Energy Cooperation

Abstract: India-Latin America engagement has revolved around the idea of south-south solidarity, a fact that continues to be of great importance even today. However, with the turn of the century, the relationship has been marked by pronouncements of its potential. Even as trade has grown and business relationships improved, the numbers do not explain these pronouncements of potential. It begs to be asked then, what are the factors that prompt analysts to continue to stress this potential? The answer lies in the historical resource richness of Latin America. The ever-growing character of Indian economy underlines the expectation of growing demand for resources and search for energy security. This chapter studies India’s energy interests in LAC. It situates these investments in the historical context of social, political and economic relations between the two and projections for the future trajectory of the relationship in a post-pandemic world.

Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasının ardından Kafkasya ve Orta Asya’da Azerbaycan, Türkmenistan, Kazakistan, Özbekistan ve Kırgızistan’ın bağımsızlıklarını kazanması şüphesiz ki en çok Türkiye’yi memnun etmiş, en çok Türkiye halkı tarafından coşkuyla karşılanmıştı. Bulunduğu stratejik konum nedeniyle Sovyetler Birliği ile Batı bloğu arasındaki mücadelenin içerisinde kalmış olan Türkiye, yeni dönemle birlikte dış politika açılımının en önemli atılımlarını yeni bağımsız Türk
cumhuriyetlerinin olduğu coğrafyalarda yapmıştır. Tüm devletlerin nihai amacının gelişme ve modernleşme yoluyla güçlenme olduğu göz önünde
bulundurulduğunda, enerji-politiğin giderek devletler arası ilişkilerin en önemli ayaklarından birini hatta en önemlisini oluşturduğunu söylemek
doğru olacaktır. Çünkü ülkelerin, gelişmeleri ve artan nüfuslarının ihtiyaçlarına cevap vermeleri için, enerji gereksinimlerinin karşılanmasının güvence altınaalınması gerekmektedir.

In recent years, the trade volume between China and the six GCC countries has risen substantially, and with these commercial relations, China has become a major economic partner for the GCC.  This article analyzes the economics of China-GCC economic interdependence.  It begins with an analysis of the features of the political economic relationship, focusing on energy, trade, investment, and infrastructure and construction contracts.  It then discusses the process of formalizing these relationships through the ongoing negotiation of the China-GCC Free Trade Agreement.  It then examines how this economic relationship can intensify through GCC cooperation in China's Belt and Road Initiative.

a well-structured energy charter,
fostering decentralized energy systems along
with infrastructure grid connectivity between the
neighbouring countries is highly recommended.
Such a re-oriented energy model would not only
enable the countries to address the challenge of
preparedness for disaster risk but also ensure
energy security for the region as a whole during
the crises. Various bilateral and multilateral
institutions for regional integration such as
SAARC, BIMSTEC, BBIN, etc. must advocate
more efficient and effective energy cooperation
for energy transition as well as energy security for
disaster risk management.

В этой статье будет рассмотрено историческое развитие турецко-российских энергетических отношений начиная с периода распада Советского Союза в рамках взаимной зависимости и конкурентной дилеммы. После распада СССР усилия по развитию двусторонних отношений в торговом и энергетическом направлении были успешными вплоть до авиационного кризиса в ноябре 2015 года. Нельзя сказать, что произошедший авиакризис обнулил предыдущий успех, однако отношения между странами обострились до критической отметки. После кризиса в очередной раз стало явным, насколько высока потребность в диверсификации в энергетическом пространстве Турции, которая обеспечивается на 95% из-за рубежа и большим образом зависит от природного газа, получаемого из России. В этой статье рассматриваются проекты, концепции и геополитическая сфера турецко-российских энергетических отношений, начиная с периода распада СССР. Основу статьи составляют отношения в сфере торговли углеводородами, в дополнение будет проанализировано будущее сотрудничество в области ядерной энергетики и проекта «Турецкий поток».

This paper discusses the evolution of various energy resources, their reserves, and usages for policy makers and energy experts. It finds that there is a huge supply-side deficit to meet the demand of the 7 billion people in today's world. To meet this huge energy needs, alternative energy sources are investigated and suggestions are made to address energy crises in Bangladesh and global contexts. The author argues that with the advancement of technology, a completely new nuclear meaning thorium reactors, small modular reactors, and novel solar technologies can offer potential alternatives to meet the needs of mankind. In addition, developing cost-effective carbon capture storage devices to catch carbon at its generating sources, energy storage devices, and energy culture model can be explored. The search for alternative technologies and energy culture require robust discussion, cooperation, and investment in clean energy sources. The paper concludes with a discussion of future energy policy and appropriate action plans to adopt emerging alternative technologies as per the promises made at the Paris Climate Change Accord COP21.

This paper examines how the latest mega plan and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) will impact the geopolitics of energy and infrastructural development. With a massive change in the supply and demand of global energy and its infrastructure, the transition of international energy order is in the making. While the US is going towards a more isolationist path from its traditional superpower role, there are rising economies such as China, India, Japan, and Russia which are undoubtedly playing a vital role in the geopolitical stage and the other development endeavors. Several regions such as Central Asia, the Arctic, Eastern Mediterranean, and the South China Sea are offering substantial natural gas and oil reserves and drawing global attention to develop energy cooperation. This situation is profoundly influencing the transition of energy order. In this transition, BRI is supposed to play an important role. As a mega development strategy with a robust geostrategic dimension, it purpos...

Seiring peran politik internasional China tumbuh dari peran regional menjadi kekuatan global, hubungannya dengan negara-negara di luar lingkup kepentingan nasionalnya berkembang. Pasokan energi seperti minyak dan gas alam China yang terbatas memainkan peran penting dalam memperluas kepentingan China diluar kawasan Asia Timur. China merupakan negara yang haus akan energi, untuk mengamankan ketersediaan energi domestiknya China menjalin kerjasama dengan Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, volume perdagangan  energi antara China dan enam negara GCC telah meningkat secara substansial, dan dengan hubungan komersial ini, China telah menjadi mitra ekonomi utama bagi GCC.  Dalam makalah ini penulis menggunakan teori liberalism dengan konsep kerjasama internasional dan interdependensi. Dari hasil analisis penulis melihat hubungan kerjasama ini menimbulkan saling ketergantungan antara China dan GCC menjangkau berbagai macam bidang terutama energi.