Georgian Culture

ÖZET
Misafirperverlik birçok ulus için karakteristiktir ama Doğuda misafirperverlik özel bir kavramdır. Gürcü misafirperverliği Gürcü kültürüne özgü bir kavramdır. Gürcü insanının açık görevidir. Gürcülerin inançları doğrultusunda misafir kutsaldır ve Tanrı tarafından gönderilmiştir. Bununla birlikte köken, sosyal statü, dini görünümler, etnik grup, yaş ve etnik yaşantı fark etmeksizin tarihten bu yana Gürcülerin konuklarına karşı hep büyük istek göstermişlerdir. Burada (ayrıca altı çizilmesi gereken) belirtilmelidir ki küçük bölgelerde büyük şehirlere nispeten misafirperverlik daha önemlidir. Yani küçük yerleşim yerlerinde misafirlere daha çok önem verilir. Gürcü misafirperverliğiyle alakalı en önemli husus sofra geleneğidir. Misafir için hazırlanan bir sofra ve o sofranın başı veya yöneticisi olarak adlandırılan bir Tamada bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmamızda Gürcüler ve Misafirperverliği, Tamada Kültürü anlatılmaktadır.
ABSTRACT
Hospitality is characteristic for many nations, but hospitality in the East is a special concept. Georgian hospitality is a concept unique to Georgian culture. It is the open duty of the Georgian people. In line with the beliefs of the Georgians, the guests are holy and sent by God. Nevertheless, regardless of origin, social status, religious appearance, ethnic group, age and ethnicity, history has always been a great desire for Georgian guests. It should be noted here (also to be underlined) that relatively large hospitality is more important to large cities in small regions. In other words, more importance is given to guests in small settlements.

ÖZ
İnsanoğlu kendini ifade etmenin çeşitli yollarını araştırmış ve en etkin güç olarak dili keşfetmiştir. Dil, iletişimin en temel unsurudur. Gürcü Dili çok eski zamanlardan bu yana varlığını korumuş ender dillerden biri olmanın yanı sıra dünya üzerinde bulunan 14 alfabeden biridir. Gürcüler için dil, vatan ve din olmazsa olmazdır.  Kapı komşumuz Gürcistan ve Gürcüler bizim için önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Gürcü Dili’nin kısa tarihçesi ve gelişim dönemleri ile birlikte Ana Dil olarak ilan edilmesine değinilmiştir. Dili uğruna mücadele edenlerin kahraman ilan edilmesiyle bir milletin varlığı ve sembolü olan dilin önemi her çağda yer alacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Gürcistan, Gürcü Dili, ana dil, kahraman.

ABSTRACT
Human has explored the various ways of expressing himself and discovered the language as the most effective force. Language is the basic element of communication. The Georgian language has been one of the 14 alphabets in the world, as well as being one of the rare languages to protect its existence since ancient times. Language, homeland and religion are indispensable for Georgians. Georgia and Georgian neighbors are important for us. In this study, it was mentioned that the Georgian language should be declared as the mother tongue with its short history and developmental periods. With the declaration of the heroes of those who struggle for the sake of language, the presence of a nation and the symbol of language will take place in every age.
Key Words: Georgia, Georgian Language, mother tongue, hero.

Ardahan which was named as Artaani according to the ancient sources, had earlier names such as Kacta-Kalaki in the 3rd century BC and Huri in the 11th century AD. Medieval Ardahan located in Tao-Klarjeti region had been under strong influence of Georgian culture. This influence has acted an important role at determining the settlement names in the region. Some names such as Torashev, Tbeti, Koditskaro, Çinçrobi, Ğume, Kundzeti and Sabuğara are Georgian originated former names of the modern settlements. Epigraphical fi nds from the religious structures or graves consist an important group of finds in the name of the medieval archaeology of Ardahan. One of these finds is a Georgian inscription dating to the 10th century, which is detected on the outer façade of the northern wall of the fortress of Ardahan built in the city centre in Turkish-Islamic period. Medieval Ardahan, accommodated numerous significant samples of Georgian religious architecture. Most of the religious structures consisted of chapels with single nave, but there are also larger religious buildings such as Sindiskom (Yalnızçam) Church or the Churches of Dedeşen and Bellitepe. Sindiskom church is located 2.5 km north of Yalnızçam village in the central district of Ardahan. The structure rises up on a platform with dimensions of 18.50 m x 18.30 m and it was built in infill wall technique. 76 defense structures are documented in Ardahan and 31 of them have been used in Medieval Period. The best known and the most famous fortresses among the Medieval defense structures are Şeytan fortress (Kajis tsikhe) and Kurtkale (Mgeltsikhe) which are located in Çıldır district of Ardahan.

This article is an attempt to compare Polish and Georgian language of courtesy illus- trated with the example of greetings. The mentioned formulas are an excellent material for this type of analysis due to the commonness of their usage. The work focuses mainly on the interpretation of the most commonly used locutions. It points to the problems that may be encountered by their users while in mutual interactions, all the more since in the studied languages there are significant differences conditioned historically and culturally, which was attempted to be shown in this study.
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Artykuł jest próbą porównania języka polskiego i gruzińskiego z uprzejmością ilustrowaną przykładem pozdrowień. Wymienione wzory są doskonałym materiałem do tego typu analiz ze względu na powszechność ich stosowania. Praca skupia się głównie na interpretacji najczęściej używanych lokacji. Wskazuje na problemy, jakie mogą napotkać ich użytkownicy we wzajemnych interakcjach, tym bardziej, że w badanych językach występują istotne różnice uwarunkowane historycznie i kulturowo, co starano się wykazać w niniejszej pracy.

Aghche – or as its residents call it, Akhchia – is a village in Iran’s Isfahan province with a population of about 1,000 Georgian speakers in more than 200 households. Georgian travellers have named it in their research and travelogues but their focus has unfortunately remained on major centres like Fereydunshahr (Akhora Bala) and Buin-Miandasht. The present research tries to bring the focus to Akhchia: it will be suggested that its Georgian dialect belongs to an area stretching from southwest to southern 16th century Georgia, its geography and history is linked to the era when Safavid Shah Tahmasb I decided to attack the same swath of land, and that some of its major families might have historical ties to the same regions.

This volume brings together essays from different fields of the humanities and social sciences that offer a fresh look at the complexity of artistic and cultural contacts, transfers, and exchanges between Europe and the Middle East. The studies reach far beyond the geographical regions where Europe and the Middle East have met and interacted throughout their long histories, such as the eastern Mediterranean, the south Caucasus, and the Balkans. Their focus is on the variety of “contact zones” of the two worlds with specific artistic creativity, characterized by dynamic processes of movement and interchange between various cultural entities in the broadest and most complex sense of the word. The studies shed new light on diverse phenomena of the “in-between” or “liminal” spaces in art and culture, with special interest in artists and art works from ancient to modern times, from fine arts and architecture to music and video.

This volume brings together essays from different fields of the humanities and social sciences that offer a fresh look at the complexity of artistic and cultural contacts, transfers, and exchanges between Europe and the Middle East. The studies reach far beyond the geographical regions where Europe and the Middle East have met and interacted throughout their long histories, such as the eastern Mediterranean, the south Caucasus, and the Balkans. Their focus is on the variety of “contact zones” of the two worlds with specific artistic creativity, characterized by dynamic processes of movement and interchange between various cultural entities in the broadest and most complex sense of the word. The studies shed new light on diverse phenomena of the “in-between” or “liminal” spaces in art and culture, with special interest in artists and art works from ancient to modern times, from fine arts and architecture to music and video.

... region no less than five such associations are working, with really active roles in the village. ... are never performed by men (ie cooking, cleaning the home or bringing up children) since, in ... rather poor and deserted collective centres in the town (Zugdidi, Khobi or Kutaisi) instead of ...