Khanate of Khiva

Hitherto, the knowledge of reconstruction of the .monuments, finishing layer should be a layer of cosmetics increase ventilation of deep understanding, even so, there has been just a common vision. The reason is traditional architectural secrets were lost and forgotten in today. One of them is a method of building construction's ventilation " khataba ". Nevertheless, today majority considers reconstructing. Over the years for a number of methods are used for the medieval century architecture of buildings. Particularly, the foundation of the design of a tent yard restores from the wild reed as a waterproofing, cob walls and ventilation " khataba " method. At the last decade, Central Asia had a various political and social views. The reason why, it has lost the shape of its traditional building style and national architecture ornaments, as well. According to the different causes, several tactics of a national construction have preserved by the architectural heritages. In the years of independence of Uzbekistan, the number of native researchers are looking for the forgiven architectural technics. This paper is also a piece of that kind of research articles.

I analyzed mechanisms of transformation of the monarchic system in Khiva, Bukhara, Mongolia and Tibet to socialist systems in the first half of the 20th Century. Considering differences between these states in their social systems and historical trajectories in that period, we can note some traits of similarity. All these countries were absolute monarchies legitimized power of their monarchs by religion (Buddhism or Islam); they were dependent on Russia, the Qing Empire, or China; their society was traditional. RSFSR/USSR and the People's Republic of China were guided by the same ideology, Marxism–Leninism, with the same goal, building of socialism and then communism. As Khiva, Bukhara, Outer Mongolia and Tibet had no internal forces which could incite revolution, they should receive a communist "help" which was, in fact, an export of revolution. The concept of assistance to revolutionary state in promoting revolution abroad, which was adopted by the communists, dates back to the days of the revolutionary France. Very narrow group of indigenous peoples, indoctrinated with revolutionary views, have been recruited abroad among the people from Khiva, Bukhara, Mongolia and Tibet. Communists "justified" their military invasions to these states by statements that local people are suffering from the oppression of local exploiters and foreign imperialists, and they are not able to overthrow them; a backward country needs modernization; they need to support revolutionary groups because they reflect aspirations of the people. In respect of Tibet, the Chinese leadership used sinocentric historical myth that the Qing Empire is identical to China and it includes Tibet as its integral part. The "help" of the communists for "workers liberation" was originally mortgaged future struggle against religion until its dissolution. The power of feudal lords was eliminated first, and then the church has become one of the main objects of struggle. This was due to the need of legitimization of the new government, which interfered with traditional religious legitimization, since the communism opposes to religion in its doctrine. Further developments of these countries displayed steady dismantling of clerical structures and replacement of the religious worldview to the materialistic. There were no internal factors for revolutions in Khiva, Bukhara, Mongolia and Tibet.

В данной статье с точки зрения историографии рассмотрен поход Александра Бековича-Черкасского на Хивинское ханство в 1714-1717 годах и его исследования в историко-географических исследованиях первой научной карты Каспийского моря, созданной в ходе этого похода.

This article examines the history of the fair and unfair societies and the consequences of their disintegration in the history of Central Asia. The author writes: "Why have our ancestors, who have united the twenty-seven nations in history and have united nations and peoples with fair justice in the Eurasian region, after a certain period of time has become addicted?" and asked them to answer and evaluate historical events.

Protecting and Promoting Cultural Heritage along the Silk Road; Reflections from
Khiva, the cultural capital of the Turkic World in 2020

November 16, 2021 Tuesday
4:00 PM – 5.30 PM

European Parliament, Room A1H1

Master of Ceremony: Gökçe Özçiftçi, Goldsmiths University

Opening Remarks
•Prof. Dusen Kasseinov, Secretary General of the International
Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY)
• MEP Ryszard Czarnecki, Founding Chairman of the
EU-Uzbekistan Friendship Group at the EU Parliament, former minister
of EU Affairs in Poland
• Krista Pikkat, UNESCO Representative in Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

Panel Discussion
Moderator: Johanna Suo, Diplomatic World
• Prof. Dr. Ruhi Ersoy, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University
•Dr. Munira Aminova, Brussels School of Governance.
• Sami Hamdi, International Commentator & Advisor
• Alberto Turkstra, Diplomatic World

Qongrat (Chagh. Qngrt; Uzb. Qo'ng'irot; Karak. Qon'rat) is a town, which began life as a fortified settlement, located in lower delta of the Amu Darya in the northwestern part of the area historically known as Khwarazm. It appears in historical sources from the early twelfth/ eighteenth century. Nowadays, Qongrat is a district-level town of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan. In recent decades, Qongrat has been adversely affected by the environmental disaster caused by the shrinking of the Aral Sea.

The khanates of Bukhara and Khiva had much in common, but depictions of their relationship with one another vary dramatically between historical sources.  Some accounts convey deep rivalries between them, while in other sources they appear as easily traversable sub-regions within a broader, socially and culturally integrated landscape.  How might we explain these wildly divergent images?  This essay considers a wide range of sources to forward one simple argument: our understanding of the relationship between Bukhara and Khiva is fundamentally shaped by textual genre.  Some genres – such as chronicles and legal writing – were well equipped to articulate rivalry and difference.  Others – such as Sufi hagiography or chancellery documents – contained the tools for transcending these two polities.  Since all of these genres were predominantly written by a single social group (the ulama), this contradictory imagery was not the product of discrete constituencies with different viewpoints, but rather a single milieu performing diverse genres.

В статье рассматривается процесс включения двух cреднеазиатских протекторатов Российской империи — Бухарского эмирата и Хивинского ханства — в российскую таможенную черту в 1894–1895 гг. Выявляются причины принятия российскими имперскими властями такого решения. Подробно анализируется процесс разработки включения среднеазиатских ханств в таможенное пространство Российской империи, дискуссий представителей различных министерств, центральной
и региональной (туркестанской) администрации, предварительных исследований и издания соответствующих нормативных актов. Особое внимание уделяется процедуре согласования принятого
решения с эмиром Бухары и ханом Хивы, поскольку они юридически продолжали считаться правителями самостоятельных государств, и изданию ими соответствующих актов, подтверждающих вхождение в имперскую таможенную систему. Исследуются меры российских властей по реализации проекта таможенного объединения России, Бухары и Хивы (создание таможенных застав, формирование таможенной стражи и пр.), а также проблемы, с которыми они столкнулись, включая
«внутреннюю таможенную черту» самих бухарцев и хивинцев, увеличение числа контрабандных товаров на рынках Бухары, Хивы и Русского Туркестана и т.п. Попытки решить эти проблемы ока-
зывались неудачными вплоть до падения Российской империи — в силу неразработанности нормативной базы, регулирующей отношений империи с ее среднеазиатскими протекторатами. Оце-
ниваются последствия включения Бухары и Хивы в российскую таможенную черту как для самой России и среднеазиатских ханств, так и для иностранных государств (Афганистана, Британской
Индии, Ирана и др.). По мнению автора, интеграция Бухары и Хивы в таможенное пространство Российской империи является очередным проявлением стремления евразийских государств, народов и регионов к экономической интеграции, проявлявшейся в разные эпохи в этом историческим регионе в самых разных формах. Она может до некоторой степени считаться прообразом современного Таможенного союза, в связи с чем изучение исторического опыта экономической интеграции на евразийском пространстве является актуальным и необходимым.

Обладатель чина «кази-аскар» в Хивинском ханстве не только рассматривал дела военных, но и соответствие других гражданских дел нормам шариата. Также, кази-аскары рассматривали вопросы от имени кази областей в его отсутствии. Несмотря на наличие многочисленных исследований по деятельности казий, именно функциональные обязанности рассматриваемого чина раскрыты не в полном объеме. Причиной является выполнение «кази-аскаром» функций других казий. А именно, исследователи считали функции обладателя чина «кази» одинаковыми с функциями у других казий

Son of an official of the Christian Orthodox Patriarchate, Vasileios Vatatzis was born in 1694 in Tarabya (Istanbul) and at an early age decided to travel as a merchant. His first voyage was to Moscow, where he arrived via Moldavia and Kiev in the late 1700s. Soon after his return, he set up for Brasow, Hungary and Poland and from there to Moscow again; then he started for Persia via Astrakhan. A second trip from Moscow led him to Ghilan, Kazvin, Qum and Isfahan (1716). After returning again to his native city, he decided to travel to Transoxania and set up in 1727 for Moscow, whence he visited Khiva, Boukhara, Khorasan and Ghilan. After a last voyage to Western Europe, he returned to Moscow, where apparently he wrote his travel account in Greek verse, having already printed in London an annotated map of Central Asia; he is also the author of a history of Nadir Shah, published in 1939 by N. Iorga. The account has been published in 1886 by Emile Legrand but has drawn little attention heretofore. It contains a detailed description of Central Asia, with reports on the Kalmuks, the Baskirs, the Turkmens, the Karakalpak, the Kazakhs, and other Turkish tribes and khanates of the region. Vatatzis’ itinerary provides rich ethnological and political information on the Central Asian steppes of the early eighteenth century from the point of view of an Ottoman Greek merchant.

Прослежен военный арсенал в Хивинском ханстве, в частности военное оружие, пушки и их виды, количество, а также способы применения в позднем средневековье. Проанализированы данные о современных и новых типах оружия, выданных нукерам центральными властями. кроме того, в статье даны сведения об оружии, завезенном из-за рубежа / The article discusses on weapons in the Khiva Khanate, cannons, their types, quantities as well as details about their usage in late medieval period. In addition, the author analyzed data on modern and new types of qeapons given to the nawkars by the central authority. Besides the article provides information about weapons wich were brought from abroad.

This paper examines two linked cases of abortive Imperial expansion. The British invasion of Afghanistan and the Russian winter expedition to Khiva both took place in 1839, and both ended in disaster. These events were linked, not merely by coincidence, but by mutual reactions to intelligence received in Orenburg, St Petersburg, Calcutta, London, and Tehran. British and Russian officials shared similar fears about each other's ambitions in Central Asia, similar patterns of prejudice, arrogance and ignorance, and a similar sense of entitlement as the self-conscious agents of two ‘Great Powers’. By examining the decision-making process which preceded these twin cases of expansion, and the British and Russian attitudes to Central Asian rulers and informants, the paper provides not only a deeper understanding of what provoked these particular disasters, but also of the wider process of European imperial expansion in the early nineteenth century.

This article explores the use of camels for baggage transport by European colonial armies in the nineteenth century. It focuses in particular on two episodes: the Russian winter expedition to Khiva, and the march of the Army of the Indus into Afghanistan, both of which took place in 1839. However sophisticated their weapons and other technology,
until at least the 1880s European colonial armies were forced to rely exclusively on baggage animals if they wanted to move around: railways arrived very late in the history of European expansion. In Central Asia this meant rounding up, loading, managing and feeding tens of thousands of camels, which could only be furnished by the pastoral
groups who inhabited the region, who in some cases were also the objects of conquest. Camel transport placed certain structural constraints on European conquest in Central Asia: firstly it meant that the forces involved were almost always very small; secondly it prevented the launching of spontaneous or unauthorised campaigns by “men on the spot,” as every advance had to be preceded by the rounding up of the necessary baggage animals, and the creation of a budget to pay for then. Finally, the constraints imposed by camel transport ensured that British and Russian armies would never meet in Central Asia, and that a Russian invasion of India was a chimera.

After the Mongol Empire era, Persian remained a favored language of chancery and belles-lettres all over Central Asia. It is not until the 19th century, marked by the emergence of states dominated by the Uzbek tribal elites, that the situation began to change. That change was most pronounced in Khorezm, where the Qonghrat dynasty sponsored an extensive program of translations into Turkic from Persian. The Khivan Khanate’s patronage of Chaghatay letters yielded by far the largest body of literary materials in Central Asian Turkic. This chapter explores this program of translation in order to grasp the significance of this major cultural shift that brought to an end Persian as the main language of arts and science.

Статья посвящена анализу различных государственных должностей и чинов, функционировавших в государственном управлении Хивинского ханства и служебных обязанностей их носителей. В ней на основе многочисленных фактических данных, выявленных из разнохарактерных источников приводятся служебная иерархия чиновников высшего, среднего и низного рангов, существовавших в центральном и местнов управлении ханства.

ÖZET Evrenin varoluşundan bugüne kadar bir insan ya da herhangi bir canlı için ölüm, yaşamın kaçınılmaz bir parçası olmuştur. Tarih boyunca insanoğlu ölüm olgusunu algılamaya ve anlamlandırmaya çalışmıştır. İçinde bulunulan toplumun sosyo-kültürel yapısına bağlı olarak ölümün gerçekleşme şekilleri farklı olabildiği gibi, toplum tarafından ölümün algılanış ve ifade ediliş biçimleri de farklılıklar göstermiştir. Kimi inanışlara göre "ölüm" canın bedenden ayrılmasını, yaşamsal faaliyetlerin bitmesini ve mutlak sonu ifade ederken, kimi inanışlara göre ise gerçek ve sonsuz bir yaşamın başlangıcını ifade etmiştir. Antik çağlardan beri bir gün mutlaka öleceği gerçeğinden kaçamayan insan, bu durumu kabullenmek ve günlük yaşantısına devam edebilmek için ölümden sonra yaşam olduğu inancına tutunmuştur. Bu inanç zaman içerisinde farklı kültürlerde ve Budizm, Hristiyanlık, Musevilik ve İslamiyet gibi farklı dinlerde değişerek varlığını sürdürmüştür. 19. yüzyılda Muhammed Yusuf Beyânî (1840-1923) tarafından yazılan Orta Asya Türk tarih yazıcılığının en önemli örneklerinden biri olan Şecere-i Harezmşâhî'de Harezm Hanlığının kuruluşu ve sonrasında yaşanan askerî, siyasi, kültürel, toplumsal olaylar, hanların taht mücadeleleri, seferleri, savaşları ve hayatları anlatılmıştır. Şecere-i Harezmşâhî Harezm'de 17. yüzyılın sonları ile 20. yüzyıl başlarına kadar gerçekleşen tarihî olayları tüm ayrıntıları ile anlatması bakımından önemli bir hükümdar soyağacı ve tarih kitabı olmuştur. Bu çalışmada Şecere-i Harezmşâhî'nin ortaya çıktığı Hive (Harezm) Hanlığı hakkında kısaca bilgi verilmiştir. Daha sonra ise çalışmamızın temelini oluşturan Şecere-i Harezmşâhî metnindeki "ölüm" kavramı üzerinden ölümün gerçekleşme şekilleri ve "ölüm" için kullanılan ifadeler açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. ABSTRACT The death has been an inevitable part of life for a person or any living being from the existence of the universe to present. Throughout the history, human beings have tried to understand and to interpreted the consept of death. As the ways of death may be different depending on the socio-culturel structure of the society, the perception and expression of death by the society has indicated differences. According to some beliefs, the death has expressed leaving of the soul from the body, end of the vital activities, absolute end, for some beliefs it has expressed the beginning of a real and eternal life. From the ancient times, the person who can not escape from the fact that he will die one day has beleived living after death to accept the stuation and to be able to continue daily life. This belief has survived by changing in different cultures and in different religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism and Islam. The foundation of the Khwarezm Khanate and historical events such as military, political, cultural, social events happened thereafter, throne struggles, military expeditions, wars were told in Secere-i Harezmsahi, which is written by Muhammed Yusuf Beyani (1840-1923) in the 19th century, one of the most important examples of Central Asian Turkish historiography. Secere-i Harezmsahi has been an important emperor pedigree and chronical in term of describing the historical events that took place in the Khwarezm from the end of the 17th to the beginnig of the 20th century with all its details. In this study, brief information is given about Khiva (Khwarezm) Khanate where Secere-i Harezmsahi emerged. Afterwards, the ways of death and expressions used for the consept of death are explained in the text of Secere-i Harezmsahi, which forms are basis of our work.

The present article attempts to provide a framework for analyzing moral education on the territory of what is today the Republic of Uzbekistan, and what in Tsarist times was the government of Turkestan and the Khanates of Khiva and Bukhara. It highlights several types of ethics that were taught in Muslim schools and discussed among scholars and educators; these ethics are compared as to their religious and philosophical foundations and motivations. In the course of the last 150 years, the Central Asian region witnessed several important changes, in particular increased Russian influence from the late 1860s, the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The writings I analyze here have much in common with those spread in neighboring areas, and so the patterns discussed in this overview can, to a certain extent, also be taken as indicative of the general development of moral teachings in Central Asia as a whole.

Goushot Khan, one of the prominent khans of the Tekkeh Turkmens, who lived in the lower courses of the Serakhs and Tejen rivers until 1857 and in Merv after that date, was one of the most prominent khans of the Turkmen people. The implementation of the Türkmen victories over Khiva in 1855 and the Qajars in 1860, which were one of the most important events in the history of Turkmenistan in the 19th century, took place under the leadership of his and immediately after the victory in Khiva, moving his tribe to Merv and started some practices that until that moment could not coincide with the political and public organization of Turkmenistan, these are what making this leader especially outstanding. In addition to these, Govshut Khan's creation of regular internal security organisation, the construction of a dam, use of varied tribal political bodies as active, encouraging settlement by supporting the agricultural tendencies of his tribe, which led agriculture, nomadic animal husbandry and looting, can be seen as a tendency to create an independent state which was not found among the Trans-Caspian Turkmens after the 16th century.

Cotton farming, being one of the leading branches of economic activity of Turkestan of the beginning of the 20 th century, attracted the attention of big investors of the Russian Empire. This article examines functioning of the Novo-Urgench branch of the Russo-Asian commercial bank (RACB) on the basis of the material from Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA): successful and unsuccessful operations, organizational structure, interaction with clients, and its influence on the regional market. The unique character of this branch of one of the largest Russian banks lay in that fact that it was the only lending and financial institution that expanded its operations throughout the entire oasis of Khiva, including territories that were under control of the Khan of Khiva. Both local political and economic elites and entrepreneurs from Central Russia were clients and partners of the Novo-Urgench branch of the bank. Widespread liaisons allowed the institution to promptly conquer and maintain, even under conditions of a crisis, its niche on the market of financial services in Central Asia. On the threshold of the World War I, the bank attempted to monopolize cotton farming, working with big clients and even stimulating development of the processing industry. Novo-Urgench branch of the Russo-Asian bank provided help to the local merchantry trying to increase export of raw cotton and to enter both Russia-wide and international markets. For the objective reasons of shortage of liquid assets, underdeveloped infrastructure of the region, swings in stock-exchange and problems with human resources, the Novo-Urgench branch of the Rus-so-Asiatic bank could not capture and control the Khivan market. During the war years, the Bakhtiyor A. Alimdjanov-PhD in History, Postdoctoral Student, Al-Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies of Uzbekistan, 79, ul. M.

The  article  examines  from  the  point  of  view  of  historiography  the  study  by  orientalists Vasily  Vladimirovich  Bartold  and  Nikolai  Ivanovich  Veselovsky  of  the  history  of  the  military campaign led by Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky, organized by Russia in 1714-1717 with the aim of subjugating the Khanate of Khiva.
In the course of the study, the works of Vasily Vladimirovich Bartold and Nikolai Ivanovich Veselovsky on the study of the history of the campaign against the Khanate of Khiva by Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky were analyzed. In particular, the source base of the works of orientalists, their views  on  the  purpose  and  task  of  the  campaign  were  studied.  The  article  also  provides  a  brief history of Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky's campaign against the Khanate of Khiva.
В  статье  рассматривается  с  точки  зрения  историографии  изучение  востоковедами – Василием  Владимировичем  Бартольдом  и  Николаем  Ивановичем  Веселовским  истории военного похода во главе с Александром Бековичем-Черкасским, организованной Россией в 1714-1717 годах с целью подчинения Хивинского ханства.
В  ходе  исследование  было  проанализировано,  труды  Василия  Владимировича Бартольда  и  Николая  Ивановича  Веселовского  по  изучении  истории  похода  против Хивинского  ханства  Александра  Бековича-Черкасского.  В  частности,  было  изучена источниковая база трудов востоковедов, их взгляды на цель и задачу похода. В статье также приводится  краткая история  похода  Александра  Бековича-Черкасского  против  Хивинского ханства.

"Un altro prodotto prezioso del distretto di Kara-koul, al sud di Bucara, in vicinanza alle sabbie fra cui asciuga il Zerafschan, son le pelli d’agnellini ottenuti coll’aborto artificiale allo scopo d’averle fornite di una peluria finissima e arricciata, colle quali i Persiani fabbricano i loro berettoni. Tutte le pelli d’agnello che si esportano da Bucara son di quel genere che da noi è generalmente conosciuto col nome d’Astrakan, ma quelle ottenute col mezzo dell’aborto artificiale presentano una ricciatura minutissima, e una finezza straordinaria di lanugine molto apprezzate in Oriente. Per quanto siasi tentato in altre parti della steppa, non si riusci mai ad aver pelli d’agnellini come quelle dei dintorni di Kara-koul, ove la pastura o qualche altra singolarità del terreno ha influenza sui feti delle pecore durante la gestazione."

Статья представляет собой публикацию документа 1717 г., связанного с известием о трагической гибели князя А. Черкасского, известного исследователя Каспийского моря и его восточного побережья. На основании сообщения представленного саратовскому коменданту Д.Е. Бахметеву, публикуемого полностью впервые, можно узнать об особой роли калмыков хана Аюки в период третьего этапа Каспийской экспедиции князя А. Черкасского.

This paper will explore two apparently contrasting aspects of the Khivan Campaign of 1873, which was led by the then Turkestan Governor-General, Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman. The conquest of Khiva, whilst fully authorised and approved by von Kaufman's patron, War Minister Dmitri Miliutin, and a pliant Tsar Alexander II, was driven in large part by von Kaufman's desire for self-glorification. Overshadowed by the military achievements of the 'Lion of Tashkent', his hated rival M. G. Cherniaev, who was still a more prominent public figure, von Kaufman hungered for laurels of his own, a hunger that was not satisfied by his campaign against Bukhara in 1868. Khiva, site of earlier Russian humiliations in 1717 and 1840, famously inaccessible, was the ideal target. The challenges the Russians faced were largely logistical rather than military, and von Kaufman sought to overcome them through meticulous planning, launching four columns against the Khanate simultaneously, each requiring thousands of camels and a carefully calibrated itinerary for crossing the Qara-Qum and Qizil-Qum deserts. No less meticulous was von Kaufman's attention to the stage-management of Khiva's surrender, and the subsequent narration of the campaign in official military historiography, in which he took a very personal interest. While he never managed to entirely dislodge Cherniaev from his place in the popular imagination, von Kaufman's image management helped ensure that he would be remembered not just as a competent administrator (ustroitel'), but also as the pokoritel' (conqueror) of the Turkestan Region.

Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются виды сабель, бытовавших в Средней Азии XIX-го-начала XX-го вв., в частности шамширы и пулвары, как наиболее распространённые образцы. На основании письменных источников XIX-ХХ веков подробно описываются сабли Средней Азии, их изготовление и использование местным населением. Рассмотерны уникальные образцы драгоценных сабель, изготовленных в Бухаре в конце XIXначале XX веков. Так же упомянуты использовавшиеся в Средней Азии образцы русского холодного оружия, ставшего широко распространенным после присоединения ханств Средней Азии к Российской Империи среди местных представителей власти, например волостных управителей и старших аксакалов.
The article examines the types of sabers that existed in Central Asia in the 19th – early 20th centuries, in particular shamshirs and pulwars, as the most common samples. On the basis of written sources of the XIX – XX centuries, sabers of Central Asia, their manufacture and use by the local population are described in detail. Considered are unique samples of precious sabers made in Bukhara in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Also mentioned are examples of Russian edged weapons used in Central Asia, which became widespread after the annexation of the khanates of Central Asia to the Russian Empire among local authorities, for example, volost rulers and senior aksakals.

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