Habit

The neurochemical organization of the posterior caudate nucleus (CN) (body, gyrus and tail) and putamen (Put) was analyzed in the human brain using adjacent sections stained for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), enkephalin (ENK), parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Striosomes were visualized in all striatal regions but the anterior two thirds of the CN tail. They were highly immunoreactive (-ir) for ENK and LAMP, devoid of PV and AChE staining, and surrounded by a ring of tissue with pale TH- and CB-ir neuropil. In the Put, other rings of tissue completely free of ENK labeling surrounded certain striosomes (clear septa). In the CN body, gyrus and tail some markers revealed gradients and heterogeneities along the dorsoventral and mediolateral axes. A rim of striatal tissue densely stained for ENK and LAMP and poorly labeled for PV was noticeable along the lateral edge of the Put and the dorsolateral sector of the CN body. Our results illustrate a chemical architecture in the posterior striatum that is heterogeneous and slightly different from that found in the more anterior striatum.

This paper reorients the conceptual architecture of marketing theory. It is proposed that marketing is the dynamic force that economists and sociologists seek to explain the centrality of habit in everyday life. Questioning the arguments proffered by these twin disciplines, we submit that these processes of habit formation are not ‘undesigned’ or ‘hidden’, but perfectly visible and articulated by theorists and practitioners alike. These debates are complex. We outline their ‘strategic logic’, tracking the constitutive function of the discourse of habit. We unravel the theorised processes of habit formation as these are emplaced at the subconscious level and conceptualised via the ‘subconscious self’. Theoretically, we account for these power relations by uniting the concepts of biopolitics and anatomo-politics in terms of ‘bio-anatomopolitics’. Marketing, therefore, must be considered a disciplinary vehicle oriented toward habit creation and the destabilisation of inertia.

Habit has been an undervalued concept in the behavioral sciences during the past few decades. One reason may be that habit has been equated with behavioral frequency. This leaves out an important characteristic of habits, i.e., the fact that repeated behavior may acquire a degree of automaticity. The present study aimed to demonstrate that exercising habit can be reliably measured, can empirically be distinguished from past frequency of exercising, and can thus be adopted as a meaningful criterion.A longitudinal study was conducted with two measurements one month apart among 111 students. Intentions to exercise, perceived behavioral control of exercising, past exercising frequency, and exercising habit were assessed at both measurements through an internet-based questionnaire. Exercising habit was assessed by the Self-Report Habit Index [Verplanken & Orbell (2003). Reflections on past behaviour: A self-report index of habit strength. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1313–1330]), which breaks down the habit concept in the subjective experience of repetition and automaticity.The results showed that exercising habit can be reliably measured, is stable over time, and can be distinguished from mere exercising frequency.In addition to frequency of behavior, measuring habit provides information about the way behavior is executed. An important element of exercising behavior is the decision to go exercise. It is argued that the habit concept is therefore particularly relevant for the initiation of and adherence to exercising. Implications of distinguishing behavioral frequency and habit for interventions are discussed.

Using a weekly outdoor marketplace in Varberg, Sweden, as a real-world example, this article explores the phenomenological notion of place ballet--the interaction of individuals' habitual actions and routines in space, which becomes place. Varberg is a coastal town of about 20,000 located about fifty miles south of Gothenburg.  Varberg's outdoor maket has stood in the same place in the center of town for some 400 years and operates throughout the year on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Drawing on photographic, interview, and participant-observational materials, the authors identify two underlying patterns in Varberg's place ballet--regularity and unexpectedness.

This study examines the correlation between peer influence and sexual behaviour of secondary school students using Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State as case study. A sample of 100 adolescents drawn from JSS 3 – SS 3 classes of four mixed public secondary schools was used. Four research hypotheses were formulated. The findings show that there is correlation between peer group influence and permissive attitude toward sexual practices among secondary schools students. There was no difference in terms of age and sex. Boys tend to be more sexual active than girls, while involvement in sexual activity increased with age. The study established that peers exert great influence on the adolescent through various means.  These include exposure to pornographic films, pornographic magazines, romantic novels, and discussion of sexual issues. The study also discusses the dangers of this situation for the adolescents. The study recommends that relevant sexuality and reproductive health information should be provided to adolescents through joint effort by parents, counselors and educators so as to enlighten them on the dangers of pre-marital sex.

This paper describes an unlikely point of convergence, a non/ cognate relationship so to speak, between post-structural historiography and pragmatist social theory, more specifically, between the conceptual development from archaeology to genealogy in Michel Foucault’s methodological thought and John Dewey’s project of moral meliorism. It sketches Foucault’s quest for a concept with which to make his histories relevant for the present and compares it to Dewey’s analysis of the conditions of possibility for (social) knowledge in general.

Saving is an essential instrument for capital accumulation and formation which further enhance economic growth and development through investing the saved fund. This study examined the effects of saving and saving habits of individuals on entrepreneurship development in Jalingo metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to: examine saving and saving habits of the respondents, assess the effects of saving and saving habit on entrepreneurship development, assess the effects of perceived financial wellbeing on entrepreneurship development. Multi-stage sampling technique was used. Wards were randomly selected from the existing ten wards in Jalingo metropolis.50% of the residential areas in each ward were systematically selected. Then 0.718% of the population in each of the selected residential areas were drawn. There were total of 130 respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaire on five point Likert scale. The data for the study were analyzed ...

This paper reviews two of the major features of the nigrostriatal pathway, its axonal collateralization, and compartmental specificity, as revealed by single-axon labeling experiments in rodents and immunocytological analysis of human postmortem tissue. The dorsal and ventral tiers of the substantia nigra pars compacta harbor various types of neurons the axons of which branch not only within the striatum but also in other major components of the basal ganglia. Furthermore, some nigrostriatal axons send collaterals both to thalamus and to brainstem pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. In humans, the compartmental specificity of the nigrostriatal pathway is revealed by the fact that the matrix compartment is densely innervated by dopaminergic fibers, whereas the striosomes display different densities of dopaminergic terminals depending on their location within the striatum. The nigral neurons most severely affected in Parkinson's disease are the ventral tier cells that project to the matrix and form deep clusters in the substantia nigra pars reticulata.

• El hábito de la proactividad nos da la libertad para poder es coger nuestra respuesta a los estímulos del medio ambiente. Nos faculta para responder (responsabilidad) de acuerdo con nuestros principios y valores. Ésta es la cualidad esencial que nos distingue de los demás miembros del reino animal. En esencia, es lo que nos hace humanos y nos permite afirmar que somos los arquitectos de nuestro propio destino.

The recognition that most of today’s invalid psychiatric diagnoses could be attributed to a false psychiatric paradigm led the author to write The Four Domains of Mental Illness: An Alternative to the DSM–5 (FDMI). The FDMI is a third-force effort aimed at steering attention away from the medical model of mental illness and toward the all-but-forgotten psychobiology of Adolf Meyer. Meyer saw psychic pathology as originating in a misuse of freedom that leads to maladaptive choices made in the face of difficult life situations, entailing alterations in both mind and brain. Meyer’s ideas, once dominant in American psychiatry, lost sway for a variety of reasons, not the least of which was his failure to systematically spell out his implicit understanding of what it means to be a human being—an endeavor undertaken by philosophers and psychologists, under the rubric of philosophical anthropology. It gradually became evident that a good deal of what was lacking in Meyer’s psychobiology had already been cultivated by thinkers and clinicians from the existential tradition, including Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Ronald Laing. The synergy that comes with consolidating these two seemingly disparate approaches to understanding psychic pathology provided the philosophical anthropology and the analytic power that made possible the diagnostic scheme set out in the FDMI. A further elaboration of the nature and significance of this synergy is the raison d’être for the article that follows. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

© 2021 American Psychological Asso

Samuel Butler (1835 – 1902) was probably the most original contributor to the debate on habit in Britain in the second part of the nineteenth century. He intended habit as the channel through which unconscious memory can be passed down from one generation to the next, preserved in the experience of the species and its determination to evolve into more complex forms. Butler thus used this notion of habit to challenge the Darwinian theory of evolution. Samuel Butler's theories have been disregarded among professional philosophers; nonetheless, several leading twentieth century thinkers, such as Gregory Bateson and Gilles Deleuze, have repeatedly extolled the visionary power of Butler's ideas and admitted their debts towards them. Moreover, Butler's theories of habit were influential among several modernist writers, such as H. G. Wells, Virginia Woolf, Valery Larbaud, and E. M. Forster, and they contributed both to these authors' understanding of the crisis of modern subjectivity and to their attention to the representation of habitual behavior and the everyday. In this paper I intend to show how Butler's theory of habit, –  in particular as it is presented in his seminal work Life and Habit –, once disentangled from the anti-Darwinian debates on the theory of evolution from which it first emerged, can offer a considerable contribution to the contemporary philosophical debate and allow a better understanding of the history of the idea of habit at the turn of the century.

Aim  To investigate alien plant species invasion levels in different habitats and alien species traits by comparing the naturalized flora in different areas of the same biogeographical region.Location  Spain, Italy, Greece and Cyprus.Methods  Comparison of floristic composition, species traits and recipient habitats of naturalized alien neophytes across an east–west gradient comprising four countries in the European Mediterranean basin.Results  A total of 782 naturalized neophytes were recorded; only 30 species were present in all four countries. Although floristic similarity is low, the four alien floras share the same patterns of growth form (mostly herbs), life cycle (mostly perennials) and life form (mostly therophytes, hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes). The majority of the recipient habitats were artificial. Wetlands were the natural habitats, with the highest numbers of naturalized species. Floristic similarity analyses revealed: (1) the highest floristic similarity between Italy and Spain, both of which were more similar to Greece than to Cyprus; (2) two groups of floristic similarity between habitat categories in each country (Greece–Cyprus and Italy–Spain); (3) a higher degree of homogenization in the plant assemblages in different habitats in Greece and Cyprus and a lower degree of homogenization in those in Italy and Spain; and (4) a higher degree of homogenization in artificial and natural fresh-water habitats than in the other natural habitats.Main conclusions  The floristic similarity of naturalized neophytes between the four countries is low, although the overall analysis indicates that the western group (Italy–Spain) is separated from the eastern group (Greece–Cyprus). Similar patterns emerged regarding the life-history traits and recipient habitats. The artificial habitats and the natural wet habitats are those that are invaded most and display the greatest homogenization in all four countries. Coastal habitats display a lower degree of homogenization but a high frequency of aliens. Dry shrubs and rocky habitats display a lower degree of homogenization and a low frequency of aliens.

"الأصل التاريخي للرداء الأحمر بالمهدية "


صدرت  في  المجلة المغاربية للدراسات التاريخية باللغة الفرنسية  مرفوقة مع ملخص بالعربية في صفحتين.  أفريل
2021.
عدد 182.
23 صفحة

Revue d'histoire maghrébine.  Numéro 182 (Avril 2021) - 23 pages

صدر لدى منشورات المؤسسة العدد 182 من المجلة التاريخية المغاربية
كشاف الموضوعات :
2  القسم الفرنسي والأنقليزي والأسباني :
البحوث :
د.  بن ابراهم، هيثم ود. الفقيه أحمد، سامي.  الأصل التاريخي للرداء الأحمر بالمهدية. ص 175 ـــ 196

تطلب المجلة من العنوان التالي :
مؤسسة التميمي للبحث العلمي والمعلومات الكائن بـ :
عمارة الامتياز ألمنطقة العمرانية الشماليةء الشرقية 1/ تونس 1003
الهاتف من تونس : 444 231 71
من الخارج : 444 231 71 00216
الفاكس من تونس : 77 66 23 71 من الخارج : 77 66 23 71 00216

البريد الإلكتروني 
Email : fondationtemimi@yahoo.fr ; fondationtemimi@gnet.tn /

The question of freedom is recurrent in the theory of habitus. In this paper I propose that the notion of freedom is an essential and necessary component for the coherence of the analyses which mobilize habitus both in terms of their theoretical articulation and in terms of their grounding in empirical reality. This argument can seem surprising considering that the theory of habitus has often been accused of being deterministic. Yet I show that, from an epistemological point of view, habitus theory is not deterministic. Bourdieu’s treatment of this concept implies at least three principles that exclude determinism: (1) the production of an infinite number of behaviors from a limited number of principles, (2) permanent mutation, and (3) the intensive and extensive limits of sociological understanding. After identifying and describing these principles, I show the reason for their incompatibility with a deterministic perspective and consider their implications for the corresponding model of action. I illustrate this analysis by a discussion of Loïc Wacquant’s carnal sociology of the pugilistic universe which reveals why it is essential to understand and explain the relation between habitus and freedom.

"This anthropological study describes a specific form of mediation, as it is practiced in Ethiopia (Northeast Africa) by members of the Oromo and Amhara ethnic groups. It introduces elders as male household-heads in their advanced ages, who settle conflicts and arrange marriages for the members of the junior generations. There are not only 'easy' cases dealt with, which one might assume to be too 'unimportant' for state courts or other juridical institutions but also aggravated cases that may affect the wider group or that have inter-ethnic dimensions. The study uses specific case studies of marriage, bride abduction, physical injury and homicide for illustration. Within the book, reference is made to speech-act-theory and the 'new ethnographic' approach related to it. Both rhetoric strategies and non-verbal means of communication are discussed, such as postures, gestures, spatial arrangements, numerical symbolisms, or the deliberate use of certain kinds of dress and of material objects. Special attention is paid to the use of ritual in mediation procedures. The book brings to light significant regularities that are inherent to the different types of elders' proceedings. Peculiar elements and phases can be distinguished that re-occur in all types of processes analysed in the study. This cannot exclusively be explained by reference to 'process', as a general idea of people negotiating law. It moreover hints to the existence of a formal 'procedure', which follows its own rules. Accordingly, a change of perspective 'from process to procedure' is suggested in the book's programmatic title.

http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title_2776.ahtml

Book Order US:
http://www.amazon.com/From-Process-Procedure-Aethiopistische-Forschungen/dp/3447066113/

Book Order Germany:
http://www.amazon.de/Process-Procedure-Mediation-Formality-Ethiopia/dp/3447066113/
http://www.buchhandel.de/detailansicht.aspx?isbn=9783447066112"

The present study examined if habit strength moderated the influence of intention on fruit consumption in a Dutch adult sample (N= 521, 46.3% males, mean age= 34.50, SD= 10.87), using the theoretical relations of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). TPB variables and habit strength were assessed at baseline. Fruit consumption was assessed with a validated questionnaire five weeks later. Three groups were created: low habit strength (n= 180), medium habit strength (n= 185) and high habit strength (n= 156). Confirmatory factor ...

A meta-analysis based on 575 participants in 18 studies found Habit Reversal Therapy (HRT) to be an efficacious intervention for a wide variety of maladaptive repetitive behaviors, including stuttering, tics, nail biting, temporomandibular disorder, thumb sucking, and mixed repetitive oral-digital habits. Compared to control conditions, HRT showed a large effect size pre-treatment to final post-treatment assessment, d=0.80. Moderator analyses revealed significant treatment effects for HRT for most moderator levels, indicating that HRT is efficacious in a number of variations for a variety of types of maladaptive behaviors, across a wide range of sample characteristics. The findings provide substantial support for the efficacy of HRT for disorders it is commonly used to treat. The findings are consistent with recent arguments for the classification of HRT as a well-established treatment for tic and habit disorders.