House of Habsburg

Dallo studio delle relazioni che intercorrono fra i Gonzaga duchi di Mantova e la casata degli Asburgo attraverso la consultazione del carteggio fra le due corti, si individuano alcune lettere di inizio Seicento nelle quali l’imperatore Rodolfo II chiede con insistenza a Vincenzo I Gonzaga l’invio del disegno del giardino “posto sopra le volte”. Perché mai questo giardino - identificabile probabilmente con il giardino pensile di Palazzo Ducale - risulta di tale interesse per l’imperatore? L’indagine mossa a partire dai documenti contenuti nelle Banche dati Gonzaga digitali mette a fuoco le caratteristiche e le vicende del giardino pensile, spostandosi poi a Praga: qui il fruttuoso confronto con studiosi austriaci e cechi approfondisce il quadro delle opere che, in quel momento, si stanno portando avanti sul castello imperiale, chiarendo le ragioni dell’interesse di Rodolfo II nei confronti dell’architettura gonzaghesca, identificata come modello di riferimento.

The life of Archduke Stephen, his appointment to Palatine of Hungary, and his exile are described in surprising detail in András Gergely's book entitled Áruló vagy áldozat? (Traitor or Victim?). Despite the thoroughness of the volume, however, the author forgets to mention one element that is undoubtedly significant and decisive for Stephen's life, his perception, and how he is preserved in collective memory, namely his long and pointed moustache, and the reason of the birth of this significant facial ornament. This study attempts to explore the process by which Archduke Stephen became - even if only for a short time - the Palatine of Hungary, not only in title and administrative function but also in his appearance. In addition to the pictorial depictions, the memoirs of persons who knew the Archduke directly, as well as articles published in the press, mostly about the reception of the Archduke in 1847 and his retirement in 1848, can help us to understand this process or metamorphosis.

The subjects of study of this paper are the ephemeral constructions, such as the catafalques and allegorical paintings, done in Mexico and Lima to commemorate the death of Philip IV of Spain.  The main purpose of the study is to consider the context within they were built, the patron that commissioned them and for whom they were intended, providing a new approach.  Many who have studied the American exequies’ of the Spanish Monarchy affirm the presence of indigenous elements in these.  Through a specific approach, this presence can be minimized.  The Viceregal Authorities have used elements which are references of their territories and in which can’t be found any indigenous elements.  These references are use to transmit a message to the Crown, whereby its power is legitimized, power that resides in the monarchic succession.

The collection of the Brukenthal National Museum contains 36 medals dedicated to Franz Joseph and his wife Elisabeth of Bavaria. They immortalize important moments in the life of the Imperial couple,
but also in the history of the empire led by the House of Habsburg.
The 36 medals are dated between 1849-1915/1917, covering virtually all the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph.
The earliest medals feature the Revolution of 1848-1849 and the restoration of order in the Empire, as well as the
anniversary of this victory for the Habsburg dynasty. Other important moments captured in medallist testimonies are Franz Joseph's marriage to Elisabeth on 24th of April 1854, the journey of the Imperial couple to Hungary, their crowning as kings of Hungary in 1867 or the Universal Exhibition in Wien in 1873. An interesting component within the batch of the Brukenthal National Museum Collection is the four undated medals, made on the occasion of the various agricultural competitions in the empire (Cat. 33-36).
Finally, the latest medals present the German-Austro-Hungarian alliance and the "bravery" medals offered to the participants in the Great War.

With the arrival in 1631 of Emperor Ferdinand III’s bride to Vienna, the infanta Maria Anna, the “Spanish party” at the Imperial court gained a remarkable momentum. At the time, Philip IV’s interests found a key ally in the person of his sister, who, along with her influential confessor Diego de Quiroga, exerted an indisputable influence over the direction of Imperial issues for the following decades. Nevertheless, the empress’s untimely death, as well as the consequential return of Quiroga to the Peninsula, seriously undermined Spain’s interests and had a negative impact on the outcome of the Peace of Westphalia. In addition, the situation was further exacerbated by a sharp drop in the means to fund a long list of pensioners
and collaborators of the Spanish Crown. With a weakened party lacking leadership, the Spanish ambassador, within his recovered prominence, promoted the rise of a new figure as guarantor of Madrid’s interests: the count of Auersperg, a powerful minister which would hold a leading position in Ferdinand III’s government. Madrid, however, risked a great deal by focusing his support on a too ambitious a candidate with plenty of enemies. The rupture in 1656 between Auersperg and the Catholic ambassador implied a serious jeopardy for the Madrid’s position, in a very sensitive period regarding the survival of the Spanish Monarchy.

Resumen El estallido de la Guerra de los Treinta Años fortaleció notablemente la unidad de las dos ramas de la casa de Habsburgo. La solidaridad dinástica se convirtió durante los años 1618-1620 en el eje central de la política internacional de la Monarquía hispánica, la cual desde el comienzo del conflicto prestó al emperador socorro económico y militar. Ayuda que sirvió también para que los españoles procuraran incrementar su influencia en el Sacro Imperio. El objetivo principal de esta contribución es presentar cómo se reaccionó en la corte imperial a esta pretensión y cuál fue el papel del embajador Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, conde de Oñate, en el proceso de la imple-mentación de la política hispánica. Palabras clave: Casa de Habsburgo; corte imperial; conde de Oñate; diplomacia; papado; Gue-rra de los Treinta Años Resum. El comte d'Oñate i la diplomàcia entre Madrid i Viena a principis de la Guerra dels Trenta Anys. L'esclat de la Guerra dels Trenta Anys va enfortir notablement la unitat de les dues branques de la casa d'Habsburg. La solidaritat dinàstica es va convertir durant els anys 1618-1620 en l'eix central de la política internacional de la Monarquia hispànica, la qual des de l'inici del conflicte va donar a l'emperador suport econòmic i militar. Aquesta ajuda va servir també perquè els espanyols intentessin incrementar la seva influència en el Sacre Imperi. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta contribució és presentar com es va reaccionar a la cort imperial davant d'aquesta pre-tensió i quin va ser el paper de l'ambaixador Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, comte d'Oñate, en el pro-cés de la implementació de la política hispànica. Abstract. The Count of Oñate and the diplomacy between Madrid and Vienna at the beginning of the Thirty Years' War The outbreak of the Thirty Years' War strengthened the unity of the two branches of the House of Austria. Dynastic solidarity became, in years 1618-1620, the central axis of international 1. El presente estudio debe su publicación a la ayuda económica del proyecto GAČR (GA17-06049S) Relational networks of Apostolic nuncios and Spanish envoys in the milieu of the imperial court at the turn of the 16th and 17th century.

Este artículo trata de mostrar cómo se entendía las características de Carlos V y Felipe II, dos reyes españoles de los Austrias, en la obra poco conocida de Stanisław Kobierzycki (c. 1600-1665) – Historia Władysława, królewicza polskiego i szwedzkiego. Kobierzycki, el gobernador de Pomerania, usó las figuras de los reyes como ejemplo
de sus argumentos. La imagen de los dos reyes como modelos de comportamiento es especialmente interesante porque los monarcas españoles, en la obra de Kobierzycki, reflejan las características de los reyes polacos – Segismundo III Vasa y su hijo Vladislao IV. Los reyes polacos, así como los monarcas españoles, actúan como reyes “buenos” y “malos”, lo que es mucho más interesante que una descripción individual de los monarcas españoles.

Сажетак:
У време Великог бечког рата дошло је до великих миграционих кретања на Балканском полуострву, поготово из Босне у Хрватску и Славонију. Претежно се радило о Србима који су масовно прелазили с турске на аустријску територију, али су забележени и католици из Босне. Насељени су ратом опустели делови Лике, Крбаве, као и централни делови Славоније, који су се сви нашли под влашћу Аустрије. У овом периоду од 1683. до 1699. више десетина хиљада православних и католика је избегло из Босне, на просторе Хабзбуршке монархије што је знанто ојачало већ постојећи српски корпус у Монархији.


Abstract:
At the time of the Great Vienna War (1683-1699) there were large migration flows in the Balkans. The paper explains the migrations of the Orthodox (Serbian) and the Catholic population from Bosnia, which remained under the Turkish rule, to the newly liberated areas of Croatia and Slavonia. If the Bosnian migrations from this period are analyzed as a separate segment, it could be concluded that several tens of thousands of the Orthodox and Catholics migrated from Bosnia to Croatia and Slavonia, what largely resulted in filling this empty territory, strengthening the defensive power of the Habsburg Monarchy in relation to Turkey.

Dallo studio delle relazioni che intercorrono fra i Gonzaga duchi di Mantova e la casata degli Asburgo attraverso la consultazione del carteggio fra le due corti, si individuano alcune lettere di inizio Seicento nelle quali l’imperatore Rodolfo II chiede con insistenza a Vincenzo I Gonzaga l’invio del disegno del giardino “posto sopra le volte”. Perché mai questo giardino - identificabile probabilmente con il giardino pensile di Palazzo Ducale - risulta di tale interesse per l’imperatore? L’indagine mossa a partire dai documenti contenuti nelle Banche dati Gonzaga digitali mette a fuoco le caratteristiche e le vicende del giardino pensile, spostandosi poi a Praga: qui il fruttuoso confronto con studiosi austriaci e cechi approfondisce il quadro delle opere che, in quel momento, si stanno portando avanti sul castello imperiale, chiarendo le ragioni dell’interesse di Rodolfo II nei confronti dell’architettura gonzaghesca, identificata come modello di riferimento.

Maximiliano I de Austria (1459-1519), como otros nobles y caballeros de su tiempo, empleó divisas o empresas como forma de representación personal, al margen de su escudo de armas o blasón que lo identificaba como individuo miembro de una estirpe. En este artículo se analizan las divisas que, según testimonios textuales e iconográficos, sabemos que empleó el emperador a lo largo de su vida y se da una explicación del posible sentido de la combinación de las imágenes y los motes de cada divisa.  /  Maximilian I of Austria (1459-1519), like other nobles and knights of his time, used decives or imprese as a form of personal representation, apart from his coat of arms or blazon that identified him as a member of a lineage. This article analyzes the devices that, according to textual and iconographic testimonies, we know that were used by the emperor throughout his life, and offers an interpretation of the meaning of the combination of images and mottoes therein.

A political-diplomatic essay written by don Pedro de Villa and sent to the cardinal-infante Ferdinand in 1640 is edited here. A number of arguments are presented to prove this discourse spurred the government of the Spanish Netherlands to take a long series of actions that lead to the ruin of Saavedra Fajardo’s diplomatic career. In addition, the essay is an exemplary and exceptional source showing that the perceptions of the Spanish Monarchy in the Holy Roman Empire were varied. The enemies outweighed the allies, but there was a long and detailed list of princes and political leaders who were strongly or conditionally supportive, even at the end of 1640.

Maximiliano I de Austria (1459-1519), como otros nobles y caballeros de su tiempo, empleó divisas o empresas como forma de representación personal, al margen de su escudo de armas o blasón que lo identificaba como individuo miembro de una estirpe. En este artículo se analizan las divisas que, según testimonios textuales e iconográficos, sabemos que empleó el emperador a lo largo de su vida y se da una explicación del posible sentido de la combinación de las imágenes y los motes de cada divisa.
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Maximilian I of Austria (1459-1519), like other nobles and knights of his time, used decives or imprese as a form of personal representation, apart from his coat of arms or blazon that identified him as a member of a lineage. This article analyzes the devices that, according to textual and iconographic testimonies, we know that were used by the emperor throughout his life, and offers an interpretation of the meaning of the combination of images and mottoes therein.

An English version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2183/27937.

RESUMEN: Maximiliano I de Austria (1459-1519), como otros nobles y caballeros de su tiempo, empleó divisas o empresas como forma de representación personal, al margen de su escudo de armas o blasón que lo identificaba como individuo miembro de una estirpe. En este artículo se analizan las divisas que, según testimonios textuales e iconográficos, sabemos que empleó el emperador a lo largo de su vida y se da una explicación del posible sentido de la combinación de las imágenes y los motes de cada divisa. ABSTRACT: Maximilian I of Austria (1459-1519), like other nobles and knights of his time, used decives or imprese as a form of personal representation, apart from his coat of arms or blazon that identified him as a member of a lineage. This article analyzes the devices that, according to textual and iconographic testimonies, we know that were used by the emperor throughout his life, and offers an interpretation of the meaning of the combination of images and mottoes therein.