Gfr

Because of their wide range of actions on glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are promising targets for the development of new drugs for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as diabetes, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. In clinical practice, PPARα agonists, such as the already available fibrates, improve dyslipidemia, while PPARγ agonists, such as thiazolidinediones, improve

For the first time, a simple, selective and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection was developed and validated to quantify simultaneously three structurally related antiepileptic drugs; carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and the recently launched eslicarbazepine acetate and their main metabolites, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, 10,11-trans-dihydroxy-10,11-dihydro-carbamazepine, and licarbazepine. The method involves a solid-phase extraction and a reverse-phase C18 column with 5 cm length. The mobile phase consisting of water, methanol, and acetonitrile in the ratio 64:30:6 was selected as the best one and pumped at 1 mL/min at 40 °C. The use of this recent column and an aqueous mobile phase instead of buffers gives several advantages over the method herein developed; namely the fact that the chromatographic analysis takes only 9 min. The method was validated according to the guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration, showing to be accurate (bias within ±12%), precise (coefficient variation <9%), selective and linear (r 2 > 0.997) over the concentration range of 0.05–30 μg/mL for carbamazepine; 0.05–20 μg/mL for oxcarbazepine; 0.15–4 μg/mL for eslicarbazepine acetate; 0.1–30 μg/mL for carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide; 0.1–10 μg/mL for 10,11-trans-dihydroxy-10,11-dihydro-carbamazepine, and 0.1–60 μg/mL for licarbazepine. It was also shown that this method can adequately be used for the therapeutic drug monitoring of the considered antiepileptic drugs, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, eslicarazepine acetate, and their metabolites.

A simple, rapid, sensitive and specific reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method involving ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was developed for analysis of didanosine in drug substance and formulated products, tablets. Chromatography was carried out on a pre-packed, Lichrospher 100 Rp-8 (5.0 μm, 250 mm × 4.0 mm) column using 0.01 M sodium acetate solution:methanol (85:15, v/v) adjusted to pH 6.5 with acetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and a 248 nm detection. Hypoxantine was confirmed as the main degradation product. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 50–150 μg/ml (R ≈ 0.999). The method was validated for accuracy and precision.

A simple, sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection was developed and validated for determination of insulin in rat plasma, using methyl paraben as an internal standard. Insulin was extracted from plasma by a liquid–liquid extraction with a mixture of dichloromethane and n-hexane (1:1, v/v) followed by an acidic back extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved isocratically with a Phenomenex® C18 analytical column (150 × 4.6 mm ID, 5 μm) at ambient room temperature. The calibration curves were linear within a concentration range of 0.7–8.4 μg mL−1 (r 2 = 0.9994). The inter-day and intra-day accuracy and precision were ≤3.33 and ≤5.55%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.35 and 0.7 μg mL−1. The average recovery was 87.86% for insulin and 83.52% for methyl paraben. Insulin containing plasma samples were stable at −20 °C for 7 days. Validated HPLC method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of insulin in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Abstract Several Ka-band satellite systems have been proposed that will use ATM technology to seamlessly transport Internet traffic. The ATM UBR, GFR, and ABR service categories have been designed for data. However, several studies have reported poor TCP performance over satellite ATM networks. We describe techniques to improve TCP performance over satellite ATM networks. We first discuss the various design options available for TCP end systems, IP-ATM edge devices, as well as ATM switches for long- ...

Recent enhancements have been proposed to the ATM Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) service that guarantee a minimum rate at the frame level to the UBR VCs. These enhancements have been called Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR). In this paper, we discuss the motivation, design and implementation issues for GFR. We present the design of buffer management and policing mechanisms to implement GFR. We study the effects of policing, per-VC buffer allocation, and per-VC queuing on providing GFR to TCP/IP traffic. We conclude that per-VC scheduling is necessary to provide minimum rate guarantees to TCP traffic. We examine the role of frame tagging in the presence of scheduling and buffer management for providing minumum rate guarantees. The use of GFR to support the Internet Controlled Load Service is also discussed.

The aim of the study was to assess urinary transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF beta1) level in children and adolescents with congenital solitary kidney (CSK), depending on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and compensatory overgrowth of the kidney. The study group (I) consisted of 65 children and young adults, 0.5–22 years of age (median 10.0 years) with CSK and no other urinary defects. The control group (C) contained 44 healthy children and adolescents, 0.25–21 years old (median 10.3 years). We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the urinary level of TGF beta1, the Jaffe method to assess creatinine concentration, and the Schwartz formula to estimate GFR. Kidney length was measured while the patient was in a supine position, and overgrowth (O%) was calculated with reference to the charts. Urinary TGF beta1 level in CSK patients was more than twice as high as that in controls (P P P P P P