Incolae

In: Senček, Richard R. a kol.: Komunikácia v dějinách ľudskej spoločnosti. Komunikácia v dějinách ľudskej spoločnosti. 1. vyd. (edice PM 1). Banská Bystrica: Slovenská pošta, a. s., Poštové muzeum, 2016, s. 98-113. ISBN 978-80-972197-1-0.

Studie se zabývá udělováním šlechtických titulů poštmistrům a správcům poštovních stanic z českých zemí v období 18. století. Prezentované téma je zařazeno do kontextu tzv. nobilitační politiky habsburských panovníků v uvedeném období, která odráží ochotu odměňovat věrné a zasloužilé poddané šlechtickými atributy. Studie se dále zabývá otázkou motivů, jež poštmistry vedly k podání žádosti o nobilitaci (odměna za věrné služby, zisk svobodného majetku).

Keywords: ennoblement, postmasters, the Bohemian lands, incolat, 18th century, heraldry

Se analizan distintas muestras de intervencionismo por parte del poder central en asuntos relacionados con la población extranjera ("adlecti inter ciues" e incolae) de ciertas colonias y municipios. Aunque las iniciativas se inscriben en contextos muy distintos, tienen en común haber sido emprendidas para proteger determinados intereses del Estado romano que no tiene reparo alguno en limitar la autonomía administrativa de las ciudades.

Au I s. apr. J.-C. l'Empire romain est dans son apogée et les nouveaux territoires conquis atteignent à l'est la Bretagne, au nord la Germanie, au sud l'Egypte et à l'ouest la Cappadoce. Pour mieux organiser et contrôler ces territoires, les empereurs ont fondé des colonies, qui s'organisent comme des municipes de droit romain avec des magistrats et des notables, réunis en conseil municipal. Elles sont souvent peuplées de vétérans romains et des pélégrins qui peuvent acquérir la citoyenneté romaine en exerçant des magistratures ou intégrant l'armée.

On the Interpretation of an Incolat Pragmatic from 1713 and the Ennoblement of Church Officials in the Bohemian Lands in the 18th Century:

The study focuses on the issue of interpreting the contents and actual impact of a royal charter dating back to 14th November 1713. Therein, Charles VI determined that the condition for gaining membership into Bohemian, Moravian and Silesian secular, cathedral, and collegiate chapters was the possession of “incolat” (i.e. an earlier variety of modern-day citizenship reserved for nobles), which was valid in all Bohemian lands. The incolat also had to be by the prospective members prior to their election, nomination or presentation. One of the immediate consequences of this so-called incolat pragmatic was a series of ennoblement of standing members in the concerned chapters; if they were not of noble origin, they had to appeal to the king for an ennoblement through the Bohemian Court Chancellery. The study
also examines the contents and legal implications of subsequent royal provisions from 1746 and 1747. The incolat prerequisite was only satisfied in the case of those charter prebend holders whose prebends encompassed estates, and not in all of them, which was required by the incolat ordinances.

By the term incola, Romans referred not only to the aboriginal population of a concrete place who, once deprived of their land normally through the unpeaceful foundation of a colony, were reduced by Rome to such a condition. Rome also used this term in many occasions to name the foreign population that, already from Republican times, established in a community, colony or municipality, obtaining there their residentship. Taking the migratory trends in the Roman world as a reference, in this paper we will deal with some conceptual aspects of the termincola under its second meaning.