Sizing

Fast charging is an essential stakeholder concern for achieving a deeper penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs), as optimizing the charging times of conventional vehicles is as yet a bottleneck to be solved. An important drawback of EV’s fast charging lies in the degradation suffered by the Li-ion Batteries (LIBs) at high charging currents. A deep understanding of the how these fast-charging activities affect the LIBs’ degradation is necessary in order to design appropriate fast charging stations and EV powertrains for different scenarios and contexts. In this regard, the present paper analyzes the effect of fast charging on Libs’ degradation under operation profiles from real driving cycles. Specifically, Battery Electric Buses (BEBs) driving profiles from three demos in European Cities (Gothenburg, Osnabrück and Barcelona) have been used in this analysis. In order to deduce the best practices for the design of the charging stations, different sizes for the chargers have been simul...

ABSTRACT Linear programming (LP) is used to calculate the sizes of the components of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) that minimize the present worth of capital and operating costs. The constraints are the energy demand, emissions from the diesel engine, satisfying battery autonomy hours, maintaining system reliability, and keeping a limit on the renewable energy resources. Such formulation uses assumed values for the diesel engine capacity factor, the battery lifetime, the risk factor in the reliability constraint, and the share factor of the renewable resource. When the sizes are obtained from the LP solution, these will be used in a time simulation and the values of these assumptions are reviewed and the LP is solved again in an iterative procedure. Results indicate that after adjusting the assumptions previously set, the cost of the system is further minimized.

Reciprocating piston artificial lift systems are widely adopted especially, for onshore wells. Matching the pump mode to well and reservoir condition reduces the pumping cost and increases the efficiency of production. Parameters influencing the energy requirement of sucker-rod lifted oil wells Reciprocating piston artificial lift systems are widely adopted especially, for onshore wells. Matching the pump mode to well and reservoir condition reduces the pumping cost and increases the efficiency of production. Parameters influencing the energy requirement of sucker-rod lifted oil wells are investigated in this study, and new insights are provided for parametric investigation of design variables required for sizing beam pumped wells. Two (2) artificial lift simulators are integrated for automated sizing of beam pumped systems. A sucker-rod artificial lift system is optimally sized for a case study oil well, to obtain minimum API rating of the pumping unit, sustain the target productio...

The filament yarns have much more smoother surface and stronger as compare to staple yarn. The low twist multi-filament yarns create problems: if a single filament breaks during weaving. It will make fuzz ball, float or skip that will ultimately cause the loom to stop. It order to avoid these kinds of situations, it is necessary to size the yarn.

Cevher ve Kömür Hazırlama Tesislerinde çok sayıda Elek kullanılır. Bu elekler, dairesl titreşimli elek, doğrusal titreşimli elek, susuzlandırma eleği, muz elek, derrick elek'tir. Elek tipi doğru seçilmezse, tesis kapasitesi düşer, üretim kayıpları artar, elde edilen ürünlerin kalitesi düşer.

Bu çalışmada, tekstil işletmeleri için önemli olan ve dokuma randımanını etkileyen haşıl prosesinin geleneksel uygulamaları, haşıl prosesi maliyeti ve haşıllama işlemi sırasında karşılaşılan sorunlar incelenmiştir. Haşıl makinesi temel olarak besleme kısmı, haşıl teknesi, kurutma bölgesi ve dokuma levendine sarım bölümlerinden oluşmaktadır. Geleneksel haşıllama uygulamalarında nişasta, selüloz türevleri gibi doğal kaynaklı ve polivinilalkol ve akrilat vb sentetik kaynaklı haşıl maddeleri kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada haşıllamada meydana gelen haşıl maddeleri hataları, ipliğin sebep olduğu hatalar, haşıllama sırasında meydana gelen hatalar, makine ve donanım hataları incelenerek çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir. Haşıllama, Haşıl Makinesi, Haşıl Maddeleri, Haşıllama Problemleri In this study, sizing process, which is important for textile mills and affect the efficiency of weaving, traditional sizing applications, the costs of sizing process and problems in sizing process were investigated. Sizing machine mainly consists of feeder, sizing pool, dryer and warp beam. In traditional sizing applications, natural sizing materials such as starch, cellulose derivates, and synthetics ones such as polyvinyl alcohol and acrylate are used. The problems due to sizing materials, caused by yarn, occurring in sizing process and also the problems due to machinery and equipment were examined and solution suggestions were proposed in this study.

— This paper aims to design size and implement a Photo Voltaic system (PV system) for powering a living room. The required load to be powered by the PV system is completely determined. A comparison between using normal and power saving loads is carried out. The power saving loads is chosen to reduce the overall cost of the required system. The proposed PV system for powering the predetermined load is introduced. Each part of the system is designed and sized based on the load requirement. Finally, the practical implementation for the overall PV system for powering the required load is done. The implemented system works in an efficient way.

By 1916 over 13 million women or 12.7% of the total U.S. population was considered overweight or
‘‘stout.’’ In the 1920s, the term ‘‘stout.’’ indicated an (often matronly appearance) with generous bust,
back and hip curves that did not fit with fashion s demands of the ideal stylish figure. Research related
to ready-to-wear fashions for plus sized women in the 20th century is almost non-existent. The
purpose of this study was to explore available ready-to-wear fashions for the plus sized woman
during the years 1920-1929. To explore this topic, a historical method approach was utilized using
primary sources that included The New York Times, Vogue, and Good Housekeeping. The results of this
study identified prescriptive and proscriptive advice regarding appropriate clothing styles and
merchandising trends marketed to plus sized women.

The sizing process is an important one for textile mills and affects the efficiency of the loom machine. In this study, the optimisation of multiple performance characteristics based on the grey relations analysis method, which is a new approach for optimisation of the sizing process was researched using the Taguchi L18 (mixed 3-6 level) experimental plan. The process parameters selected: warp yarn count, the viscosity of the sizing solution and the dispatch speed of the warp yarn passing from the sizing machine, were optimised. In the experimental design of Taguchi L18 (mixed 3-6 level), the warp yarn count factor was chosen as 3 levels (12, 10 and 8 tex), the viscosity of the sizing solution factor as 3 levels (14, 20, & 24 Ns/m 2), and the dispatch speed of the warp yarn passing from the sizing machine factor was selected as 6 levels (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, & 90 m/min). Quality characteristics were determined as the warp yarn strength, and the efficiency of the loom machine. A grey relational grade obtained from the grey relational analysis is used to solve the sizing process with multiple performance characteristics. Optimum levels for the sizing process parameters were determined using the grey relation grade.

Proper fitment of aircrew equipment assembly involves analysis of human body characteristics (i.e., size and shape), assessment of human-equipment interfaces, accurate determination of ABSTRACT Introduction: Aircrew equipment assemblies are life critical equipment worn by the aircrew to ensure protection from various life-threatening environmental conditions that may occur in nominal or off-nominal flight conditions. It is important for the sizing system of body worn aircrew equipment to be divided into different size classes such that it is as representative of existing groups in the population as feasible. Machine learning techniques provide a powerful tool to develop efficient sizing systems that are representative of actual body types existing in the population. The objective of the study was to use machine learning clustering techniques to identify naturally existing body types to formulate an optimal sizing system for an aircrew helmet. Material and Methods: The standard sizing schedule of an aircrew helmet using head length and head breadth was studied. An iterative semi-supervised machine learning protocol called K-means clustering was used to identify naturally occurring clusters of head types within the population. The cluster boundaries were identified to develop the final sizing schedule. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc analysis was carried out on the four head lengths and head breadths. Results: Four clusters of head type were identified using K-means clustering. This led to a sizing schedule which can be descriptively called "Short-Narrow, " "Short-Broad, " "Long-Narrow, " "Long-Broad. " ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference between the four clusters for both head length and head breadth. Conclusion: Consideration of several variables in sizing schedules often fails to meet desired fitment. Standard sizing methods use linear partitions on individual control parameters. In reality, the proportional variation between parameters is not linear. Machine learning tools help in identification of naturally occurring clusters within the database considering several variables at the same time. This study uses machine learning techniques to identify existing groups in a population and develop a final sizing schedule. Similar analysis for other aircrew equipment assemblies can be carried out to determine sizing schedules which assist in design and fitment.

In a computer-based design, many thousands of alternative exchanger configurations may be examined. Computer codes for design are organized to vary systematically the exchanger parameters such as, shell diameter, baffle spacing, number of tube-side pass to identify configurations that satisfy the specified heat transfer and pressure drops. A computer-based design model was made for preliminary design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers with single-phase fluid flow both on shell and tube side. The program covers segmentally baffled U-tube, and fixed tube sheet heat exchangers one-pass and two-pass for tube-side flow. The program determines the overall dimensions of the shell, the tube bundle, and optimum heat transfer surface area required to meet the specified heat transfer duty by calculating minimum or allowable shell-side pressure drop.

The aim of this paper study the impact of class-based storage policy based on the optimal configuration of U-flow single command warehouses using a on an ABC product classification. For that purpose, the authors propose a non linear optimization model to minimize the expected travel distance of the warehouse and use analytical methods to solve it. The most important contribution is to provide a mathematical proof that regardless of the storage policy (It does not matter the specifics of the turnover pattern of the products), the optimal warehouse has a width that is the double of its length, and the pick and deposit point should be located in the middle of the width of the warehouse. In addition, authors perform a sensitivity analysis that indicates that the optimal solution is robust, meaning that a certain deviation from the optimum layout does not impose a significant penalty on the expected travel distance of the warehouse.

... generators; - natural gas, often used as fuel in DG stations, is distributed almost everywhere ... market contributes to creating opportunities for new utilities in the power generation sector; - T&D ... requires to distribution system engineers to properly take into account its impact in the ...

This paper presents mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations to obtain optimal sizing for a battery energy storage system (BESS) and solar generation system in an extreme fast charging station (XFCS) to reduce the annualized total cost. The proposed model characterizes a typical year with eight representative scenarios and obtains the optimal energy management for the station and BESS operation to exploit the energy arbitrage for each scenario. Contrasting extant literature, this paper proposes a constant power constant voltage (CPCV) based improved probabilistic approach to model the XFCS charging demand for weekdays and weekends. This paper also accounts for the monthly and annual demand charges based on realistic utility tariffs. Furthermore, BESS life degradation is considered in the model to ensure no replacement is needed during the considered planning horizon. Different from the literature, this paper offers pragmatic MILP formulations to tally BESS charge/discharge cycles using the cumulative charge/discharge energy concept. McCormick relaxations and the Big-M method are utilized to relax the bi-linear terms in the BESS operational constraints. Finally, a robust optimization-based MILP model is proposed and leveraged to account for uncertainties in electricity price, solar generation, and XFCS demand. Case studies were performed to signify the efficacy of the proposed formulations.

In a computer-based design, many thousands of alternative exchanger configurations may be examined. Computer codes for design are organized to vary systematically the exchanger parameters such as, shell diameter, baffle spacing, number of tube-side pass to identify configurations that satisfy the specified heat transfer and pressure drops. A computer-based design model was made for preliminary design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers with single-phase fluid flow both on shell and tube side. The program covers segmentally baffled U-tube, and fixed tube sheet heat exchangers one-pass and two-pass for tube-side flow. The program determines the overall dimensions of the shell, the tube bundle, and optimum heat transfer surface area required to meet the specified heat transfer duty by calculating minimum or allowable shell-side pressure drop.

The design of AFPM machine is optimised by genetic algorithm-based sizing equation and finite element analysis. The design objectives of this machine are maximum power density, maximum Efficiency, minimising cost, size and volume. In my research work clear design methodology based on GA and FEA is developed for the double-sided coreless AFPMG. The GA is used as an optimisation tool to minimise the machine size considering practical limitations and various parameters such as winding turns, winding coefficient, electrical loading, air-gap length, diameter ratio and air-gap flux density. In order to verify the design, 1 kW, three-phase, 50 Hz, 20 pole synchronous machine is simulated in Ansys software. It is evident from the simulation results that the optimised machine exhibits high-power density, maximum Efficiency, minimising cost, size and volume

This paper presents a methodology for optimal Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) sizing in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The method is based on an established mathematical relationship between generated energy, demand and storage, allowing one to determine energy deficit and supply interruption periods. Autoregressive and time series models were used to generate daily synthetic series data from a set of hourly estimated global irradiance for the city of Petrolina in Brazil. The proposed method facilitates the assessment of the performance of several possible BESS, indicate the risk of energy deficit and the possible frequency of energy interruption.

In this paper, a combined simulation and Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization model is developed to solve the Lot Sizing Problem (LSP) in a Make to Order (MTO) supply chain. The simulation model is performed using ARENA software. GA model is implemented using Visual Basic for Application (VBA) language, because it ensures exchanges between ARENA software and Ms Excel. The GA and simulation models operate in parallel over time with interactions. The case study's objective is to determine a fixed optimal lot size for each manufactured product type that will ensure order mean flow time target for each finished product. The comparative results with OptQuest software, which is used a global search method, to illustrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

The use of photovoltaic (PV) system simulation software is very important to know the amount of electrical energy produced by the photoelectric system. In this paper we use the Pvsyst software for sizing and simulation of a stand-alone solar photovoltaic system. In this study we use the PVsys program for the design and evaluation of a stand-alone photovoltaic system in southwest Algeria. The design depends on the meteorological data and geographical location of the Adrar site (Latitude 27.52°N, Longitude 0.17°E, Altitude 279 and Albédo 0.20). According to the results of the simulation our system generates an energy of 1454 KWh / year, the use of solar energy to generate electricity reduces carbon dioxide emissions, which is beneficial to the environment.

The axial flux machines (AFMs) which got discovered long back in 1821 were shelved out due to their manufacturing complexities. These machines are now reconsidered as novel topologies as their topology is well suitable for fulfilling the present day technical and societal needs. An attempt has been made in this paper to assess the different structures of Axial Flux Machines and to identify the feasible applications. The advantages of AFMs have been highlighted in wind energy conversion systems and electrical vehicle applications. An exhaustive comparison has been carried out in this work between the conventional radial flux and axial flux machines through their sizing equations.