Heating

This study answers two questions about power sector reform in Moldova. First, did reform affect the poor and the non-poor differently? Second, are household consumption patterns different for private and public distribution networks? The study concludes that reforms have not disproportionately affected the poor. The gap in electricity consumption between poor and non-poor is closing, as a result of improvements in the supply of electricity, particularly in rural areas, and the significant growth in income over the past four years. Moldova's residential electricity consumption remains exceptionally low and is probably highly inelastic, especially for the very poor. This implies that unless they are accompanied by increases in income, future tariff increases could create large potential consumer welfare losses-as well as large revenue gains for the utility. It also implies that there may be room for substantial welfare gains by helping households better manage their electricity ex...

--- --- Description: --- ---
--- Technical field: ---
[0001] The present invention generally relates to heating
devices for space heating in homes and offices, and
particularly an improved radiator operating on the principle
of heat transfer by means of a continuous evaporation
and condensation of a fluid.
--- Prior art: ---
[0002] In the technical field of heating devices, in particular
for civil and domestic uses, there are known devices
which activate a transfer of heat to a surrounding
space by means of a continuous evaporation and condensation
of an internal fluid. These devices are known
in the art under the name of "heat pipes".
[0003] Generally, a heat pipe is formed of a sealed unit
containing a small quantity of a liquid in partial vacuum.
In a heat pipe, heat is absorbed through evaporation of
the liquid and given off through the condensation of the
vapour.
[0004] The application of heat pipes in a heating system
for civil and domestic use is known from document
GB 2 178 156 A. This document discloses a central heating
system comprising a heat source, a forward and return
fluid conduit in which a heat carrier fluid, e.g. water,
is circulated in closed circuit with the heat source and
one or more heatable panels which are arranged in a
vertical plane and are removably supported by the conduits,
wherein a part of the outer surface of each panel
is adapted to be placed in contact with a surface of the
conduit. The heatable panels form a sealed unit enclosing
a small quantity of volatile liquid, preferably in vacuum.
As contact is made between the panel and the conduit
there is a transfer of heat via the metal to metal surface
contact. The liquid contained in the panel absorbs
heat from the heat carrier fluid, is converted into a vapour,
rises to the top of the panel, condenses by giving off heat
to the space to be heated, and finally runs back down to
the bottom of the panel to begin again the evaporation
and condensation cycle. Another heat pipe radiator
known from JP2003130378.
[0005] The advantage of a heating system of this kind
consists in that it is versatile and inexpensive. In fact, the
heating system is adaptable to different heating requirements
because the panels can be placed in the most
convenient arrangement and removed when they are unnecessary
or when they require maintenance. These operations
can be easily and readily carried out also by an
unskilled person, without requiring an operation on the
closed circuit of the heating system.
[0006] However, in a heating system of the kind mentioned
above, there is the problem that the panels forming
the heat pipes lack stability when they are placed in position.
In an effort to solve this problem, the lower part of
the panels which is supported by the conduit is in the
shape of an inverted frustrum in cross section. However,
this solution to this problem has proved to be inadequate
and, moreover, is expensive because it requires a special
conformation of the conduit.
[0007] Accordingly, there is need for an improvement
in the installation of the heat pipes onto a conduit in which
the heat carrier fluid is circulated.

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SUMMARY A batch-compatible, post-fabrication annealing technique based upon filament-like heating of microstructures is demon-strated as an effective means for trimming the reSonance fre-quencies (fa's) and increasing the quality factors (Q's) of surface-micromachined, ...

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Several conditions have been used in the coupling reaction of stepwise SPPS at elevated temperature (SPPS-ET), but we have elected the following as our first choice: 2.5-fold molar excess of 0.04-0.08 M Boc or Fmoc-amino acid derivative, equimolar amount of DIC/HOBt (1:1) or TBTU/DIPEA (1:3), 25% DMSO/toluene, 60 degrees C, conventional heating. In this study, aimed to further examine enantiomerization under such condition and study the applicability of our protocols to microwave-SPPS, peptides containing L-Ser, L-His, L-Cys and/or L-Met were manually synthesized traditionally, at 60 degrees C using conventional heating and at 60 degrees C using microwave heating. Detailed assessment of all crude peptides (in their intact and/or fully hydrolyzed forms) revealed that, except for the microwave-assisted coupling of L-Cys, all other reactions occurred with low levels of amino acid enantiomerization (<2%). Therefore, herein we (i) provide new evidences that our protocols for SPPS at 6...