Early Centuries History of Iran, Islamic Manuscripts and Codicology, The Contemprary History of Iranian Kurdistan

Olga M. Yastrebova On an old manuscript of a Tafsir from the recent acquisitions
of the National Library of Russia The article is a study of the Persian manuscript recently acquired by
the National Library of Russia and containing fragmentary text of a commentary on the Quran (tafsir). The analysis of the linguistic and orthographic peculiarities of the manuscript’s text as well as of its contents allows dating both the manuscript and the work by the 13th–14th centuries. The codex was produced in Mawarannahr, or Eastern Khorasan, which is obviously also the area where the text was composed. This assumption is supported by quotations from a number of works on theology and exegesis written by the authors who lived and worked in the region.

این مقاله به فرایند ورود اجباری یا اختیاری اسلام به شهر قم می‌پردازد و در صدد است هم تئوری پذیرش از سر اکراهِ اسلام را از سوی اهالی شهر قم رد نماید و هم ایدۀ پذیرش آسان و از سرآگاهی اسلام از سوی قمی‌ها را نقد نماید. در این نوشته نکته‌های ذیل مورد اشاره قرار می‌گیرد: الف) قمی‌ها مقاومت‌های سختی در برابر عرب‌ها از خود نشان داده‌اند، لیکن این بدان معنا نیست که «اسلام» نیز به زور و اکراه وارد فرهنگ مردم قم شد. ب) اسلام‌پذیریِ قمی‌ها در همه‌جا از سر منطق و تفکر نبوده است بلکه عوامل دیگر روانی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی نیز در اسلام پذیری آنها مؤثر بوده است. ج) پذیرش اسلام ضرورتا به معنای پذیرش فرهنگ عربی نبوده است، بلکه هستۀ اسلام به صورت متن (قرآن) در میان قمی‌ها، رسوخ کرد و آنها توانستند این متن وحیانی را بخوانند، فهم کنند، تفسیر کنند، و سرانجام آن را متناسب با داشته‌های انسانی خود درآمیخته و به حقیقت آسمانی اسلام، عینیت فرهنگی ببخشند.

This is going to criticize both theories of entry of Islam into Iran, who considers it forcefully and who regards it very kindly. Three points will be proved through this article: a) Arab triumph in Qum was difficult and Qumian people resisted against Muslims, but this does not mean that Islam entrance to Qum was by force and violence ; b) in addition to knowledge and comprehension factor, there were social, economical and psychological matters as well that played key role in conversion into Islam in Qum; and c) a great reception in front of Islam does not necessarily require acceptance of Arab culture by Qumian people, and d) some cultural grounds and historical events caused formation of Shi'a in Qum so that they preferred that to other schools and religions.