Labour

This article focuses on migrant workers’ agency through exploring the relationship between working and employment conditions, on one side, and labour mobility, on the other. The study is based on qualitative research involving workers from Moldova and Ukraine working in the Russian and Italian construction sector. Fieldwork has been carried out in Russia, Italy and Moldova to investigate informal networks, recruitment mechanisms and employment conditions to establish their impact on migration processes. Overcoming methodological nationalism, this study recognises transnational spaces as the new terrain where antagonistic industrial relations are rearticulated. Labour turnover is posited as a key explanatory factor and understood not simply as the outcome of capital recruitment strategies but also as workers’ agency.

The study examined the determinants of rabbit keeping in the tropics. The study was conducted in South-western area of Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 150 rabbit keepers. The study made use of primary data obtained through structured questionnaire supplemented with oral discussion. Data covering socio-economic characteristics such as age, farm size, farming experience, et cetera, were elicited from the respondents. Data collected were analysed through the use of descriptive statistical tools such as means and percentages as well as multiple regression technique of analysis. The results showed that 58 % of the rabbit farmers were within the age bracket of 31 and 40 years. 66 % used the green leaves to feed their rabbits. The majority (70%) of the farmers were males while the remaining 30 % were females. 54 % were married, while 46 % were single. 62 % of the respondents had formal education, while 38% did not attend any school. About 70 % of the farmer...

This experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field to evaluate the performance of a modified planter machine for establishing direct seeded rice during aman and aus seasons in 2010 with four tillage treatments: (i) conventional tillage (CT) (ii) strip tillage (ST), (iii) bed formation (BP) and (iv) zero tillage (ZT). In later three treatments, seeding and fertilizer application was done simultaneously in a single pass operation by the planter. Flute type seed metering device was tested to study the seed dispensing rate, placement of seed and fertilizers. Minimum tillage saved fuel consumption by almost 25-46% and could represent a 27-48% cost saving in land preparation compared to CT. In addition to fuel savings, substantial time savings and additional benefits can be achieved. Seedling emergence was not affected by tillage options which indicated that seeds were placed at proper depth. Seed meter worked well to dispense rice seeds by maintaining actual seed rate. Seeds were not br...

The inclusion of persons with disabilities (PwD), in the field of labor still has flaws that should be corrected,
considering that this group has been the exclusion of some form, the business sector of the labor market,
a key actor in the realization of a true inclusion, either by legal compliance or by making corporate social
responsibility, the labor inclusion should be a fundamental part of each company. The aim of this work is
to identify the reality of companies in the labor market inclusion of persons with disabilities, to the effect
applies a methodology of qualitative-quantitative research on the basis of a revised theoretical framework
to then identify ratings to gather evidence and make a judgment of value to the investigation, applies the
type of simple random probability sample through which each element of the population has an equal
chance of being chosen, the research is performed through a set of four dimensions: Planning, inclusion,
equity and development. Of the 80 companies surveyed the 11.70% correspond to those that perform
the best business practices, it also highlights the Commercial Sector in the areas of: inclusion, equity and
development. The axis of development is the one that has a lower percentage should be considered to
improve the processes that include it.

In recent years, policy changes implemented by the Canadian government--including the proportionate reduction of monies spent on health, education, and social programs—have had a direct impact on the youth criminal justice system in Canada. These policy changes have had a direct impact on Canadian youth who are, in many ways, the most disenfranchised citizens in Canadian society. We discuss the evolution of the Canadian youth justice system and the implementation of the Youth Criminal Justice System and analyze how public policy and public sentiment work together to legitimate the identification and management of specific groups targeted as problematic. In the end, we theorize on the place that children and youth hold in the global world and argue that global capital creates a context in which the labour of children and youth is vital to global economics but devalued in the eyes of the world. We relate the ideological condemnation of children and youth by the justice system to their...

Efforts to make sense of the transition to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which arguably represents a new breaking point in continuity, continue to show in every area. In this sense, occupations and job markets have also gained new ground, and become areas of transformation. Transformation can lead to a demand for skills that may, in turn, lead to new transformations in the labour market institutions, the job market, and employment, in the coming years. In this respect, the aim of this study is to discuss how labour skills will be transformed in the coming years, and the importance of communication skills in this transformation, using the literature review method. The study consists of four parts. Following the first chapter of conceptual explanations, in the second part, the reasons for digital transformation and the new problems in the labour market will be covered. In the third chapter, the importance of communication skills in transformation is examined, and finally, the fourth chapter will examine one of the most important things to do against the transformation of skills.

Global integration of China and India has had quite different effects on the structural pattern of their economic growth. Manufacturing became the engine of economic growth in the former whereas the latter thrived due to the rapid growth of services sector. The implications of their present patterns of growth seem to be very favourable for long-term development. However, employment effects of their integration into the global economy are quite similar, and are evident in fast growth of labour, migration of skilled labour force to developed countries, decline of employment in formal sector and slow growth of regular wage employment. In this context, sustainability of the fast economic growth of China and India depends largely on the extent to which they are able to generate a process for steady expansion of regular wage employment and productivity of low skilled labour force.

The paper examines, within the framework of historical sociology, a potential relationship between lack of innovations in India’s brick-kiln production and the existence of bonded labour and caste-based division of labour. The technology of brick production (moulding of bricks and firing of bricks) was known to India since Harappan and Indus Valley civilisations. The technology of burnt brick production was preserved and practiced by a certain community in Indian caste hierarchy and that was put into service in villages as small scale activities. The situation changed with the arrival of the British imperialists, who engaged in large scale construction activities like railways, irrigation, garrisons, bungalows etc which required huge volumes of bricks. The British imperialists, who were not interested in strengthening Indian manufacturing capabilities, without altering the moulding and firing technologies scaled up the production of bricks to industrial mass production. This involved introduction of certain innovations that presently characterises Indian brick kiln sector like sourcing of labour through contractors by paying advances, workers working against debt in the kilns (bonded labour), piece-rate wages, contractors controlling work and payment of wages, strict division of tasks and deployment of labour along caste lines etc.,. On the other side, the imperialist taxation policies, agrarian reforms, trade & industrial policies created a condition whereby impoverished rural and urban people were available to be cajoled to work in industrial brick kilns. The paper argues that bonded labour is in fact an imperialist innovation.

This is a summary of our study of Social Science, Tamil and English language textbooks (over 40 of them) published by the government of Tamil Nadu as well as various private publishers between the late 1990s and early 2000s. Commissioned by Nirantar, a Delhi-based feminist group, working on issues to do with education, this study is one of its kind.

Jock Barnes' name was once known by everyone in New Zealand as the leader of the Waterside Workers' Union. His memoirs cover the period from 1935 to the 1951 lockout of watersiders and the destruction of the Union. He writes of the events of those times, and the personalities he knew. Illustrated with historical photographs; includes an introduction by the editor, Tom Bramble.

In this article, I query whether participation in the labour market can hinder neo-republican freedom as non-domination. I briefly present the view of Philip Pettit on the topic, based on the distinction between offering a reward and threatening a punishment. I compare it to the analysis of labour republicans, recently reconstructed by Alex Gourevitch, according to whom, the exclusion of a group of individuals from the control of productive assets represents a form of structural
domination. Then, I explain why I take a position that is different from both. I hold that capitalist structural domination leads only to exploitation, not interpersonal domination. In doing this, I consider two objections
that might be raised against my argument. The first one is based on incomplete contracts and on a possible ideal benchmark for job offers. The second one challenges the supposed arbitrariness of unequal property relations within the capitalist social system.

The aim of this essay is to defend two minority positions respecting the proper interpretation of Marx’s critical theory of capitalism, and in such a way, hopefully, as to make Marx’s theory more interesting to non-Marxists.  The first position defended is that Marx is better read as an heir to the pre-modern tradition of objective natural right than as a proponent of the radical Enlightenment claims on behalf of the rights of man, as an Aristotelian rather than as a Jacobin.  The second position defended is that, despite its Aristotelian heritage, Marx’s critical theory does not rest upon a metaphysically suspicious account of the telos of human being.  Threading this needle – Marx’s position is Aristotelian, but does not rely upon claimed insight into the purpose of human existence – will also give rise to some novel side-claims: that capitalist exploitation is a violation of the nature of the labour process; that Marx criticizes only capitalist exploitation, not exploitation in general; and that Marx is so idiosyncratic a socialist as to make his assimilation to that party more misleading than enlightening.  The hope is that this combination of minority and novelty will be intriguing enough to sustain the reader through a return to the crags, thickets, and arid stretches of Marx’s Capital.  The upshot is a renovated Marx, neither an economist whose insights were constrained by the industrial capitalism of his day, nor a prophet who saw into the future, but a moral and political theorist who attempted to get to the bottom of what is wrong with capital.

"PhD Thesis, School of Social Sciences and Liberal Studies, Charles Sturt University.

"On any meaningful notion of 'class' as a concept related to the social relations deriving from the system of production in a Capitalist society like ours, journalists are not 'middle class' ... they are not particularly well paid, their union and their industrial actions are, for all intents and purposes, the same as any other group of unionists." Keith Windschuttle 1998, p.351 The purpose of my Doctoral thesis - Grey Collar Journalism: The social relations of news production - is to analyse the role of journalists as public intellectuals (Louw 2001) and to do so from an understanding of newswork as a labour process. Along the way I have developed a critical appraisal of various theoretical approaches to the study of journalism. Broadly speaking this thesis is in the discipline of the sociology of journalism, but it is without question a crossdisciplinary thesis and necessarily so. In the first three chapters I develop and explain what I mean by Grey Collar Journalism and the 'journalist-as-intellectual'. This section of the thesis articulates what I call the 'labour theory of journalism' to further explain the ambivalent nature (Hallin 1994; Franklin 1997) of modern journalism. I argue here that this ambivalence in modern journalism is reflected in the contradictory relationship between grey collar newsworkers and the Nation-State. This is expressed through what I have called the 'emotional dialectic' of newswork and the 'dialectic of the front-page'. It is this labour theory of journalism that brings forth the concept of the grey collar journalists, which I define as a cohort of newsworkers who occupy a contradictory class location - broadly speaking the 'new middle class' to which the category of 'newsworker' belongs (Callinicos 1989b). Grey collar journalists are also public intellectuals in the Gramscian sense of being the producers and circulators of various ideas in civil society - snippets of ideology and social science - in the service of either of the major contending classes: Labour and Capital. The labour theory of journalism is then employed in a study of Australian political journalism to identify the social forces that create the conditions in which grey collar journalists operate. These are defined and analysed as the economic, class, cultural, political, historical and social relations of production that underpin the contradictory and ambivalent "emotional attitudes" (Orwell 1988, p.9) of newsworkers. In the next few chapters, Australian examples are illustrated in order to critically examine the highly politicised and culturally-mystified relationship between journalism as a set of social practices and the important centres of power in a monopoly capitalist society - in principal the ruling class and the state apparatus. This development of the grey collar thesis grounds a class-based critique of the liberal-democratic theory of the media as 'Fourth Estate'. In particular, I critically discuss changes to the MEAA Code of Ethics that were accepted in 1998, after lengthy debate in the union's ranks and in the media. The final chapters of the thesis test the explanatory power of the grey collar thesis against recent attempts to theorise journalism from a cultural studies perspective and the so-called 'media wars' debates of the late 1990s. In particular I challenge John Hartley's assertion that we are now in the age of postmodern journalism."