of Adana Province were identified based on the provincial yearbooks and maps; later detailed research formed in all settlements connected to Adana Province in the libraries of Istanbul, Ankara, Adana and other related regions. Different searches were conducted in the Prime Ministry's Ottoman Archive and a list was made for each military structures. The locations of the listed structures were spotted based on this data and their current physical states were determined with the method of visual documentation.

The paper contents qualitative research that covers the scope of Resilience, Green Building, and BIM (Building Information Modeling) concepts implementation. The objective of the paper is to facilitate the discussion on the question how these concepts can be integrated to apply in architecture theory and practice by making science-based building decisions that will improve the overall performance of construction projects. Research is done in global and regional context focused in the Republic of Kosovo.

Inventate nella seconda metà dell’800, le piastrelle policrome in cemento divengono, dagli ultimi decenni dell’Ottocento e per i primi tre del Novecento, la pavimentazione più impiegata nei più svariati contesti geografici e architettonici. La facilità di realizzazione, la durata garantita dall’impasto cementizio, la bellezza e la varietà dei decori policromi ne decretano il successo, dapprima in Europa, e poi rapidamente nell’America centromeridionale. Pregevoli pavimenti sono, pertanto, tuttora presenti nelle viviendas della ricca borghesia, così come nei grandi palazzi della metropoli platense.

Abstract

The following article is an account presenting a professional movement opposing a planned and approved project for the construction of a new road known as the “Bypass”, which endangered the Historic Center of Gjirokastra. The project, consisted in the construction of a new road, with the initial aim of diverting automobile traffic from the Bazaar, turning it into a pedestrian zone. However after a few procedural problems were noted, it became clear that the project itself was not fulfilling its original aim, and further more posed a threat to the historical center. During the only public consultation session held for the project, these shortcomings were mentioned however they were not considered further by the responsible authorities. At this stage a detailed technical report was drafted by the “Forum for the Protection of the Values of Gjirokastra”, in collaboration with a wide participation of different professionals who studied the multi-level effects of this project. The Forum’s report introduces 5 main group arguments and enough supporting evidence to demonstrate the jeopardizing effects that this project will have on the entire cultural heritage ensemble of Gjirokastra, if implemented. Below is an extract of the list of the identified technical and legal arguments, showing the perceived damages of this project to the structural integrity as well as the Outstanding Universal Values of the city of Gjirokastra

Natural enviromental properties has a significant impact on a city development, and on its formation. The city integrated with its territory continues its existence as the interaction between the city dynamics and its territory reciprocatively. The city territory can have alterations and this alterations has an important impacts on the city life and on the formation of the city settlement. This study aims to invastigate the relation between the natural enviroment and the city, besides the aforenamed alterations and its impacts on a city plan and buildings. In this study, Milet, one of the oldest population centers of Ionia in the ancient history, is selected. The city preserved its existence for centuries. The information about city settlement and its territorial is gathered from the literature researches. Fistly, its territorial, sorrounding natural enviroment and natural resources of Milet is studied. Milet was a coastal city for centuries from its first settlement. However, this coastal characteristic of the city is missed because of the alteration of natural enviroment over the years. In terms of this aspect, Milet resembles with coastal cities like Ephesus, Priene, Kaunos and etc. in the way an ending of the city settlement due to topographic changes. The location and direction of the city buildings are studied by comparing the topographical properties and alterations in time. In the city of Milet it is obviously seen that the urban buildings are designed and located through enviromental data. In addition, it is concluded that impact of topography changes results on a city settlement can be seen very slowly but remarkably intense within the centuries. According to study results, the characteristic of the natural enviroment of the city settlement can be read from the formation of the city plan and buildings. The Ancient Coastal Cities The cities which are the most important settlements in their period are mostly located at the hill which mostly connect to the coast. In the ancient history, the determination of the location at hills depended on the benefit of being close to water resource and having the convenient position in order to defend the settlement in case of endanger situations. Afterwards, the location of the city settlement was moved from the hills to the coastal areas preferably because of the waterways grew in importance by the transportation by waterways considerably increased in time (Wycherley, 2011). In addition to all these, the causes of an urbanisation can be summarized as irrigation system, the increase in population, conflicts, trade activities, the religion and etc. (Çevik, 2005). The determination of the location of the city and the priority in political and architectural progression depended on several factors like natural, strategical and economical situations and etc. (Wycherley, 2011). The urbanisation in Egypt depended on the Nile river whose annual floods left behind a layer of fertile mud and distant from being grievous, were accordingly life enhancing. Nile river was always taken into consideration during the determination of the location of a settlement in Egypt and always offered opportunities to the cities like irrigated farming and water

Askeri alandaki teknolojik yenilikler hem mevcut savunma sistemini yenileme hem de özellikle 17.yy da istihkâm mühendislerinin geliştirmiş olduğu yeni sistemlerle birlikte kentlerde kalelerin dışında savunma yapıları yapma ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Merkezde kenti çevreleyen kale başta olmak üzere; surlara gelmeden saldırıları kesmek amaçlanmış; önemli geçit yollarını tutan, dış karakol görevi yapan küçük kaleler yani tabyalar inşa edilmeye başlanmıştır.
Aynı gereksinimle tabyaların yapımı Avrupa’da olduğu gibi Osmanlı Devleti’nde de görülmektedir. 19.yüzyıldan itibaren sınır tehditleri ile ilişkili olarak birçok tabya Balkanlar, Trakya Bölgesi ve Doğu sınırlarında inşa edilmiştir. Bu askeri yapıların çeşitli örnekleri bugün Çanakkale, Edirne, Erzurum, Kars ve Ardahan illerinde yer almaktadır.
Günümüzde Erzurum’da inşa edilmiş 22 adet tabya bulunmaktadır. Şehrin tahkimatı ile ilgili bir dönemi bize anlatmakta olan tabyalar, 1800’lü yıların başından 1896’ya kadar süren askeri faaliyetlerin ürünüdür.
Erzurum Tabyaları için koruma adına ilk eylem, dönemin koruma örgütü olan GEEAYK tarafından 1977 yılındaki tescil ile gerçekleşmiştir. Ancak o tarihten günümüze kadar bu kültür varlıkları için korumaya yönelik kapsamlı bir uygulama olmamıştır. 1989 yılından sonra Savunma Bakanlığı’ndan Kültür Bakanlığı’na devredilen yapılardan ikisi müze olarak kullanılmakta; diğerleri ise halen işlevsiz ve bakımsız durmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada koruma şemsiyesi altında sadece belirli bir coğrafyada yer alan; özel bir tür olan tabya mimarisine dikkat çekmek istenmiş; Erzurum Tabyaları’nın kültür varlığı olarak korunma süreci incelenmiştir. Özgün işlevini sürdüremeyecek olan bu yapıların işlevlendirme sorunları ve diğer tehditler irdelenerek, bugün bu kültür varlıkları nasıl değerlendirebilir sorusuna yanıt aranmıştır. Uluslararası koruma ölçütleri bağlamında tabyaların tekil yapılar yerine bir askeri savunma alanı olarak tanımlanması ve sunulmasına yönelik fırsatlar tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca bu bağlamda örnek durum olarak çalışılmış tek yapı örneği Büyük Kiremitlik Tabyası Koruma Projesi ele alınmıştır.

Catalogue of the Exhibition in Venice, Romanian Cultural Institute, December 2014. The research focuses on technical aspects of Saligny's activity as an engineer in the Ministry of Public Works in Romania, with regard to the major projects (the bridge in Cernavoda, the grains silos in the harbour of Constanta, the harbours in Braila and Galati) and the use of new materials (reinforced concrete, steel).

De monasterio a cuartel: La fortificación de la Cartuja de Sevilla durante la Guerra de la Independencia. En Archivo hispalense: Revista histórica, literaria y artística, ISSN 0210-4067, Tomo 78, Nº 238, 1995, págs. 137-148

La evolución del Conjunto Monumental de la Cartuja de Santa María de las Cuevas en Sevilla es un claro ejemplo de adecuación arquitectónica a las necesidades concretas de cada momento histórico. Desde su elección como edificio emblemático de la Exposición Universal de 1992 se han repetido constantemente sus tres usos más conocidos -monasterio, fábrica y símbolo de la Expo'92, olvidando casi de forma sistemática el periodo, corto pero igualmente interesante, en el que se convirtió en plaza fuerte de las tropas francesas.

Las casas de Reyna y de Sacramento: los primeros establecimientos de la Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas en la Real Isla de León. En Revista de historia naval, ISSN 0212-467X, Año nº 5, Nº 18, 1987, págs. 57-72

Estudio del primer establecimiento de educación e investigación militar en la Real Isla de León, actual San Fernando en Cádiz.