Entrepreneurial Motivation

This paper examined the problems encountered by Ghanaian entrepreneurs in attaining their business objectives in the micro-small business set up. This paper identified and analysed 38 key problems facing micro-small businesses in Ghana. Questionnaires were employed for data collection. A total of 255 respondents took part in this survey. Factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to investigate the phenomenon. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was run and structural models were developed. The results of the structural equation model showed that financial problems, raw materials, market, technology, governmental and managerial problems were significant, so far as Ghanaian entrepreneurs operating micro-small business are concern. Policy recommendations are therefore suggested.

We present a systematic review of 50 empirical studies on the social entrepreneurial personality. We aim to answer 'who social entrepreneurs are' to help understand why certain individuals but not others create social ventures and persist in their choice. The review findings reveal a focus on four distinct aspects of personality: motivations, traits, identities, and skills; and are based on three approaches: describing the personality of social entrepreneurs, comparing them to another group, and relating personality aspects to outcomes such as strategic choices or performance. The findings offer a multi-dimensional and refined account of who social entrepreneurs are. Social entrepreneurs are simultaneously driven by a range of motivations and values which include but are not limited to prosocial concerns. Certain extrinsic and intrinsic motivations are shared by commercial and social entrepreneurs. Social and commercial entrepreneurs also seem to exhibit similar 'entrepreneurial' personality traits and benefit equally from transformational leadership skills. Emerging research points to further distinct 'social traits' and identities. Important avenues for future research include paying attention to heterogeneity among types of social entrepreneurs, encouraging more theory-based research, research relating personality to personal and venture-level outcomes, research that considers more dynamic and contextualized perspectives, as well as research on a potential dark side of the social entrepreneurial personality. Acknowledgement: The first author acknowledges financial support provided by the European Union through its Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration under the grant agreement 217622 (SELUSI project), which supported initial work on this chapter.

Shared economies are  built on distributed networks of connected individuals and communities versus centralized institutions, transforming how we can produce, consume, finance, and learn (Botsman, 2013). The main idea underlying collaborative projects is that the joint effort of many actors leads to a better outcome than any actor could achieve individually (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010).  Nowadays, the ways of working have evolved and extended in such way that we found services that transform individuals into entrepreneurs of small businesses, from private drivers, dry cleaning, maid services and accomodation (Majluf, 2015). Proof to this is amount of freelancers and startups that, increasingly, abandon the usual workspaces in order to adapt to new work environments; thus the origin of this research: to focus in analyzing coworking spaces. Coworking as a business model is one of the products conceived under the sharing economy's umbrella (Hamari et al, 2015).

The word coworking per se is understood as the collaborative work based on common values, performed within a determined space and in a flexible way by the people that concur in it, wether they are from the same company or not.

This research allows to describe the motivation of those who owe or manage a coworking space in Mexico with the purpose of finding the reason that motivates them to start such business.

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Economía colaborativa es aquella con cimientos en redes distribuidas de individuos conectados entre sí y comunidades versus instituciones centralizadas, transformando el cómo se produce, consume, financia y aprende (Botsman, 2013). La idea principal en los proyectos que de ella emanan es que el esfuerzo en conjunto de varios actores lleva a un mejor resultado del que cualquiera de estos actores pudiera lograr de manera individual (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010).
Las formas de trabajo evolucionan cada vez con más rapidez y actualmente se ha extendido de tal manera que ya encontramos servicios que convierten al individuo como empresario de micro negocios, desde choferes privados, tintorerías, empleadas del hogar y alojamiento (Majluf, 2015). Prueba de ello es la cantidad de trabajadores independientes (freelancers) y empresas de reciente creación que, con singular aumento, abandonan los espacios habituales de trabajo para adaptarse a nuevos entornos laborales; de ahí que esta investigación se enfoque al análisis de los espacios de coworking. El coworking como modelo de negocio es uno de los productos concebidos para consumo bajo la sombrilla de la economía colaborativa (Hamari et al, 2015).
El término coworking, por sí mismo, es entendido como el trabajo colaborativo, basado en valores comunes, ejercido dentro de un mismo espacio y de manera flexible por las personas que lo conforman, sean o no de una misma empresa.
Con el propósito de indagar sobre la razón qué motiva a los gestores de un espacio de coworking a emprender dicho tipo de negocio y explicar el cómo funcionan estos espacios en México, se hizo una revisión que permitiera describir la motivación de quienes gestionan este tipo de espacios de trabajo.

The researcher’s interest in the topic of entrepreneurial commitment was stimulated initially by theoretical and practical observations: What makes some entrepreneurs so highly committed to entrepreneurship and how might this sense of commitment be instilled in others? This doctoral thesis puts ‘commitment’ under the microscope, and intends to address the questions concerning entrepreneurial behavior, and leading to entrepreneurial success. The main emphasis of this thesis is to explore what entrepreneurial commitment is, how it is developed, and whether it can be profiled across entrepreneurial phases, levels of success, race and gender. To allow for a rigorous examination, a blend of two methodologies was utilized – the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis in Phase 1, and the Component-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) in Phase 2 of this research. In Phase 1, six successful entrepreneurs were interviewed using the phenomenological approach. In this phase, the first research objective was accomplished; a common conceptualization of commitment in the entrepreneur was established. ‘Commitment’ is seen as the force that binds the entrepreneur to his/her tasks and daily responsibilities, and that this ‘force’ affects goal achievement and performance in some way. This finding led to the construction of the conceptual Model of Entrepreneurial Commitment, which was then empirically tested using the CB-SEM approach in Phase 2. A questionnaire, the Entrepreneurial Commitment Metrics, was developed and distributed to entrepreneurs throughout Malaysia. 402 completed sets were returned and findings led to the accomplishment of the remaining three research objectives. This phase concluded with a comprehensive discussion on how entrepreneurial commitment is developed and how it is profiled across entrepreneurial phases, success levels, race and gender. This research holds that entrepreneurial commitment is shaped by the entrepreneur’s affective, normative and continuous commitments and is the force that binds and directs the entrepreneur to perform entrepreneurially. Passion, values and personality form the entrepreneur’s affective commitment, while internalized norms and the feelings of responsibility and righteousness form the entrepreneur’s normative commitment. Lack of alternatives and the magnitude of investments, form the entrepreneur’s continuous commitment. This thesis furthermore illustrates that commitment and motivation are distinct concepts in the entrepreneurial process. Another pioneering and enticing discovery reveals the magnitude of commitment and performance are at their highest in the growth phase of a business, in ‘above average’ successful entrepreneurs, in Chinese entrepreneurs, and in female entrepreneurs. These valuable findings demystify our understanding of entrepreneurial commitment in a Malaysian setting, and may allow for further efforts to nurture entrepreneurial commitment at a national level. The final chapter concludes with highlighted suggestions on these proposed efforts.

Entrepreneurship is primarily driven by human agency. Hence, human motivation plays an important role in who becomes an entrepreneur from the very early stage of business gestation. An aspiring entrepreneur forms an intent to become a self-employed entrepreneur. The paper proposes a process theory grounded in theoretical frameworks of Deci & Ryan's Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Ajzen's Theory of planned behaviour. The proposed theory is encapsulated in a model of how an individual's entrepreneurial intent is shaped by their exposure to parental entrepreneurial activity, fully mediated through the development of the internally regulated types of motivations as indicative of their autonomous causality orientation. The model is then validated through multiple regression correlational analysis and individual path analysis via a series of hierarchical multiple regressions.

The key findings are (1) parents' opinions about entrepreneurship and mental wellbeing as entrepreneurs matter for their children's motivations to be aspiring entrepreneurs, and, more importantly, (2) how parents' opinions affect children's entrepreneurial intentions is demonstrated to be the process of internalization that leads to autonomously regulated motivation, better mental wellbeing, and a sense of volition, all of which translate into entrepreneurial intent. Put simply, children will more easily internalize entrepreneurial goals and become autonomously regulated/motivated if they perceive that parents experienced a state of mental wellbeing as entrepreneurs and that they encourage such aspirations in their children.

RÉSUME
Mueller (2004) démontre que les intentions entrepreneuriales des femmes sont moindres que celles des hommes surtout dans les pays en voie de développement. Qu’en est-il dans un pays en économie de transition comme l’Égypte? Tout en relançant le questionnement de Mueller (2004), cette étude articule une comparaison sexuée et une approche genrée pour mieux comprendre le rôle des rapports hommes/femmes dans la formation de l’intention entrepreneuriale féminine dans une culture donnée. Grâce à une recherche quantitative menée en 2010 auprès de 320 étudiants égyptiens francophones au Caire, les auteurs ont pu démontrer que les étudiantes égyptiennes ont fortement le désir d’entreprendre et de concrétiser assez rapidement leur projet, qu’elles sont assez confiantes dans leurs compétences à créer et conscientes des obstacles qu’elles rencontreront. L’étude révèle également certaines ambivalences des projets entrepreneuriaux des jeunes égyptiennes liées aux rapports de genre. Notre étude complète ainsi les conclusions de Mueller (2004) et Langowitz et Minniti (2007). Nous pouvons arguer du fait que dans un pays en économie de transition, le déséquilibre des motivations entrepreneuriales des femmes et des hommes est limité.

The speed e-commerce has grew in the past decade has enabled the need to develop better understanding towards cyber-entrepreneurship and what drives towards intent certain individuals.
This study will explore the determinants of Cyber entrepreneurial intention by investigating the relationship between the factors of cyber entrepreneurial intention such as social background, general behaviour, attitude towards entrepreneurship and IT knowledge as well as cyber entrepreneurial motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation).

The method used in order to pursue the research surveys was the ‘convenience sampling’ method. The selected participants of the study were business management students in Metro Manila. A total of 120 surveys were given to the respondents, 38 respondents answered the survey via GoogleForms and 82 respondents answered physical surveys. This study used a Linear Regression Analysis.

Results showed that only 3 (General Behaviour, Attitude Towards Entrepreneurship, and Cyber Entrepreneurial Motivation) out of 5 are determinants of Cyber Entrepreneurial Intention amongst business management students in Metro Manila.

The final recommendations of of the researcher to future researchers is to research more on existing studies that could say otherwise, there could be more that 5 variables that can determine Cyber Entrepreneurial Intention, as well as to aim for a larger demographic and number of respondents.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the explanation of entrepreneurial intention through the desire-belief model of action. An interdisciplinary theoretical exploration allows moving beyond the dominant conceptualization of intention within the entrepreneurship field. The goal of the potential entrepreneur is proposed to be integrated as a prospective causal component to the entrepreneurial intention model. Emphasizing the linkage between intention and motivation, this study provides mainly theoretical implications, and yet may pave the way for new orientations in entrepreneurship incentive practices.

The investigation of main reasons why individuals chose to be an entrepreneur has been recognized as one of the most important aspects in the creation of a business venture and consequently has become a central question of entrepreneurship research. The intent of this qualitative study is to extend our understanding on reasons why Malaysian Bumiputera (Indigenous) entrepreneurs chose to venture into ICT-based businesses. Based on an inductive qualitative approach, fifteen Malaysian Bumiputera ICT-based entrepreneurs had been interviewed. Interviews uncovered five reasons that drove them to venture into the ICT industry: having related ICT knowledge, perceived available opportunities in the ICT industry, passionate in the ICT industry, having ICT-related work experiences and the desire for creating new offerings (innovation).

Our paper aims to abridge sound theoretical views and research trends from the literatures on commitment, motivation and entrepreneurship, and to conceptualize a model on Entrepreneurial Commitment. Recent researches of workplace behavior suggest commitment as a division of motivation where both constructs affect performance and are distinct in its own forms. Even so, studies synchronizing these two constructs in the entrepreneurship literature, however, have yet to surface. The separate roles of commitment and motivation in the entrepreneurial process are still ambiguous. In this light, a review on studies relating commitment, motivation and entrepreneurial performance is documented. The paper ends with a hypothetical model conceptualizing the antecedents of entrepreneurial commitment as well as the relationships between entrepreneurial commitment, motivation and entrepreneurial performance. Our work contributes to the underdeveloped, yet much anticipated knowledge on entrepreneuri...

The productive sector in many economies depends on micro, small and medium businesses through self-employment. The decision to become entrepreneurial relies on the national entrepreneurial framework and the individual entrepreneurial motivation among others. This paper explores the impact of entrepreneurship motivation on micro and small firms’ growth in a developing economy. This study is based on Porter’s Development theory which focuses on factor-driven, efficiency-driven or innovation-driven economies which foster the form of entrepreneurial behaviour demonstrated by the citizens. Two forms of motivations were identified: necessity- driven entrepreneurship and opportunity-driven. Two research questions were raised at P<0.05 level of significance. The study employed quantitative research approach using descriptive survey method with a structured questionnaire to obtain data from 200 self-employed owners of registered micro and small firms in Minna metropolis, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics and Pearson-Moment Correlation were used for the analysis. The finding shows that more people are motivated into entrepreneurship by necessity than opportunity. It also established that there was significant positive relationship between both the necessity –driven and opportunity-driven entrepreneurship and business growth, the positive relationship is at a minimal level. Thus, this suggests that, at least in developing countries, the role of necessity-driven and opportunity-driven entrepreneurship cannot be overlooked. It therefore recommends that effort should be made by government of Nigeria to provide an enabling environment such as social infrastructure, good government policies, aids and grants to foster entrepreneurship in Nigeria.

The investigation of main reasons why individuals chose to be an entrepreneur has been recognized as one of the most important aspects in the creation of a business venture and consequently has become a central question of entrepreneurship research. The intent of this qualitative study is to extend our understanding on reasons why Malaysian Bumiputera (Indigenous) entrepreneurs chose to venture into ICT-based businesses. Based on an inductive qualitative approach, fifteen Malaysian Bumiputera ICT-based entrepreneurs had been interviewed. Interviews uncovered five reasons that drove them to venture into the ICT industry: having related ICT knowledge, perceived available opportunities in the ICT industry, passionate in the ICT industry, having ICT-related work experiences and the desire for creating new offerings (innovation).

We implement an inductive, case study approach to explore the motivations and methods of five successful social entrepreneurs. Our findings show that founders noticed, felt, and responded to someone else&#39;s pain, demonstrating compassion as the genesis of the business venture. Successful social innovation, however, was the result of the creation of an organization structured to include diverse stakeholder input and participation in the decision-making process. Thus, compassion motivates entrepreneurs to pursue broad gains as opposed to singular interests and enhances a willingness to incorporate others&#39; ideas through an open-strategy process. Our study suggests that interaction with stakeholders can impact the structure of the firm, the business model it employs, and intended and unintended business consequences.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a theoretical framework for the analysis of the eventual implications of Greek Orthodoxy for business and entrepreneurial activities in general.
    Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the basic concepts, tenets and principles – in particular, those being of interest to business and entrepreneurship – of a specific religious worldview, Greek Orthodoxy. It then applies these religious norms to value-based entrepreneurial pursuits and assesses their potential impact on entrepreneurial motivation and action. Particular emphasis is given to the societal relevance of this comprehensive worldview.
    In this respect, it is argued that Greek Orthodoxy’s binding principles should also be examined in their relationship with ethno-religious communities underlying the formation of entrepreneurial networks beneficial to economic prosperity and overall welfare.
    Findings – The paper conceptualises the potential benefits derived from a specific religious worldview, as well as its capacity to enrich entrepreneurial discourses. While these benefits are primarily situated at the individual level (at least to the degree to which religious beliefs can inform decisions), there is a rationale in viewing religious truth claims as constituent of ethno-religious
identities of both local and immigrant communities.
    Propositions exemplifying the behaviour of entrepreneurs who draw from such important ethic and religious resources are also offered.  Limitations of the present study, as well as areas of prospective research, are equally taken into consideration.
    Originality/value – The paper attempts to offer a tentative framework epitomising the significance of Greek Orthodoxy for the world of business and entrepreneurship. It further provides the theoretical foundations of future empirical research on religious-based entrepreneurial attitudes in the wider context of Eastern Orthodoxy.