Evaluation theory

The principle of economy is introduced and applied in evaluating Tuomo Suntola's Dynamic Universe model vs. Physics and Cosmology Based on General Relativity. The principle of economy favours the theory which gives the most accurate predictions; of two equally accurate theories, economy favours the one which incorporates least metaphysics.

How does practice improve, and how can evaluation contribute to this improvement? Evaluation could have significant share in organizational development and knowledge management in associations. Both in management and science we are tackling with evaluation process. Art & science of evaluation have an authoritative to taking many roles in knowledge management growth in organizations. Evaluation approaches and techniques could function in production, empowerment, assessment and documentation of individual and organizational experience in society. In this article I develop some questions and answers in the file most intended for enlargement of knowledge management train via systematic evaluation influences in programs and organizations. Individuals and organizations dynamism is a phenomenon that dependence with their social engagements. Dynamism is a learning outcome. Individuals & organizations could learn from evaluation and with increase of agreement and certainty they could change their behaviors. Evaluation capacity buildings is an outcome of interrelated and interdepend elements of individual Evaluation Capacity and Sustainable Evaluation Practice in the context, interact and surroundings of culture for example Organization's Infrastructure- culture, leadership, communication, systems, Structures- .In historical typology of evaluation, grate evaluation researchers and developers discussed about four generations of evaluation: Measurement,  Description, Judgment & Interpretive. I think evaluation filed and profession near to another generation of evaluation: THE FIFTH GENERATION EVALUATION: CAPACITY BUILDING.
Key words: Evaluation Capacity Building, Fifth Generation Evaluation, Learning, individuals Evaluation Capacity, Sustainable Evaluation Practice, Organization's Infrastructure

La evaluación es una empresa lucrativa y un perfil profesional al que muchos se han sumado careciendo de las mínimas competencias y conocimientos exigibles. Evaluar es emitir juicios de valor sobre objetos diversos, incluidas las iniciativas de intervención social. El planteamiento convencional es racionalista (diagnóstico, planificación, intervención y análisis del impacto), a pesar de que los modelos racionalistas hayan perdido vigor en las ciencias sociales a favor de alternativas políticas, simbólicas o caóticas, tal como apreciamos en la historia del pensamiento organizacional. En una perspectiva
construccionista, observamos además el poder reificador de los criterios escogidos en cada situación de evaluación. La evaluación sugiere o impone qué es lo correcto en cada caso; criterios que pasan a acotar, dar sentido y prioridad a determinado modo de entender las relaciones sociales, los objetivos o el modo de comportamiento personal y organizacional. Mi propuesta es elevar esta inevitable consecuencia práctica de las evaluaciones a rango de virtud política y ética, al servicio de los intereses y deseos de futuro de los grupos que participan en procesos evaluativos,
primando su función estratégica sobre las tradicionales
funciones de mejora y rendición de cuentas.

Palabras clave: Evaluación estratégica; Pensamiento organizacional; Postmodernismo

Davidson and Kolnai in different ways emphasise that practical syllogistic reasoning can only tell one that one has a reason to do or not to do something.  It cannot adjudicate between conflicting reasons.  It can tell one the means to certain ends but not which ends to pursue.  This paper considers possible responses to this predicament.  What if anything can be done to put deliberation - the 'weighing' of competing reasons - on  a rational basis?

This Special issue of La Nuova Critica contains papers based on the presentations given in the two-day workshop Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, arranged by the Finnish Society for natural philosophy together with the physics Foundations Society on May 21-22, 2016 in Helsinki. the workshop called for philosophers, physicists, and cosmologists to bring forth novel aspects about scientific models and the challenge of making nature understandable. Contemplation about the postulates of the models, their testability, and criteria for evaluating them was encouraged in the workshop.

This Special issue of La Nuova Critica contains papers based on the presentations given in the two-day workshop Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, arranged by the Finnish Society for natural philosophy together with the physics Foundations Society on May 21-22, 2016 in Helsinki. the workshop called for philosophers, physicists, and cosmologists to bring forth novel aspects about scientific models and the challenge of making nature understandable. Contemplation about the postulates of the models, their testability, and criteria for evaluating them was encouraged in the workshop.

The retrospectivity and subjectivity associated with the present perfect (PP) suggest that this construction proves adequate for discourses of an evaluative nature which report past time events related to speech time. The present study describes the relationships between clauses with a PP predicate and the expression of different types of evaluative meanings as found within an annual presidential address, a discourse genre in which the head of government informs the country of the administrative and political state of the nation. The analysis carried out shows that the PP functions as a subjectivity trigger which favours the expression of evaluative meanings, especially positive appreciation. Nevertheless, these meanings do not become part of  the PP’s core semantic features. Moreover, this study demonstrates that despite the apparent reportive nature of the discourse genre being examined, the addresser configures an argumentative discourse structure in order to make manifest the strengths of the governmental action. At the same time, she gives an account of the actions implemented during the time period involved. The analysis is compatible with a rhetorical approach to linguistic communication, whereby the addresser selects the lexical and grammatical resources which make effective her perlocutionary ends.