Goat

Syrian (Damascus) goat breed was characterized using biochemical (SDS-PAGE and Native-PAGE)
and molecular genetic (RAPD-PCR) techniques. This breed was classified into prolific and non-prolific groups
according to litter size trait. Ten does from each group were blood sampled. The similarity averages within each
of prolific and non-prolific Damascus goat groups, based on SDS-protein profiles, were 0.94 and 0.98,
respectively. This indicates a high homogeneity value within each one. While native-protein analysis showed a
lower homogeneity value within each one of prolific and non-prolific Damascus goat groups. These were 71
and 66 %, respectively. RAPD analysis, using 10 random primers, showed high similarity average values of
each group for all used primers. These were 0.83 and 0.84 for prolific and non-prolific Damascus goat groups,
respectively. This indicates the presence of low genetic variations within this breed.

The experiment was conducted in Taggar goats to evaluate the  effect of two different levels of protein and energy in ration on some  reproductive and productive traits. Sixty two (62) kids of Taggar goats  were    used  in  this  experiment.    Animals    were  allocated  to  three  feeding  regimes  in  a  complete  randomizes  design  according to live body weight. The results indicated that supplemented does secured higher  litter  size  1.50  and  1.33  compared  with  control  group  1.2. Where      kidding    rate    was  high    in  supplemented        grou ps  100% compared with control group 93.8%.Body weight was heavier at time  of  kidding  and  time  at  weaning  for  supplemented  does  compared  with    control  does.  These    results  indicated    that  supplementation  reduced  body  weight  losses  through  lactation  period.  The    kidding  interval    for  the  supplemented      does  was  shorter  247.81±8.38    and  242.60±7.88 days for does in groups B and C respectively compared  with    does  in  control  group  288.94±6.84      days.  Similar  the  service  period    had  been  reduced    in  supplemented      does  compared    with  control does, the respective values were 74.32±4.96, 83.46±4.67 and  93.08±4.22  days  for  groups  B,  C  and  A  espectively.  The  results  of  milk    analysis  indicated  that  supplemented      does  produced    higher  protein, lactose and total solid content whereby the fat content was higher in control does. The supplementation which given to does had reduced  the  number  of  aborted  and  abortion  and  mortality  rates compared        with    the  unsupplemented  does.    In conclusion      the investigated      environmental      factors    showed    an    impact  on    both  reproductive  and  productive    traits  of  the  Taggar    goats  under  the  rangeland farming system.
Keywords:
Taggar, Goat, Production, Reproduction,  Concentrate  ration,        Dry land, Sudan.

This study evaluated the effects of oocyte source on in vitro maturation (IVM) and embryo developmental competence in goats by the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technique. Oocytes were obtained either by laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) or by slicing of abattoir ovaries. The donor does used for LOPU were superstimulated and their estrus was synchronized. Recovered oocytes from both sources were cultured in microdrops of IVM medium in the presence of CO(2) (5%) at 38.5 degrees C in a CO(2) incubator for 27 h. The ICSI was performed with immobilized sperm on the lid of a culture dish (35 mm) under an Olympus inverted microscope fitted with Narishige micromanipulators. Injected oocytes were cultured for < 192 h in mSOF medium in the CO(2) incubator. Although oocyte recovery per doe was higher (P < 0.05) in abattoir (27.3 +/- 3.0) than LOPU (17.6 +/- 2.5) source, better quality oocytes were obtained from LOPU. Oocyte maturation rate was higher (P < 0.01) in LOPU (73.8 +/- 3.0%) than abattoir-derived (54.0 +/- 0.7%) oocytes. Fertilization and cleavage rates (60.9 +/- 2.1% and 83.1 +/- 2.6%, respectively) were also higher (P < 0.05) with LOPU than abattoir-derived (50.6 +/- 2.3% and 69.3 +/- 4.5%) oocytes. A higher (P < 0.05) proportion of LOPU-derived embryos (20.0 +/- 1.2%) progressed to the morula stage than abattoir (11.3 +/- 4.7%) source. In conclusion, better maturation, fertilization, and embryo development rates were obtained with LOPU-derived oocytes than with the abattoir source.

This research was carried out to investigate the correlations of milk biochemical parameters such as fat, total nitrogen and protein of machine milked goats and to show these biochemical parameters in early lactation period. In the 7 th and 14 th days, the 40 goat milk samples for each period were collected and examined from TURER Company. The milk component levels in this study were consistent with normal values for goats. There was positive correlation between protein and total fat (r=0.65; p<0.01) and between protein and total nitrogen (r=0.52; p<0.01). According to results of this study, researchers and producers who studied with dairy goats should observe clearer relationships among milk parameters such as protein, total nitrogen and total fat for scientific and economic merits.

Helminth parasites of digestive system of goats in Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra were studied during the period January 2009 to December 2009. For these 400 faecal samples of goats from different villages were collected. Out of 400 samples 251 were positive (62.75%). In rainy season, out of 150 faecal samples examined 116 were positive (77.33%), while in winter out of 120 samples examined 73 were positive (60.83%) and in summer out of 130 samples examined 67 were positive (51.53%)

Data on the ultrastructure of sperm subjected to freezing and acrosome reaction treatment are lacking. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of sperm freezing and acrosome reaction on the ultrastructure of the goat sperm. The sperm were subjected to slow freezing method using programmable freezer at 4°C for 3.5 hours and acrosome reaction treatment prior to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) procedures. The results showed that the plasma and acrosomal membranes of the frozen-thawed sperm were expanded and the mitochondria became irregular in shape. On the otherhand, acrosome-reacted sperm showed ruptured plasma and acrosomal membrane and dispersion of the acrosome matrix. Frozen-thawed sperm also showed the dispersion of the acrosomal matrix within the plasma membrane. The nine outer-dense fibres of frozen-thawed and acrosome-reacted sperms were irregular in shape. No noticeable difference in the axoneme complex arrangement was observed in both samples. It can be concluded from our findings that the noticeable difference of the membranes and the mitochondria may cause the decrease in the sperm motility and subsequently a decrease in the rate of in vitro fertilization.

Butchery marks have not been considered very much in Cypriot zooarchaeology. This study aims to contribute towards filling this gap through a study of butchery marks on six Pre-Pottery Neolithic sheep and goat (caprine) assemblages in Cyprus. Taking into account the preservation condition of each assemblage, the analyses of the frequency and types of butchery marks, indicated some interesting trends. Most of these corroborate other lines of archaeological evidence indicating diversity in economic and social practices, which appear to vary both chronologically and geographically. Increased occurrence of butchery marks and differentiation in their types are compatible with a scenario of economic intensification in the 7th millennium cal. BC, at least at some sites. Moreover, the detection of butchery marks on caprine carcasses deposited in the vicinity of human remains in well 133 at Mylouthkia supports the interpretation of a deliberate deposition as part of Pre-Pottery Neolithic fun...

The study was undertaken 20 female Osmanabadi Goat to investigate the blood biochemical parameters. The goats were equally divided into two groups of 10 goats in each i.e extensive management system (group I) and semi-intensive management system (group II). Blood samples were collected at monthly interval for one year covering all three seasons. The results revealed that there was a significant influence of management on values of serum total protein, globulin, Albumin: Globulin ratio and BUN whereas the variation in albumin and glucose values was found to be non-significant in Osmanabadi goats reared under different management systems. The mean values of serum total protein, globulin and Albumin: Globulin ratio was found to be significantly higher (P< 0.01) for the extensive management system. However, the mean values of BUN were significantly higher (P< 0.05) and the values of glucose, albumin were found non-significantly (P< 0.05) higher for the semi-intensive management system. The mean values of glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, BUN and Albumin: Globulin ratio was found to be at 54.78±0.46 and 55.88±0.44, 6.93±0.04 and 6.78±0.03, 3.36±0.03 and 3.40±0.04, 3.57±0.05 and 3.38±0.04, 14.07±0.24 and 14.77±0.24 and 0.97±0.02 and 1.04±0.02 for the extensive management system and semi-intensive management system, respectively. The results of the study could be able to manifest the influence of management system on the biochemical profile of Osmanabadi goats.

This study aims to show the distribution and the three-dimensional structure of the lingual papillae in the arctic fox. The macro- and microscopic structure of the tongue and its lingual papillae was studied in 11 adult arctic foxes. Two types of mechanical papillae were distinguished on the dorsal surface of the tongue – filiform papillae and conical papillae. The gustatory papillae in the arctic fox are represented by fungiform, vallate and foliate papillae. The keratinized filiform papillae on the anterior part of tongue are composed of one big posterior process accompanied by 10–12 secondary anterior processes. The number of anterior processes of filiform papillae undergo a complete reduction within the area between the posterior part of the body of the tongue and area of the vallate papillae. The conical papillae cover the whole dorsal surface of the root of the tongue, including the lateral parts surrounding the area of the vallate papillae and the posterior part of the root. The size of the conical papillae increases towards the root of the tongue but their density decreases. In the arctic fox, there are three pairs of vallate papillae distributed on the plan of a triangle. The diameter of vallate papillae in each successive pair is bigger. The wall surrounding the body of the vallate papilla and its gustatory trench is composed of six to eight conical papillae joined at various degree. The foliate papillae on both margins of the tongue consist of seven to nine laminae.

The study was conducted in five talukas of Navsari district of Gujarat to know the prevalent feeding and breeding management practices in goat rearing. Data were collected from 25 randomly selected villages of five talukas and total 250 goat owners were interviewed with specially developed interview schedule. From the study it was found that majority (52.8%) of the goat owners reared goats in extensive system and feeding of green fodder in the form of tree lopping to the goats during grazing is practiced by 96 % goat keepers. Majority of the respondents were not feeding concentrate to lactating and pregnant does, but about 85 % of the respondents feeding concentrate to breeding buck and growing male kids. Some of the respondents followed special feeding after kidding and feeding of mineral mixture to their animals. Majority of the respondents followed feeding of colostrum to new born kids but only 30 % of the respondents feed colostrums before expulsion of placenta. All of the respo...

Season is the main environmental factor controlling the annual breeding time in the subtropical animals. Some local breeds from subtropical latitudes, the season controls the annual reproductive rhythm as in breeds from temperate latitudes. Globally, climatic change has several effects on animal production. Many scientific studies suggest that the seasonal cycle of reproductive activity in both males and female is driven by an endogenous annual rhythm being synchronized by photoperiod which is directly affected by climate changes. In this respect, we described, in a general way, the climate changes between1975-2005 and how these changes affect animal reproduction cycle in terms of oestrus incidence under Mediterranean climate conditions of Turkey.

... BG - Bergamo, BS - Brescia, CR - Cremona, LO - Lodi, MI - Milano, MN - Mantova, PV - Pavia, SO - Sondrio, VA - Varese, CI - Confidence Interval ... The main races were Holstein and Brown Swiss (77 % and 8 %, respectively); the remaining animals belonged to other minor races ...

A total of 32 weaned (90 days) males (16) and females (16) native kids were randomly allocated into two equal groups to be fed either concentrate or to be raised on pasture, and then slaughtered at 20 or 30 kg live body weight. Animals were slaughtered when each kid reached its target body weight. After chilling at 4 C for 24h, the carcass was split along the vertebral column in to two halves. The muscular tissue of the left half- carcass was separated into nine groups. Carcass fat and bones was also, separated and weighed. Lean, fat, bone, lean: fat and lean: bone ratio averaged 64.08 ± 0.62%, 13.31±0.94%, 22.59±0.45%, 6.02 ± 0.58 and 2.98±0.09 respectively. Male kids had significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher lean, lean: fat ratio and MG3 and MG4 than females. Kids raised on pasture had significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher proportion of lean, bone and lean: fat ratio and lower proportion of MG3 than kids fed concentrate. Also, kids slaughtered at 30kg yielded significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower...

This study aims to show the distribution and the three-dimensional structure of the lingual papillae in the arctic fox. The macro- and microscopic structure of the tongue and its lingual papillae was studied in 11 adult arctic foxes. Two types of mechanical papillae were distinguished on the dorsal surface of the tongue – filiform papillae and conical papillae. The gustatory papillae in the arctic fox are represented by fungiform, vallate and foliate papillae. The keratinized filiform papillae on the anterior part of tongue are composed of one big posterior process accompanied by 10–12 secondary anterior processes. The number of anterior processes of filiform papillae undergo a complete reduction within the area between the posterior part of the body of the tongue and area of the vallate papillae. The conical papillae cover the whole dorsal surface of the root of the tongue, including the lateral parts surrounding the area of the vallate papillae and the posterior part of the root. The size of the conical papillae increases towards the root of the tongue but their density decreases. In the arctic fox, there are three pairs of vallate papillae distributed on the plan of a triangle. The diameter of vallate papillae in each successive pair is bigger. The wall surrounding the body of the vallate papilla and its gustatory trench is composed of six to eight conical papillae joined at various degree. The foliate papillae on both margins of the tongue consist of seven to nine laminae.

The necessity in detecting pregnancy particularly estimating the gestation period in. goat is undeniable. This objectives of this study were to observe images of fetus and fetal-related images in goats throughout pregnancy period, to test the reliability of fetal counting using Real-time B mode ultrasound, to measure and then to compare the development of fetal heart size in both single and twin pregnancies, to compare the changes in heart echogenicity in both single and twin pregnancies in does and to estimate the accuracy of pregnancy detection as well as age related pregnancy structures using ultrasonography. Structures were detected during gestation period including sac, fetus, fetal heart, amniotic fluid, uterine wall, ribs, spinal cord, fetal organ and placentomes. Changes in fetal heart echogenicity and area throughout both single and twin pregnancy were determined and evaluated using ultrasound scanning. Equations to estimate age of gestation were derived from polynomial and linear regression between gestational age and heart area in does for single and twin pregnancies. Blind test was conducted on polynomial and linear relationships between heart area size and gestational age. For polynomial relationship, 65, 69 and 92% of pregnant does delivered within +/- 1, +/- 2 and +/- 3 weeks of the delivery dates, respectively. Meanwhile, linear relationship gave 62, 69 and 77%, respectively. In conclusion, sonographic fetometry of fetal heart size is reliable to estimate the age of gestation in goat.