Emperor Diocletianus

The work presents the first Slovak translation of the work On the Deaths of Persecutors by the important Christian apologist Lactantius. His work is an extremely important source for the period of the turn of the 3rd and the 4th century AD because it captures THE important events of the outbreak of the last great persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire called the Great Persecution. Lactantius depicts not only the outbreak and THE course of this difficult period for Christians but also its conclusion and the legalization of Christianity within the Roman Empire through the edict of toleration by Emperor Galerius of 311 and later The Edict of Milan by Constantine the Great of 313.
The monograph deals with the development of the religious situation in the Roman Empire from the 2nd Punic War to the turn of the 3rd and 4th century AD while presenting a point of view at its development in several areas. He focuses on traditional cults, monotheistic religions, the empire's relationship with Christianity and especially the persecution of Christians, the scope of which ranges from local pogroms to empirewide persecution in the 3rd and the beginning of the 4th century AD. The work brings new knowledge and perspectives on the issue and shows that the traditional view, for example, of the set of four edicts issued against Christians during the Great Persecution is no longer sustainable, because in fact, as evidenced by Lactantius' De mortibus persecutorum, there was only one anti-Christian edict issued right at the beginning of the state interventions against Christians.

During the reign of Diocletian (284-305AD), Ephesus was reorganized on centralized and authoritarian lines down to the provincial level. A big part of the city was rebuilt by Constantine I. In 401AD after the Edict of Thessalonica from Emperor Theodosius I, the ruins of temple of Artemis was destroyed. The most important role of the city took place in 431AD. There, the Council of Ephesus was assembled by the Emperor Theodosius the younger to settle the contentions which had been raised in the Church by the heretical teaching of Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople. Finally, in 449AD another council took place the Robber Synod, which was condemned by the Fourth Ecumenical Council in Chalcedon in 451.

Resumen
En el presente trabajo se observará un gran debate de diferentes historiadores sobre el Imperio Romano de Occidente, en el mismo emergerán el pensamiento antiguo y profano, la irrupción del cristianismo y el impacto que produjo al pensamiento pagano tradicional, como así también el lenguaje imperante entre los pensadores del pasado.

Abstract
In the present work a great debate of different historians about the Western Roman Empire will be observed, in it the ancient and profane thought will emerge, the irruption of Christianity and the impact it produced on traditional pagan thought, as well as the prevailing language between the thinkers of the past.

Enlace a la web de la revista: http://www.revcienciapolitica.com.ar/

Öz:
Türklerin çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı anayurtlarından ayrılmaları ile başlayan kavimler göçü neticesinde Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'nun sonunu hazırlayan birtakım olaylar cereyan etmiştir. Türklerin önlerinde bulunan Germen kavimlerini batıya doğru itmeleri, bu kavimlerin Roma İmparatorluğu'nun sınırlarını tehdit etmesine neden olmuştur. İmparator I. Theodosius (379-395) döneminde bir yandan içeride ekonomik, dini, toplumsal karışıklıklar yaşanırken diğer yandan devletin sınırları barbar akınları ile büyük bir tehdit altına girmiştir. Böyle bir ortamda I. Theodosius 395 yılında imparatorluğu iki oğlu Arkadius ve Honorius arasında taksim etmiştir. Bu taksimat doğu ile batı arasında kesin bir ayrılığı hedeflemezken esasen de bir ayrılığın başlangıcı olmuştur. Zaman içerisinde imparatorluğun doğu yakası stratejik, askeri, siyasi, ekonomik vs. nedenlerden dolayı gittikçe güçlenirken, batı yakası Germen kavimlerin saldırı ve tazyikiyle zayıflamaya başlamıştır. Bu durum Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'nun sonunu getirirken Avrupa kıtasının siyasi ve etnik haritasının da büyük ölçüde değişmesine neden olmuştur.

Abstract:
As a result of migration of tribes, which started with Turks’ leaving their homeland
for various reasons, several events leading to fall of Western Roman Empire
occurred. Turks pushed Germen tribes who located in front area to west, which led
these tribes to threaten the border of Roman Empire. In the period of I. Theodosius
(379-395) on one hand there was increasing religious, economic and social unrest
inside; on the other hand, Roman Empire’s borders were under threat by barbarian
invasions. In such an environment I. Theodosius shared the empire between Arkadius
and Honorius, his two sons in 395. Although this sharing did not aim for
absolute separation, it was the beginning of a separation indeed. While Empire’s
Eastern side strengthened for strategic, military, political and economic reasons,
western side weakened with Germen invasions. While this situation spelled the
end of west side, it caused the political and ethnic map of the continental Europe
to vary greatly.

Roma. En la residencia palatina, el soberano del más grande imperio occidental ni siquiera se permite pasear por sus jardines sin ser vigilado.  El poder genera ambición por ocuparlo, y no había mayor poder en la Antigüedad que el emperador. Las campañas fronterizas contra los germanos o los partos suponen un peligro adicional. Nunca sus enemigos extranjeros tendrán otra oportunidad como esa para tratar de acabar con su vida. En realidad, no existía un lugar totalmente seguro. Los pretorianos surgieron con una única y difícil misión, proteger su vida y la de su familia allí donde se encontraran.

Estrictamente escogidos entre los mejores soldados de todo el imperio. Entrenados diariamente para cumplir su cometido. Miles de soldados de elite estaban las órdenes de la casa imperial, acuartelados en el Castra Preatoria. Los pretorianos surgieron como unidad militar el 27 a.C. y se mantuvieron en su puesto hasta el 312 d.C., más de tres siglos de Historia donde compartirían funciones con los guardias germanos y los más expertos jinetes de la guardia real antes de que Constantino dictara su disolución. Ningún soberano fue tan audaz como para presentarse en combate sin tenerlos cerca. Si sus oponentes amenazaban con obtener la victoria ese era el momento para que actuaran mientras el resto de soldados contemplaban como conseguían cambiar el destino de la batalla hasta destruir a sus enemigos. Su preparación era la mejor, sus medios ilimitados y su capacidad no tenía igual. No existían soldados más diestros entre las tropas romanas.

Criticados por los autores clásicos, odiados por el pueblo, temidos por el Senado y envidiados por el resto del ejercito legionario, su actuación estuvo marcada por el heroísmo y la traición. Su poder creció hasta convertirse en la llave de la política Roma y no tardaron en aprovecharse de ello. Un relato épico sobre la guardia imperial romana, los guerreros seleccionados para proteger la integridad del Estado cuyo destino estaba en sus manos. Siempre preparados para neutralizar cualquier amenaza, quizá salvaron la vida a tantos emperadores como a los que se la arrebataron.

Arturo Sánchez, especialista en Historia Antigua y Militar ofrece la primera obra extensa sobre los pretorianos en nuestro idioma. Se mostrará su entrenamiento, tácticas, cuadros de mando y privilegios; su actuación en el frente y en la capital del imperio, no solo como soldados sino, incluso, como verdugos o espías. Se estudiará en detalle el campamento militar más importante de Roma, cuyos muros aun se levantan imponentes tras dos milenios. Todo ello tras una ardua y exhaustiva investigación para mostrar por fin la completa Historia de uno de los cuerpos militares de elite más importantes del mundo, aquellos que controlaron el devenir del imperio.

A lo largo de sus tres siglos de historia en la época imperial romana, la función principal de la Guardia Pretoriana fue la protección de la figura del emperador allí donde este se encontrara, ya fuera actuando permanentemente como su escolta y guardia personal  en el palacio imperial o como última línea de defensa en el ámbito militar. Pero como cuerpo de élite del ejército romano acantonado en la capital del Imperio también se les encomendó el mantenimiento y, en su caso, restablecimiento del orden allí donde fuera necesario. Así, la Guardia Pretoriana se conformaría como una de las piezas clave en la historia imperial romana como uno de los actores principales no solo a nivel militar sino también a nivel político, papel este último muy alejado de las funciones iniciales para las que fue creada pero que poco a poco fue cobrando especial relevancia tanto por su cercanía a la figura de los sucesivos emperadores como por su acantonamiento en la capital imperial. Consciente de su poder, no fueron pocas las ocasiones en que los pretorianos utilizaron su posición e influencias para dirigir y aprovechar los habituales cambios políticos en la cúspide del poder . Pero, aun siendo menos conocida, no sería menor la importancia bélica que en los campos de batalla protagonizarían los pretorianos en numerosas ocasiones como unidad militar y que a la postre les consagraría como uno de los pilares fundamentales del régimen imperial prácticamente desde su creación, en tiempos de Augusto , hasta su desmantelamiento llevado a cabo por el emperador Majencio.
Como cuerpo de élite del ejército, reconocidos como los mejor entrenados y preparados como demostraron en no pocas ocasiones, y en base a su especial misión recibían una paga superior al del resto de soldados; y su tiempo de servicio era varios años menor, por lo que resultaban ser la envidia del resto de unidades militares y en particular de aquellos que servían en el limes del imperio . Es por ello que trataremos aquí de realizar un estudio esquemático sobre su formación, estructura, actuaciones, etc. con el fin de ahondar en el conocimiento de esta institución muchas veces denostada por algunas de sus intervenciones.

Paper on the work of Sir Ronald Syme with regards to the Historia Augusta (HA), with particular attention to bogus or alias names and authorship of the HA. Also, a comparison between his work and that of Abelard Reuchlin and myself, as well as that of other I.C. members. An important paper.

The True Context Of Ancient History And The Gordian Emperors (Roman Piso, 02-25-2017) This paper is about the Gordian Emperors; Gordian I, Gordian II, and Gordian III. However, it is also about much, much more. It is about their ancestors and their royal relatives, as well as statistical data and how they were related to a group of ancient authors known as the Philostratii. [I] I, and a few other researchers have discovered something which had never been considered within academia before, but which is now of extreme importance and must be considered because of what it means to research itself. Basically, what we have discovered is that there is an alternate version of history that exists, but that has not been known except to those few who did not want others to know. That other version of history changes the context in which we must now view it. And that is because what we contend, due to what has been discovered, means that only royalty had the privilege of writing anything for publication (under penalty of death); no matter what the subject matter. Most of us now know of at least some examples where history (or those recording history) had lied or deliberately misled us. And, we also now know of several examples of what we term "whitewashed" history. [II] Some of us have long wondered, how it was that there were so many people (i.e., the masses or non-royals) within such a great empire, who were illiterate. And yet, somehow, there were some people who lived an entirely different life within that empire than the majority did, people who had received a fantastic education, and who demonstrated great genius within their writings. And this, our discovery of the true nature of ancient history, gives us that answer.

Since I have been studying so many different areas of ancient history, particularly that of ancient Rome, this subject has been of some interest to me and others for a number of reasons. It has been apparent that the decline in the content of silver in Roman coinage directly related to various factors within the Roman Empire over the course of several centuries; namely, through the First Century AD/CE to the Fourth Century AD/CE. The examination of the part that coins played in history is crucial in helping to make important determinations in a number of areas of the study. For instance, the names used by various emperors, their family members, wives, and sometimes, relatives. It is for much more than simple interest or trivia that we, as historians, examine ancient coins. We find many things of interest and importance, that is, of value to us in our quest to learn more about the people and times in which they lived. Coins of the various emperors contain information. They give us portraits of the emperors which give us some idea as to how they looked. They tell us things from what they chose to include on their coins, such as symbols, gods and/or goddesses, motto and more. And, at times, we may even find examples of propaganda and historical reference. But in this instance, we are examining the silver content or the amount of silver contained within the silver denarius (or "denarii" in plural) as minted under the various emperors. Which, may tell us a few things or at least indicate or support various views of certain emperors at particular points in the historical timeline of the Roman Empire. One of the first things that comes to mind is that as the Roman Empire was expanding and more people and territory was being added to it, the demand for more coinage became a priority. And, one of the easiest ways to make silver coinage 'stretch' is to "water it down" so to speak. Or, in other words, reduce the silver content rather than the size of the coins-which, by the way, was another thing that we see happening as time went on (a good example of this can be seen in the reduction of size in both the denarius and the tetradrachm over the course of time). Coins which were produced under the Emperor Augustus were virtually as pure as they could make them, about 98 percent pure. We see, as time went on, that the silver coins minted under later emperors were reduced to 'billon' (a token amount of silver) and essentially copper coins with a silver wash to make them appear to be silver. Of course, with use, the silver washed coins would begin to show the copper as the silver wore off. Basically, the coins which were produced by the Julian Emperors remained for the most part, stable. The exception to that (and remember, we are focused primarily upon the denarius in this paper), could be coins produced for the various Roman territories in the form of coinage issued for use in the provinces. Once the rule of the Julian Emperors ended with the death of Nero, we begin to see where the rule of successive emperors changed the content of silver in their coins. The Silver Content In The Denarius Under Various Emperors*: [Again, remember that we find silver reduction in coins produced for the provinces] Augustus (ruled : 27 BC/BCE-14 AD/CE) 97/98%. Claudius (ruled : 41-54 AD/CE) 97%.

This book looks in some detail at all the entries in Diocletian's Price Edict and relates them to each other and to contemporary conditions in the Roman Empire. This first volume  contains the entries from the first seven lists, just over 200 items of food and drink.

The palace in Split, as well as his other palaces like those in Antioch and Nicomedia, which are not preserved, is completely dif- ferent from all those other imperial residences. They were rationally organ- ized, like a military camp with walled towers and walls. The architecture of the temples of Diocletian‘s Palace shows exceptional skill of emperor’s builders, their origins traced to Asia Minor and Egypt, and workforce which had an excellent knowledge of the earlier large architectural examples that served as a role model.

Chronology of introducing diocese as a territorial department in the Later Roman Empire is still a subject of discussions
among scholars. The main source that describes early stages of diocesan structures establishment is an Incipit eiusdem
nomina provinciarum omnium, also called the Laterculus Veronensis or the Verona List. Document from the seventh cen-
tury is a part of manuscripts collection located in Biblioteca Capitolare in Verona. Laterculus shows partition of the Ro-
man Empire on twelve administrative units which had assembled lesser provincials. The first critical edition of the Verona
List was composed by Theodor Mommsen in 1863. German scholar proposed as the chronological framework of list’s
origin a reign of Diocletian. In his view manuscript showed Roman Empire at about 297 AD. Nowadays modern historian
dated information’s contained in the Verona List more accurately to 314 AD.
However, some parts of the Verona List are still controversial in dating. In the case of diocese of Pontus, two gloss from
the Laterculus Veronensis were dated as interpolation from 5th or 6th century AD. In Mommsen’s interpretation the first
one informed about division of Paphlagonia as well as the second one shows annexation of Armenian Kingdom. So far
the question of Pontus diocese in the Verona List wasn’t actually evaluated in much broader context of epigraphic sources.
Analysis of governors inscriptions from Pontic region allows us to reconsider chronology of the Verona List once again.

The collapsing of the Tetrarchy system during the wars of 306-313 brought some new issues and changes to the whole Roman Empire, mainly about the new role of Christianity and the different state ideology and politics Constantine I started to follow. But the Roman Army was not unconnected to these changes and new policies connected to organization of troops and frontier lines altered the old Diocletianic models. Constantine I was a great builder of towers, military roads, fortified bridges and forts all along the Rhine limes whom he cared of so much during his reign. But after his death in 337 his younger son Constans I followed her steps in the West with a vigorous series of military campaigns across the frontier, punishing and controlling the barbarians on the other side both in Britain and Gaul. He created a new military rank too, for endorsing his father´s policy and put to safety more efficiently the borders all along his domains in the West: the comes rei militaris

Paper subject: All Roman Emperors from Antoninus Pius on were descendants of the Piso family of Rome. Also gives links to relevant papers and other information. And, shows supporting information by demonstrating that other leaders were likewise descended from the same common ancestors.

in 531 AD Damascius and six other scholars of the Plato's Academy, went to the court of King
Khosrow I. however, they were allowed to return to Athens because of a clause in the treaty of
533 AD between Khosrow and Justinianus. the Future destination of these Neoplatonic
philosophers was the most important result of this temporal immigration to the Sasanian Empire.
there are many questions about their destination and the future of this philosophers. some
researchers have suggested that philosophers, after the Sassanian peace treaty with the Roman
Empire, went to the region of Harran in Syria and were sought their philosophical work in this
area. As a result, they have formed the Harran philosophical school in Syria. In later years, the
philosophical thoughts of Harran school were achieve to Baghdad. hence we can consider the
Harran school as a link between the Greek and Arabic philosophies. In this paper, authors argue
that this hyphothesis could answer many questions on the history of Philosophy as well.

The aim of the paper is the re-examination of the “forum” of late antique Doclea (Dioclea), the interpretation of which has never been finished, although so information been collated during the past 131 years. Through re-examination of the complex with its distinctive features this paper offers answers on some of the still unresolved issues. A primary is-sue was to resolve who was responsible for its arrangement. After an onomastic analysis only one conclusion asserted itself – the “forum complex” could only have been erected by the Emperor Diocletian, who was obviously responsible for the rearrangement of the whole town of Doclea (Dioclea), his hometown. Further analysis of the concept, architec-tural arrangement and vocabulary used in the “forum” and adjoining “basilica” only corroborate that it was precisely Diocletian  and  his  “architectural  school”.  Without  a  doubt,  the  Doclean  (Dioclean)  “forum  complex”  was  innovative  and original in many ways, along with its importance as an “imperial forum”, the “Diocletian’s imperial court”, will re-main in the collective memory of the Montenegrins for centuries to come. The paper also represents an effort to clarify Diocletian’s  background  and  the  “modus  operandi”  of  his  “architectural  school”  whose  presence  in  Doclea  (Dioclea)  has already been noticed.

Resumen No es de extrañarnos que durante finales del periodo imperial romano: que estuvo completamente cargado de conflictos sociales y militares, traducidos en guerras, invasiones y la completa descomposición del orden imperial que venía poco a poco resquebrajándose desde la crisis del siglo III, dio como resultado el hendimiento de las fuerzas de una economía precapitalista, para que posteriormente tras una serie de cambios en el orden social y económico evolucionar hacia una forma de explotación cuyas consecuencias trastocarían directamente a todas las capas sociales de uno de los imperios más inconmensurables, y que sin duda alguna, esos cambios del sistema económico (modo de producción) que como a continuación veremos; no acontecieron de la noche a la mañana como se nos ha querido vender, estableciéndolo a priori en cierta fecha mítica del siglo V d.C., lo cierto, es que fue un proceso largo iniciado con Diocleciano y finalmente consolidado por Constantino el Grande y el ascenso del cristianismo, es decir de la Edad Media. Además, revisaremos algunos conceptos historiográficos más comúnmente aceptados. Abstract It is not surprising that during the end of the Roman imperial period: that it was fully loaded with social conflicts and the military translated into wars, invasions and the complete decomposition of the imperial order that little by little cracked since the crisis of the third century, From the forces of a precapitalist economy, so that after a series of changes in the social and economic order they evolved towards a form of exploitation whose consequences would directly disrupt all social strata of one of the most incommensurable empires, and that without any doubt, These changes of the economic system (mode of production) that as we will see next; It did not happen overnight as it was sold to us dearly, establishing it a priori in a certain mythical date of the fifth century AD, the fact is that it was a long

A fragmentary inscription in Latin from the city of Perinthus-Heraclea (Marmara Ereğlisi, Turkey) is dedicated by a praetorian prefect to a Caesar, whose epithet is Iovius. The monument must be dated to the tetrarchic or post-tetrarchic age (ca. 293-324 AD). The text of the inscription is preserved in the only copy of the transcription made by the Italian merchant and traveller Ciriaco Pizzicolli in July 1444 (MS Vat. Lat. 5250, f. 3r). The comparison with the formulas and the style of the surviving epigraphy of the tetrarchic and post-tetrarchic age allows a reconstruction of the text. The name of Caesar and the name of the prefect do not appear in the transcription (erased?). The study of the elements preserved in the manuscript leads to the hypothesis that the inscription celebrated Maximinus Daia Caesar after September 307 AD (assassination of Severus Augustus) and before November 308 AD (Licinius as Augustus) by the will of the only praetorian prefect of Galerius Augustus.

Principia was the central and the most important building of any Roman fortress, where the chapel of standarts, genius castrorum and Roman imperial cult were situated. The aim of the article is to study the architectural peculiarities of these monuments which could be connected with the rising of the Roman imperial cult’s role in the second half of the 3rd century. Undoubtedly this process was started before the reign of Diocletian; however the most important architectural features appeared at that time. Due to this fact the main attention was given to principia in Luxor and Palmyra, which were built during the reign of Diocletian.

Co-organized with Stephane Benoist and Pierre Jaillette.

Speakers : Stephane Benoist (Université de Lille 3 - SHS), Simon Corcoran (University College London), Benet Salway (University College London), Pierre Jaillette (Université de Lille 3 - SHS) and Dominic Moreau (Université de Lille 3 - SHS).

Diocletian died between 313 and 316. He was buried, presumably, in a porphyry sarcophagus, in the mausoleum of his residence in Split. It is evident from the source that his sarcophagus was in its place in the middle of the 4th century (Ammianus Marcellinus, Res gestae XVI, 8, 3-7) or until the late 5th century (Sidonius Apollinaris, Carmen XXIII, 495-499). This sarcophagus was removed, disintegrated after the Christianization of the mausoleum, probably in the middle of the 6th century. Porphyry fragments found near the mausoleum in the 20th century, sixty of them, are kept in the Archaeological Museum in Split where they were systematically processed in 2011. to determine their affiliation. They were captured with a high-precision 3D optical scanner into three-dimensional models so that they could be assembled in volume into a possible whole.

Dioklecijan je umro između 313. i 316. g. Bio je sahranjen, po svoj prilici, u porfirnom sarkofagu, u mauzoleju svoje splitske rezidencije. Iz izvora je razvidno da je njegov sarkofag bio na svom mjestu sredinom 4. st. (Amijan Marcelin, Res gestae XVI, 8, 3-7) odnosno do kasnog 5. st. (Sidonije Apolinar, Carmen XXIII, 495-499). Taj je sarkofag uklonjen, dezintegriran po kristijanizaciji mauzoleja, vjerojatno sredinom 6. st. Porfirni se ulomci pronađeni u blizini mauzoleja u 20. st., njih šezdeset, čuvaju u Arheološkom muzeju u Splitu gdje su sustavno obrađeni 2011. g. ne bi li se utvrdila njihova pripadnost. Snimljeni su 3D opitičkim skenerom visoke preciznosti u trodimenzionalne modele kako bi se mogli volumno sastavljati u moguću cjelinu.

Neste artigo, temos por objetivo analisar os fundamentos da reestruturação político-administrativa do Império Romano durante o governo de Diocleciano, considerando as pré-condições do século III, e as características que conformaram o poder imperial romano durante a época de Diocleciano e da Tetrarquia (284-305).

Le but de cet article est d’analyser les fondements de la restructuration politique et administrative de l’Empire Romain sous le règne de Dioclétien, compte tenu des conditions du IIIème siècle, et les
caractéristiques qui ont façonné l’Empire romain à l’époque de  Dioclétien et la Tétrarchie (284-305).

In un'orazione contenuta nel corpus dei Panegyrici Latini il retore Eumenio, dopo aver celebrato la restaurazione della potenza romana dovuta alla tetrarchia, insiste sulla necessità di stimolare la rinascita dell’eloquenza e cita un passo (l’inizio del frammento I.11 Maurenbrecher) delle Historiae di Sallustio, fornendone così una importante testimonianza finora ignorata.
Eumenio sembra non accorgersi della amara riflessione di Sallustio sul contrasto tra la crescita della potenza materiale e la degenerazione morale di Roma dopo la terza guerra punica. Quello che interessa all'oratore è infatti la rinascita delle scuole di retorica e quindi Eumenio non ripropone la complessità ideologica del frammento, bensì lo usa strumentalmente per sottolineare che uno degli aspetti della grandezza romana nel passato era l’eloquenza e auspicarne quindi il rifiorire. Draft of the article published in "Revue de l'Histoire des Textes", n. s. 5 (2010), pp. 281-290.

Cesarz Dioklecjan, według późnoantycznych przekazów, miał nakazać zniszczenie egipskich ksiąg (al)chemicznych. Do dziś, w publikacjach dotyczących historii alchemii, wydarzenie to zajmuje poczesne miejsce, mając stanowić ważną cezurę w dziejach tej nauki. Według części uczonych, począwszy od fundamentalnych prac Berthelota, Dioklecjanowi mamy zawdzięczać przepadnięcie najdawniejszych pism alchemicznych.
W swoim wystąpieniu spróbuję udowodnić, że „chemia” w pismach późnoantycznych historyków, nie ma nic wspólnego z nowożytną, ezoteryczną nauką, a Dioklecjan w rzeczywistości walczył
z fałszowaniem złota i srebra. Postaram się również przedstawić, jak nakaz spalenia pism (al)chemicznych mieścił się w ideologii oraz znanej nam działalności tego władcy.

This article presents an altar-shaped base with a Latin inscription. The base was discovered in 2002 after a treasure dig in the Castle of Bahtıllı in the county of Simav, Kütahya. The Castle presumably stems from the early Byzantine period and was probably built on a Roman castle. It is suggested that this settlement was called Goloē or Goloia because of the phrase Γολοιηνῶν γερουσία read in one of the inscriptions from this territory. The ancient city was probably in the territory of Ankyra Sidera (in Mysia Abbaïtis). The front face of the altar features a nine-line Latin inscription whose translation runs as follows:
“To good fortune! To the most powerful and pious emperor Caesar Gaius Valerius Diocletianus, pious, fortunate (and) invincible, Pontifex Maximus, with tribunician power for the 7th time, to the father of his country, proconsul, restorer of the earth; Marcus Aurelius Rusticus, vir perfectissimus, patrimonial procurator of the province of Asia, devoted to their divine spirit and majesty. Right side: “To good fortune!”
The inscription dates from the 7th year of Diocletian (A.D. 289–290). Procurator Marcus Aurelius Rusticus is not known from inscriptions found in Asia Minor. He is probably identical with M. Aur. Rusticus v(ir) e(gregius) ducen(arius) known from the province of Dalmatia. Rusticus was probably appointed procurator patrimoni of Asia by Diocletian after his commission as ducenarius in Dalmatia; this is likely to be the reason behind this dedication. There are numerous imperial estates in Mysia Abbaïtis, Phrygia and the territories nearby; procurators dealing with these estates are known from inscriptions.

El presente artículo se centra en la capacidad de las madres viudas para ser tutoras de sus hijos durante el reinado de
Diocleciano (284-305 d.C.).
El creciente número de rescriptos escritos por mujeres en este periodo nos ha llevado a
plantearnos las características de la tutela impuberum (en adelante, tutela) en relación con las madres viudas de esta
época. En este trabajo, se delinearán los elementos que caracterizaban la tutela antes del gobierno de Diocleciano, para
luego describir los rasgos de esta institución durante su mandato, y así evaluar los posibles cambios existentes en la
época. Muchas de las fuentes analizadas constituyen documentos que muestran la interacción entre el sistema legal
romano y otros sistemas prevalentes en algunas áreas del imperio. Estas fuentes nos muestran como sujetos privados
interactuaban con la autoridad romana, pidiendo soluciones a conflictos que surgían del contacto entre sistemas legales
existentes en las diversas zonas de un gran imperio.

This article focuses on the capacity of the widowed mothers too be guardians of their sons during the reign of
Diocletian (284-305 AD). The increasing number of rescripts written by women in this period has led us to consider the
characteristics of tutela impuberum (hereinafter, guardianship) for widowed mothers at this time. This work will outline
the elements that characterized the guardianship before Diocletian, to later describe the features of this institution during
his term, and thus evaluate the possible changes of this at the time. Many of the sources analysed constitute documents
that show the interaction between the Roman and other legal systems prevalent in some areas of the empire. These
sources show us how private subjects interacted with the Roman authority, asking for solutions to conflicts that arose
from the contact between existing legal systems in the various areas of a big empire.

Not many individual sculptures that may be associated with the original decoration of Diocletian’s Palace have been found in the course of research. However, two ancient heads that are embedded in the wall of the Gothic palace Cambi located in the old core of the city are thought to be linked with the original decoration of the palace. The fragments were removed from the wall in 2014 for the purpose of restoratoration and conservation. The data obtained upon their removal marked a shift in the existing typological interpretation of sculptures.
The procedure itself revealed the existence of a double herma instead of the two individual sculptures, as it had been previously assumed. The Split double herma, however stylistically different, is certain to be conceptually very similar to two other identical double hermae that
were revealed in Salona. The three hermae are reflective of tetrarchial propaganda and thus shed a new light on the specific manner in which tetrarch were once portrayed in the province of Dalmatia. They are not seen as isolated examples of artistic creation but are representative
of particular artistic typology of the province of their origin.

El artículo examina algunas características del Genius Populi Romani a lo largo de su historia y presta especial atención a su evolución desde que se introdujo su culto en el 218 a. C. hasta que Teodosio lo prohibió en el año 392. El siglo IV merece una especial consideración, principalmente, las relaciones del Genio con Diocleciano, Constantino, Constancio II y Juliano.
The article analyzes the characteristics of the Genius Populi Romani throughout its history and pays particular attention to developments since the introduction of his worship in 218 B.C., until Theodosius banned the cult in the year 392. The fourth century deserves special consideration, mainly the relationship of Genius with Diocletian, Constantine, Constantius II and Julian.