Historical Cemeteries As Heritage Sites

European cemeteries  are considered as  open- air museums.  Some  of them are also equipped with museums. There are organized various cultural events in cemeteries, too. Besides, the Association of Significant Cemeteries of Europe  promotes the cultural heritage of cemeteries. Even in countries where cemeteries were not yet considered as places of touristic interest, as in Greece, recently began a growing interest towards  that direction. The present paper discusses the existing conditions, focusing on the rich heritage of the various kinds of Greek cemeteries  and refers on  the perspectives of cemetery tourism.

Pese a los múltiples foros de debate y congre-sos temáticos que han tratado el problema de la exhumación de restos judíos, hoy en día nos encontramos en un punto muerto, incapaces de solucionar un problema de gestión que afecta a muchos países de nuestro entorno y que se reproduce periódicamente. El caso de Toledo sirve de referencia para conocer los princi-pales problemas con los que se enfrenta una ciudad, tradicionalmente etiquetada como «de las tres culturas» en donde cristianos, judíos y musulmanes vivieron y murieron a lo largo de la Edad Media y su pasado se encuentra hoy ligado al presente. La lógica expansión de la ciudad hace necesario incluir estos lugares de enterramiento en su planeamiento urbanístico para su correcta protección. Palabras clave: Cementerios judíos, gestion, arqueología, planificación urbana. Abstract Despite the multiple discussion forums and specialist conferences that have dealt with the problem of the exhumation of Jewish remains, today we are at a standstill, unable to solve a management problem that affects many of the countries around us and that recurs periodically. The case of Toledo serves as a reference to understand the main problems that face the city, traditionally labeled as «the city of three cultures». Christians, Jews and Muslims coe-xisted throughout the Middle Ages and their past is now tied to the present not only in the city remains but also in its main burial sites. The rational expansion of the city requires the inclusion of these burial places in its urban planning to allow for their due protection.

The San Carlos Garden or Jardín de San Carlos (Corunna, Spain) is presided since 1809 by the last resting place of Lieutenant General Sir John Moore. In keeping with Moore’s wishes, after the battle fought on the outskirts of Corunna against the French the body of the fallen general was hastily interred in the city’s outer ramparts, and some months later transferred to a bastion in the old town. The first monuments and tomb built to pay homage to Moore paved the way for the idea of changing the appearance of the military enclave, remodelled in 1839 as botanical garden. Since then, the burial site and the gardens have worked together to heighten the Romantic ambience of this melancholy spot, a rare example of a unique burial site converted into a public garden -listed as historic garden in 1944- just in the heart of an old town.

This research discusses the Mamluks desert cemeteries that present a unique typology of architecture. The research is concerned with regenerating the eastern zone of the world heritage listed site (WHL) of Historic Cairo, where a comprehensive study will take place that includes all aspects as the; economic, social, psychological conserving heritage, sustaining a humanitarian style of life, and others. The major problem observed is that such special cases of urban areas lack of authorities' attention where a lot of potentials are left unused and the community's initial needs are not yet fulfilled. The research aims to achieve sustainability, creativity, integrity, branding and equality through common conservation methods. The research adopts a methodology that demonstrates an understanding of the special case of the heritage cemeteries located in historic Cairo area called "Mamluks Desert", where contexts will be studied to conclude potentials that would enhance achieving the research's goals and the multi-contextual integrity between all zones of Historic Cairo. After the introduction, an analytical approach shall take place in order to conclude the needed methods to develop such community, conserve heritage and get a well benefit of the embedded values and heritage. Finally, criteria of dealing with such case shall be produced and applied to the case of study.

The use of various techniques as GPR, magnetometers and seismic methods has been effective to identify subsurface material vestiges in order to enhance interpretation and conservation.
Other survey strategies that include the use of VANTs and digital photogrametry are useful to identify and register structures and archaeological sites present on the ground. Both strategies are been used to identify and record old cemeteries from the historic epoch in Yucatan. In this poster we present a survey strategy in order to register, study, and disseminate information regarding colonial, historic, and recent cementeries from the Yucatan peninsula.

6. November 2014, Vortrag auf der Tagung Journeys into the Past: History as a Tourist Attraction in the 19th and 20th Centuries  veranstaltet von  Prof. Dr. Angela Schwarz und  Dr. des. Daniela Fleiß,  Lehrstuhl für Neuere und Neueste Geschichte der Universität Siegen