Gender Disparities

The paper analyzed the gender disparity in the Nigerian health sector. The study focused particularly on somestates in Northern Nigeria that shared similar demographic characteristics. The paper provided an in-depth analysis of how women who constituted the largest percentage of health 'consumers' are dominated by men working in the sector. The paper revealed that the disparity between men and women or male dominance in the health sector is a result of the cultural orientation of the people in Northern Nigeria who give preference to male child education than females. It has established that long duration that students spent undergoing training has dissuaded the inhabitants of the Northern Nigeria who are Hausa and Muslim to enroll their female children into medical schools. This is because the culture of Hausa people and their interpretation of Islam demand women should be in hermatrimonial home at their teen age. Based on the findings, it has been recommended that there is the need for cultural reorientation to debunk the beliefs system that hinder women to acquire medical education and training.

The paper seeks to present an overall picture of women's work in Haryana and compare the rural-urban scenario with respect to women's employment. The paper analyses the trends and patterns of female employment in urban and rural areas in Haryana. The paper seeks to capture the gender gap in employment in both at the State level and district level. It also examines the kind and quality of work taken up by females in Haryana and makes a comparative study of the urban-rural female employment scenario with respect to wages, education level and nature of employment. The paper found that women's participation in Haryana is significantly lower than national average. Average daily employment of women in factories in 2010 was 4.78 percent in Haryana which is significantly lower than 15.76 percent for All-India level. The gender gap in wages/salaries for directly employed women worker for the period 1999-2000 to 2009-10 was Rs. 231.90 which is 31.7 percent lower than their men counterpart (Rs. 287.96). The share of rural women in the workforce is much higher than those in urban. However, women in rural Haryana are clearly in an inferior position in the labour market vis-à-vis urban Haryana. This is evident from the fact the most of the rural women are casually employed and are engaged in low-paying agricultural work. The level of female workforce participation rate and gender gap in WPR has shown significant variation across the districts of Haryana.

Despite recent improvements in expanding access to STEM education in the world, many countries, including Mexico, are concerned about gender disparity in STEM studies and careers. Gender-based discrimination, social and cultural norms, and other factors prevent Mexican girls and women from having equal opportunities to contribute to, and benefit from,
STEM. Equal and high-quality STEM education for these girls and women would equip them with the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors required to address the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Using UNESCO’s ecological framework, this article aims to explore the factors that influenced four Mexican female STEM professionals’ pathways to
STEM studies at the individual, family, school, and societal levels.

This research work has chosen "Eleanor and Park" written by Rainbow Rowell to analyze social challenges of young adult. This is a Young Adult American Literature of 21 st century contemporary novel published in 2013. This novel is primarily talking about the upper middle class, half-Asian teenage boy and with economically weaker section Danish girl, how both secure each other at different occasions while travelling to school, at public place, unconsciously both love each other, parental support, abuse at home, insecure status of a teenage girl at home and way to escape by engaging with schoolmate, who support when she was bullied by other children in school vehicle and many more in this story. The title of this novel derived from the first name of the main characters name Eleanor Douglas and Park Sheridan use it as title for this novel Eleanor and Park. Rainbow Rowell has written four young adult novels. Among the four novels "Eleanor and Park"is based on school aged young adults of both gender, and speak about invariably about the mental health of young adults, who were all either from middle income family or lower upper income families. The author narrates the stories with strong characterization of Young Adult facing challenges in modern scenario and made the readers as the same character and made them to recollect their past school experience naturally. Her writings explore the difficulties faced by the young adult based on racial differences, which cause for the development unique personality, who were all differ from normal child at home and at school environment. Therefore the author insisted the favourable family for healthy growth of young adult at home and in the society or community mobilization. She has narrate the character of school aged of both gender's character changes, intelligence, emotion, personality, friendship, conflict at various situations. This research gives a detailed review on selected novels of Rainbow Rowell's "Eleanor and Park" to find solution for the problems of Young Adult to minimize the mental illness and understand the reality on overall development, and navigate in a healthy way. Hence, this research on "Social Challenges of Young Adults In Rainbow Rowell's "Eleanor And Park" is much important to understand problems of adolescence and empowering youth.

Background and aims Telehealth allows healthcare workers to see patients virtually in locations that were not accessible previously, which has reduced cost and time and saved lives. The research aims to examine gender disparity among telehealth usage during the pandemic in 2020. This study will leverage a timely national experiment to evaluate the users of telehealth across the Bangladeshi population. Methods We obtained de-identified data for 200 patients among outpatient telehealth visits from Global Health Data Exchange as it captured telehealth use throughout Bangladesh. Results The analysis showed that male patients had a higher dependency on telehealth than female patients. 14% of the female patients opted for telehealth visits only with 57% cases of missed doses of medication, compared to males with 20% of them choosing telehealth visits and 29% missing their doses of medication. We found that the youngest age group, 16–25, had the highest dependence on telehealth compared to any other age group, and the lowest dependence was among the oldest age group of 45 years and above. Conclusions There was a strong association between telehealth use and gender disparity with p value = 0.02 < 0.05. Longitudinal and geographical data are needed to understand more about the gender disparities and impact in telehealth utilizations.

Journalism has practically become a feminine profession across the world. To understand the root of the flow of women into the Journalism profession it is pertinent to begin at the university education level. Gallagher’s 1992 worldwide survey of female students in 83 journalism institutions reveals a significant increase in number of female students. Djerf-Pierre (2007) and others argue along Bourdieu’s conception of education as a form of social capital which empowers, enables and enhances women’s competitiveness in a pre-dominantly androgynous social arena. The study analyses 16 years of enrolment data of the Academic Affairs Unit of the Ghana Institute of Journalism (GIJ), a leading Journalism, and Communication University in Africa, to understand the growing feminization of the journalism profession in Ghana. To this end the study, employs the UNESCO gender parity index model (GPI) to ascertain the gender parity ratio of male to female students enrolled at the University. Findin...

Journalism has practically become a feminine profession across the world. To understand the root of the flow of women into the Journalism profession it is pertinent to begin at the university education level. Gallagher's 1992 worldwide survey of female students in 83 journalism institutions reveals a significant increase in number of female students. Djerf-Pierre (2007) and others argue along Bourdieu's conception of education as a form of social capital which empowers, enable and enhances women's competitiveness in a predominantly androgynous social arena. Using 16 years of enrolment data retrieved from the Academic Affair Unit of the Ghana Institute of Journalism (GIJ), a leading Journalism, and Communication University in Africa, the empirical study examines the growing feminization of journalism. This study uses the UNESCO gender parity index model (GPI) to ascertain the gender parity ratio of male to female students enrolled at the University. Findings indicate a significant shift in the gender parity ratio in favor of women in the journalism education.

Dans cet article, nous analysons les différences de genre en matière de performances sur le marché du travail de Madagascar à l’aide d’enquêtes ménages menées au niveau national en 2001 et en 2005. Grâce à ces deux points dans le temps, nous examinons la dynamique des déterminants de l’allocation sectorielle et de l’écart de gains entre sexes. Nos résultats montrent que l’écart salarial moyen entre sexes est relativement faible et stable entre ces deux périodes. L’écart salarial est le plus faible dans le secteur public et le plus élevé dans le secteur informel. Pour les travailleurs indépendants hors- agriculture, l’écart de gains est beaucoup plus élevé et a décliné entre 2001 et 2005, une période de crise économique. A l’aide de décompositions de ces écarts, nous montrons que les différences de localisation sectorielle selon les sexes expliquent une grande part de l’écart de gains pour les deux années. L’estimation de fonctions de gains augmentées de caractéristiques des micro-en...

The influence of religion, especially Islam upon gender disparity has been debated  for long. Some scholars have cited some of the Islamic values as the cause of high  percentage of gender disparity in the Islamic countries, whereas other scholars attribute it more to other factors. Using secondary source data, this paper tries to analyze if gender disparity in literacy is influenced more by regional differences or on the basis of religion (Islam). It uses UNSD reports for youth and adult literacy to compare the countries at world and region (continent) level. Analysis through descriptive and inferential statistics (independent T test) shows that although at the world level, Islamic countries have significantly higher gender disparity; at regional level, such differences appear in Africa only. The differences between Islamic and non-Islamic Countries are so significant in Africa that they influence and change the overall picture at the world level. Further analysis reveal that Africa itself is the only region where gender disparity is significantly higher as compared to all other continents in both adult and youth literacy. If the differences were due to the influence of Islam, the same pattern should have been observed in the other continents as well; but the results indicate that those differences might be due to regional factors other than religion.
Keywords:
Gender disparity, literacy, Islam, regional influence, Islamic and non-Islamic countries

This paper seeks to study and recognize the disparity in gender attention of permanent birth control methods, besides gender-wise access of sterilization in India. Gender inequality or disparity is firmly connected to the social well-being, and it determines the health risks, service accessibility and health outcome. Globally, India took the first initiative to adopt family welfare approach through the government-supported family planning programs to control family size and the very high fertility rate. It has been over seven decades of the family planning program, but women still bear the burden of sterilization and family planning in India although various modern methods of contraception are available in the market. Nevertheless, vasectomy or female sterilization is a well-known and highly accepted permanent birth control course in India, and it considers excessively intricate and expensive procedure than male sterilization. Female sterilization does not protect against sexually transmitted infections. Vasectomies are permanent sterilization procedure for men, and it is more affordable, more reliable, less invasive, and it doesn't boost the risk of ectopic pregnancy. The unusual observation is while the global proportion of female sterilization has decreased, it has grown in India. Lack of study on gender disparity in contraceptive use means very limited is known about this issue. This paper is an attempt to furnishing this knowledge gap on gender disparity and family planning in India. It attempts to find out the reasons behind the declining trends of vasectomy and increasing orders of female sterilization and also establish a comparison with selected developed, developing and neighbouring nations by using NFHS, World contraceptives and UN data.

Background: Variation in the relationship between education and health has been studied intensely over the past few decades. Although there is research on gender disparity and cohort variations in educational effect on health using samples from the U.S. and Europe, research about China’s is limited. Given the specific social changes in China, our study is designed to analyze the gender and cohort patterns in the education-health gradient.
Method: The latent growth-curve modeling was used to analyze the gender and cohort variations in the education gradient in self-rated health among Chinese respondents. The study employed longitudinal and nationally representative data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies from the years 2010 to 2016. Each cohort is specified according to their distinct periods of social change in China. Following the analysis, we used latent growth-curve model to illustrate gender and cohort differences in the age-graded education and health trajectories.
Results: Although Chinese men have reported to have better health than women in general, women reported 1.6 percentage points higher in self-reported health for each additional year of schooling compared to that of men
(P < 0.001). The latent growth curve model showed women’s extra education benefits were persistent overtime. Compared to the people born during the “Old China” (1908–1938), the education gradient in self-rated health did not change for cohorts born before 1955 and after 1977, but the education-health gap changed significantly in the 1956–1960 (O.R. = 1.038, P < 0.05), 1967–1976 (O.R. = 1.058, P < 0.001), and 1977–1983 (O.R. = 1.063, P < 0.001) cohorts. There was a gender difference for the cohort variations in the education-health gradient. For women, the education effect in the 1956–1960 (O.R. = 1.063, P < 0.05), 1967–1976 (O.R. = 1.088, P < 0.001) and 1977–1983 (O.R. = 1.102, P < 0.001) cohorts was significantly higher than that of the 1908–1938 cohort. On the contrary, the education- health gradient remained the same across all cohorts for men.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that the education-health gradient varies across cohorts for women, but the size of education effect remains consistent for men across cohorts. The findings support the resource-substitution hypothesis and not the rising-importance hypothesis in China. We discussed the potential influences of the unique, social transformation and educational expansion in China.

In western world it is not unnatural to equate power with the masculine but in India strength and power are described by a single word " Shakti " which is the personification of divine feminine power and is worshipped as " The Great Divine Mother ". In ancient India women enjoyed the important and equal status in life. Gender in religion, education or politics didn't exist but after the invasion of mughals in medieval period various ill practices like purdah (practice of secluding women from public),harem(a place where women picked up by mughal invaders were kept for sexual pleasures), jauhar (mass suicide by women for protecting their sanctity from the mughal invaders),restrictions on girls' education, treatment of women as the property of father, brother or husband, child marriages, restrictions on remarriages etc. crept into the Indian society which gradually deteriorated the status of Indian women and modern day India is now counted among the south Asian nations where sons are preferred over daughters and both are raised differently for various reasons. This research paper is an attempt to study and compare the social status of women by examining the variables-sex ratio, literacy, health, women's empowerment and gender based violence in six big state economies of India.

In developed countries, suicide has become one of the leading causes of mortality. With approximately 3500 cases taking place in Canada annually, it is currently the seventh-most common cause of death. A clearer spatial understanding of the suicide landscape in rapidly changing urban environments would especially help mitigate this problem. This study examines suicide rates in Toronto between 2004 and 2011 as to understand the spatial distribution of suicide by means of the importance of metropolitan places. The study uses geocomputation and statistical methods, enabling spatial analysis as tools to further assess the prevalent gender disparities of self-harm, advancing the current findings in the suicide literature. The findings clearly expose that the dichotomy of gender (male and female) produce different spatial patterns of self-harm, and are impacted by landscape characteristics differently. Specifically, the configuration of different land cover types have a much great impact on the female population than male. This spatial-exploratory understanding of not only the geographical distribution of rates, but also an assessment of landscape influence can help to mitigate suicide depending on demographic and spatial-explicit characteristics found through advanced geostatistical and spatial analytical modeling.

Early evidence suggests that women, including female researchers, are disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with negative consequences to their productivity. Here, we test this hypothesis by analyzing the proportion of male and female researchers that publish scientific papers during the pandemic. We use data from biomedical preprint servers and Springer-Nature journals to show that the fraction of women publishing during the pandemic drops significantly across disciplines and research topics, after controlling for temporal trends. The impact is particularly pronounced for biomedical papers related to COVID-19 research. Further, by geocoding author's affiliations, we show that gender disparities are exacerbated in poorer countries, even though these countries had less of a gender gap in research prior to the pandemic. Our results illustrate how exceptional events like a global pandemic can further amplify gender inequalities in research. Our work could inform fairer scientific evaluation practices, especially for early-career female researchers who may be disproportionately affected by the pandemic.