Labor Laws

Some of Law and Economics’ basic claims have come to be criticized as a result of empirical findings that question their viability. Particularly, the premise that agents consistently act rationally and with their self-interest in mind seems problematic. What the consequences of the criticism mean for Law and Economics’ tenability depends largely on the questions whether (1) some elements are unassailable to the alternative’s objections and (2) the alternative is a systematic whole. It is argued that Law and Economics may be salvaged, if it is minimized and its ambitions are tempered. This means focusing on the stable, a priori, elements inherent to it.

Abstract: This study examines the Federal Polytechnics Act of Nigeria, more particular the
procedure for the disciplining and removal of senior member of staff; the functions of the
Council in achieving the role of Polytechnics education in Nigeria. It observes that there Section
17 of the Polytechnics Act make provision for the application and enforcement of fair hearing
principles or rules on both sides. The study concludes that the importance of higher education in
Nigeria cannot be achieved if all stakeholders fail to abide by laws.

Various environmental issues and concerns of Bangladesh have been addressed here. Pitfalls of development projects, poor enforcement of environmental laws, EIA, biodiversity conservation in the Sundarbans, ship breaking industry, tea workers' plight, diplomatic negotiations on climate change, ozone layer depletion are discussed here.

Brazil has made international headlines for the government’s inept and irresponsible response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, sex worker activists have once again taken on an essential role in responding to the pandemic amidst State absences and abuses. Drawing on the theoretical framework of necropolitics, we trace the gendered, sexualized, and racialized dimensions of how prostitution and work have been (un)governed in Brazil and how this has framed sex worker activists’ responses to COVID-19. As a group of scholars and sex worker activists based in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, we specifically explore the idea of sex workers as “essential workers”, but also of sex work as, essentially, work, demonstrating complicities, differences, and congruencies in how sex workers see what they do and who their allies in the context of the 21st century’s greatest health crisis to date.

Brazil has made international headlines for the government’s inept and irresponsible response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, sex worker activists have once again taken on an essential role in responding to the pandemic amidst State absences and abuses. Drawing on the theoretical framework of necropolitics, we trace the gendered, sexualized, and racialized dimensions of how prostitution and work have been (un)governed in Brazil and how this has framed sex worker activists’ responses to COVID-19. As a group of scholars and sex worker activists based in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, we specifically explore the idea of sex workers as “essential workers”, but also of sex work as, essentially, work, demonstrating complicities, differences, and congruencies in how sex workers see what they do and who their allies in the context of the 21st century’s greatest health crisis to date.

Brazil has made international headlines for the government’s inept and irresponsible response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, sex worker activists have once again taken on an essential role in responding to the pandemic amidst State absences and abuses. Drawing on the theoretical framework of necropolitics, we trace the gendered, sexualized, and racialized dimensions of how prostitution and work have been (un)governed in Brazil and how this has framed sex worker activists’ responses to COVID-19. As a group of scholars and sex worker activists based in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, we specifically explore the idea of sex workers as “essential workers”, but also of sex work as, essentially, work, demonstrating complicities, differences, and congruencies in how sex workers see what they do and who their allies in the context of the 21st century’s greatest health crisis to date.

1We are grateful to Amit Seru and Vikrant Vig for helpful comments and to Anusha Chari, Rich Mathews, Amalia R. Miller, and Radha Iyengar for their insightful discussions. Furthermore, we would like to thank seminar and conference participants at the American Law and Economics Annual Meeting (2009), Western

Employers should always be required to read notices aloud to their workers as a standard remedy for violations of the National Labor Relations Act.  Such a remedy would be a small but essential step in redressing the harm inflicted on workers by an employer’s unfair labor practices. Such notices are necessary for a series of reasons. First, millions of Americans suffer from reading deficiencies and cannot comprehend a printed notice. Second, even literate employees may not happen to observe the printed notice at the workplace. Third, a mere piece of paper is unlikely to reassure victims of unfair labor practices that the employer will take rehabilitative action and respect their rights. Fourth, it has been demonstrated repeatedly that an employer's oral statements to her employees are usually more effective than written communications. Fifth, for the employer to stand before her workers and actually read the notice carries more symbolic weight than any posted notice could possess. Further, employers required to read notices might internalize some portion of what they speak, instead of simply having the notice posted.

Employers might also find themselves the beneficiaries of unexpected rewards. Workers might well appreciate the employer's openness, grow confident of their rights, and become more committed to their jobs. For these benefits to unfold, the National Labor Relations Board must show determination, and the courts must show restraint. The Board should resolutely issue reading orders and refuse to acquiesce in the interference of judges. The courts, in turn, must exercise self-discipline and cooperate with the Board's remedial efforts.

Far more must be done to free workers from the coercion of lawless employers. At a minimum, however, workers ought to receive fair and meaningful notice that their rights under the Act will be vindicated.