Durban

In the past decade, urban regeneration policy makers and practitioners have faced a number of difficult challenges, such as sustainability, budgetary constraints, demands for community involvement and rapid urbanization in the Global South. Urban regeneration remains a high profile and important field of government-led intervention, and policy and practice continue to adapt to the fresh challenges and opportunities of the twenty-first century, as well as confronting long-standing intractable urban problems and dilemmas. This Companion provides cutting-edge critical review and synthesis of recent conceptual, policy and practical developments within the field. With contributions from 72 international experts within the field, it explores the meaning of ‘urban regeneration’ in differing national contexts, asking questions and providing informed discussion and analyses to illuminate how an apparently disparate field of research, policy and practice can be rendered coherent, drawing out common themes and significant differences. The Companion is divided into six parts, exploring: globalization and neo-liberal perspectives on urban regeneration; emerging econceptualizations of regeneration; public infrastructure and public space;
housing and cosmopolitan communities; community centred regeneration; and culture-led regeneration. The concluding chapter considers the future of urban regeneration and proposes a nine-point research agenda. This Companion assembles a diversity of approaches and insights in one comprehensive volume to provide a state-of-the-art review of the field. It is a valuable resource for both advanced undergraduate
and postgraduate students in Urban Planning, Built Environment, Urban Studies and Urban Regeneration, as well as academics, practitioners and politicians.

Prostitution has been a staple of dockside social life for centuries. In South Africa, it dates from the Dutch East India Company's establishment of a refreshment station at the Cape of Good Hope. But unlike other prostitution sectors—streets, brothels, agencies—the women of the dockside sex trade in Cape Town and Durban participate in a global traffic of ideas, diseases, DNA, contraband, and currency through their ceaseless interactions with foreign sailors. They exploit their knowledge of the seamen's languages and cultures so as to more effectively solicit their marks in a competitive and cosmopolitan environment.

Social historians provide passing glimpses of dockside prostitution in their consideration of larger historical themes—Company rule, slavery, British colonial governance, the Mineral Revolution, the Anglo-Boer War, and apartheid—but they have yet to treat it as a distinct analytical category through which to view the past. Yet popular intellectual trends suggest that research into the dockside sex trade would add new dimensions to the histories of cosmopolitanism, gender, globalization, maritime recreation, and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

This article provides a quick and accessible introduction to the historiography of dockside prostitution in South Africa.

"Effective responses to climate change require that climate change considerations be included in relevant social, economic and environmental policies at all levels of government. Municipal governments have a particularly critical role to play in establishing on‑the‑ground policies that address local opportunities and vulnerabilities arising from climate change.
The municipalities of Cape Town and eThekwini have been early movers in mainstreaming climate change within their municipals. Known as integrated development plans (IDPs), these require requires research support, specialised technical expertise, political backing and significant financial and human resources.
This Inside Story, written by Marie Parramon-Gurney & Andrew Gilder from IMBEWU Sustainablility Legal Specialists and Ernesta Swanepoel, an Independent Consultant, argues that mainstreaming climate change into IDPs is necessary but not sufficient to achieve climate compatible development. Sectoral measures, collaboration with central government and with civil society and the private sector are also vital.
The Inside Story reviews how the towns of Cape Town and eThekwini are mainstreaming climate change into IDPs and picks out the challenges, implications and key lessons of their experiences."

Police officers' views about police-citizen relationships are shaped not only by opportunities to interact with community residents during normal police work but also in part by efforts due to the larger police mission of encouraging and supporting such attitudes. In recent years, police in different countries has shifted from the traditional reactive form of policing towards community-oriented approaches. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to explore police officers' views of citizen-police relationships and community policing in Durban, South Africa. A qualitative research approach was adopted, to explore such perceptions in the study area. The findings collected through semi-structured interviews with the South African Police Services personnel suggested that police officer were dissatisfied and at best ambiguous about citizens' participation in crime prevention activities or support for the police in a township dwelling. However, in a suburban area, the perceptions marked an improvement in their attitudes on various dimensions. These include officers' views about the overall police mission, increased emphasis on service-oriented policing in contrast to a law enforcement approach, support for community policing, perceived citizens' willingness to cooperate with the police in crime prevention activities, and decreased cynicism about citizens. These findings suggest confidence in the utility of community policing ideas.

Schröder, Ulrike. "Meeting Siva, Vishnu and the Mother Goddesses." In Chatsworth: The Making of a South African Township, edited by Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed, 403-13. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2013.

Portrait of Hindu communities in Chatsworth (South Africa)

Sugar Girls & Seamen illuminates the shadowy world of dockside prostitution in South Africa, focusing on the women of Cape Town and Durban who sell their hospitality to foreign sailors. Dockside "sugar girls" work at one of the busiest cultural intersections in the world. Through their continual interactions with foreign seamen, they become major traffickers in culture, ideas, languages, styles, goods, currencies, genes and diseases. Many learn the seamen's tongues, develop emotional relationships with them, have their babies and become entangled in vast webs of connection. In many ways, these South African mermaids are the ultimate cosmopolitans, the unsung sirens of globalisation. Based on fifteen months of research at the seamen's nightclubs, plus countless interviews with sugar girls, sailors, club owners, cabbies, bouncers and barmaids, this book provides a comprehensive account of dockside "romance" at the southern tip of Africa. Through stories, analysis and first-hand experiences, it reveals this gritty world in all its raw vitality and fragile humanity. Sugar Girls & Seamen is simultaneously racy and light, critical and profound.

Durban
 was 
built 
as 
a 
colonial 
city 
‐ 
a 
node 
in 
the
 system
 of 
appropriation 
in 
which 
the 
lure 
of 
the
 market
 did,
 indeed,
 draw
 the
 Western 
European
 bourgeois
 “over 
the
 whole
 surface of 
the
 globe.” 
It
 remains 
a 
colonial 
city 
in 
the 
sense 
that 
neither 
its 
land 
holdings, 
its
spatial
 lay out
 nor 
its 
ruling
 conception 
of 
development 
– 
which
continues 
to 
render 
the 
expropriated 
as 
both
 dangerously
 criminal 
and
 childishly
 backward
 –
 have 
been
 decolonised.
 For
 Aimé
 Césaire
 in 
the 
confrontation
 with
 the
 brutalization 
and 
degradation 
of 
the
 colonial
 relationship 
it 
is 
essential 
“to 
see 
clearly, 
to
 think 
clearly 
– 
that 
is,
 dangerously.”

I. Benincampi, South African Colonial Architecture and the case of Durban City Hall. An integration of different European architectural cultures, in A. Del Monaco, L. Jian, Y. Luckan, B. Tecle Misghina (a cura di), L'architettura delle città. The Journal of Scientific Society Ludovico Quaroni. UNESCO-Chair Series #4, Durban A Cogent African City, Editore Nuova Cultura, Roma 2018, pp. 47-56. ISBN: 9788868128739.

ABSTRACT:
The Bay of Durban was discovered in 1497. The city - founded in the cove - was in a strategic position for trades. However, the municipality did not taste an intense development until the nineteenth century when it was annexed to the United Kingdom. In fact, included in an international trade system, the port the port was challenged by rapid economic progress, which rapidly transformed the port in the principal center of the region. The opportunity drew the attention of many workers from all over the neighboring provinces, who moved to Durban looking for a job opportunity. This presence of different communities and cultures fashioned both local life and architecture. The rural houses maintained a connection with Dutch heritage tradition of first colonists, as well as a more formal and monumental style had been imported during British domination in order to characterize the government buildings. In this respect, the new City Hall - built in the early 1900's - with its neo-Baroque-style provided the most stable link to European cultural, developing the model of Belfast's City Hall in Ireland at that time under construction.

This essay examines how and why waterfront workers in the ports of San Francisco/Oakland and Durban exert power that they periodically have wielded for political causes since the 1930s and to present times.  Unionized workers in both ports used their control of their waterfront to advocate for racial justice at home and in solidarity with social movements globally.  Bay area longshoremen boycotted South African cargo, most notably, for ten days in 1984; similarly, Durban dockers have downed tools on behalf of fellow (black) workers, most dramatically when they refused to unload weapons headed for neighboring Zimbabwe during a controversial election in 2008.  Dockers are more inclined than most to see their immediate, local struggles in larger, even global, contexts.  Longshore workers in both ports have proven to be among the strongest champions of racial equality and freedom, consistently rooting their actions in larger working class struggles.

This paper examines the temporal dynamics of dockside prostitution in South Africa. It assesses how foreign sailors' movements in and out of the country influence local prostitutes' solicitation strategies. It also considers the cultural legacies of their intimate engagements.

The paper focuses on two distinct temporal regimes that define sailors' experiences: the rapid turnaround cycle of Durban's container ship sector and the slower turnaround cycle of Cape Town's deep sea trawling sector.

It makes three sequentially related arguments: that sailors' temporal constraints dictate which solicitation techniques local prostitutes use; that solicitation techniques determine how culture is transmitted between the two ethnically alterior parties; and that the style of cultural transmission impacts how the sailors' cultures are ultimately received by the prostitutes and their communities.

O trabalho em questão aborda a agenda dos movimentos sociais pautados pela afrodescendência e negritude em Brasil e Colômbia. Estes países têm em comum as duas maiores populações de afro-latinos da América de Sul. Diante de um quadro de racismo estrutural em ambos os casos, movimentos sociais de reivindicação identitária se formaram em suas respectivas realidades para se contrapor aos discursos pautados na mestiçagem como formadora de uma  nação homogênea supostamente sem racismo. A III Conferência Mundial contra o Racismo, Discriminação Racial, Xenofobia e Intolerância Correlata, promovida pela Organização das Nações Unidas, na cidade de Durban, em 2001, é aqui considerada como um marco para entender as ações afirmativas reivindicadas por estes movimentos no decênio 2001-2011. O objetivo desta investigação é compreender em que medida as conquistas destes movimentos afro-latinos foram influenciadas pelas deliberações da Conferencia de Durban.  A partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, constata-se, no caso brasileiro, que o apoio transnacional de Durban às demandas do movimento negro se configurou numa disseminação de políticas de ações afirmativas cujo epicentro dos debates se concentrou nas políticas de cotas nas universidades. No caso colombiano observou-se que as demandas transnacionais se juntaram ao acúmulo de forças sociais cuja demanda por dados censitários sobre a população afro-colombiana, procurava dar uma visibilidade estatística até então inexistente em relação a este contingente. O movimento afro-colombiano, diante da negligência do Estado em assegurar a execução da legislação sobre comunidades negras, tem vislumbrado no espaço transnacional um instrumento de pressão a mais nas suas reivindicações frente ao Governo Colombiano, se juntando a movimentos de outros países da América Latina que têm construído no espaço transnacional uma via de integração e mútuo fortalecimento de suas agendas.

This chapter explores the dockside prostitution sector in South Africa and how its structural features enhance sex workers' ability to avoid violence. It compares the street, truck stop, brothel, and agency sectors of the prostitution industry to highlight five structural factors that determine sex workers' vulnerability to violence: the client's social and legal status, the site of the negotiation, the location of the sexual act, the level of discretion in the solicitation process, and third-party involvement. It explains how each of these variables affects violence and argues that all forms of sex work in South Africa should follow the model presented by dockside prostitution in order to minimize the risks to sex workers' health and safety. It concludes by offering policy recommendations for industry interventions that could improve prostitutes' safety, including the decriminalization of prostitution and the provision of independent-operator status to sex workers.

This article develops recent transnational perspectives by considering Chinese indentured labor to South Africa (1904-1907), with a spatial focus on the port of Durban and the adjacent Indian Ocean. I examine the relationship of Chinese workers with medicine as a particular form of colonial authority. Far from being part of the notoriously unregulated exchanges of “coolie-labor” characterized by high mortality rates, the South African case is unusual in its extensive state and capital regulation in the healthy transport of workers. I consider the mediating role played by colonial doctors on board the vessels in managing the steamships as “floating compounds” closely allied to the imperatives of labour-discipline. This article thus details quasi-medical efforts at control and management of miners in the shift to industrial capitalism, and assesses where these measures failed or encountered forms of resistance from the Chinese.

La perspective de l’installation d’un shelter dans un quartier du centre-ville de Durban aura déclenché, à la charnière du siècle et du millénaire, l’une des controverses les plus véhémentes et les plus inextricables dont la métropole de Durban ait eu à connaître. Avec l’affaire déclenchée par le déménagement forcé du shelter-église de l’Ark Ministries Church à Albert Park, c’est la citoyenneté locale, urbaine, de certains citoyens (et non-citoyens) qui a émergé comme un enjeu majeur des transformations « post-apartheid » : la citoyenneté de ceux que l’on peut appeler, à l’instar de nombre d’acteurs, « les pauvres » (poor) ou les « plus pauvres » (poorer) et les « indigents » (destitute). Par l’intensité des passions qu’elle a fait s’exprimer, l’affaire est venue attester combien le partage de la ville entre usagers de conditions diverses était chargé d’implications déterminantes, peut-être même fondamentales, pour tous ses acteurs ; en particulier sous la forme d’un lien problématique entre l’habitat, ou plus précisément la résidence, et la citoyenneté. C’est ce que ce papier tente d’élucider.

This paper considers the very large differences in adaptive capacity among the world’s urban centres. It then discusses how risk levels may change for a range of climatic drivers of impacts in the near term (2030–2040) and the long term (2080–2100) with a 2°C and a 4°C warming for Dar es Salaam, Durban, London and New York City. The paper is drawn directly from Chapter 8 of Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, the IPCC Working Group II contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report. It includes the complete text of this chapter’s Executive Summary. The paper highlights the limits to what adaptation can do to protect urban areas and their economies and populations without the needed global agreement and action on mitigation; this is the case even for cities with high adaptive capacities. It ends with a discussion of transformative adaptation and where learning on how to achieve this needs to come from.

Chapter 10 in 'State of the Nation 2016 - Who is in Charge? Mandates, Accountability and Contestations in South Africa' edited by Daniel Plaatjies, Charles Hongoro, Margaret Chitiga-Mabugu, Thenjiwe Meyiwa, Muxe Nkondo, Francis Nyamnjoh (HSRC Press, 2016)

This chapter provides an account of some of the contestation around a land occupation in Cato Manor, Durban. It shows that none of the actors aspiring to exercise control – party structures, the local state, the courts, NGOs and popular organisations – were, in the period under study, able to exercise full control over the people or territory in question. It also shows that actually existing forms of contestation frequently operated outside the limits established by liberal democratic arrangements.

"This article, "The Women of Durban's Dockside Sex Industry," looks at the lives of female prostitutes in Durban's dockside sex sector. They solicit at a nightclub catering to foreign sailors. The paper considers their experiences as sex workers and how they deal with stigmatization, family concerns, chemical abuse, moral dilemmas, diseases, and violence. It assesses their fears and frustrations. And it ponders their dreams and longings for what they hope to achieve through this work.

The article concludes with the idea that dockside women are relatively empowered compared to their streetwalking & brothel-working counterparts. Since most hail from upcountry locales, they successfully live "double lives" that protect them from family and communal reprisal. Since their clients are foreign transients, the men pose no threat to their identities (they have no social power outside the dockside world). Since the women solicit from a safe nightclub, they retain the right of refusal. And because they're the knowledgeable locals, they choose the location of sex, which enhances their power to insist on condom-use.

Ironically, these upcountry women are perhaps the most cosmopolitan citizens of Durban as they entertain dozens of nationalities every evening."

Nneke Charity Okese of Nigeria was prevented from taking occupation of a rental apartment in Durban’s beachfront flat. Certain trustees in a Sectional titles scheme used its house rules as a weapon to stop Okese from gaining access to her rental apartment.

Although not a recent phenomenon, megaproject building is currently enjoying renewed popularity in large cities across the world. Policy-makers are undertaking major investments in the form of large-scale urban development projects to position their metropolitan cities on a global scale and to scale-up urban infrastructure to meet basic needs of housing and transportation. The aim of this special issue, of which this article is the introduction, is to examine this trend, with a focus on four cities: Cape Town, Durban, Delhi, and Lima. On the basis of empirical case material, the articles analyse the challenges that megaprojects throw up for urban sustainability and discuss the peculiar issues facing cities characterized by extreme social inequalities, limited mobilisation of community groups and growing pressure on governments to implement neoliberal urban development policies. They illustrate how institutional contexts and specific policy instruments in conjunction with territorially grounded social dynamics give rise to distinct patterns of megaproject development. The articles engage critically with recent literature that has postulated the emergence of a new paradigm of megaproject building. The research is an outcome of work conducted in the framework of the “Chance2Sustain” project, funded under the European Commission’s 7th Framework Programme.

"The diversity of South Africa's prostitution industry exposes sex workers to varying levels of violence. The street, truck stop, hotel, agency, brothel, and dockside trades are characterized by different structural features that determine the prevalence of client, police, and third-party abuse against prostitutes. Comparing the structural elements of each sector allows not only gauging the likelihood of violence within a given niche but also devising more precise policy instruments to reduce violence at an industry-wide level.

This article, "Navigating Risk," focuses on the dockside prostitution sector in Cape Town and Durban, showing how its structural features enhance the women's power vis-à-vis their clients and the police. It discusses 5 key variables that influence the likelihood of violence within each prostitution sector:

* the social and legal status of the client
* the location of the negotiation
* the location of the sexual act
* the level of discretion in the solicitation process
* and the role of third-party involvement

Detailed policy recommendations conclude the argument."

An exploratory study into the information needs and information behaviour of Lesbian, Gay & Bi-sexual (LGBT) students at tertiary institutions in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.  The research delves into LGBT identity and LGBT identity formation and the information sources that help infer, develop or create the LGBT identity.

GUERCIA, Gianluigi, "An imaginary visual journey on the life and time of Fernando Pessoa in Durban" (2021). Pessoa Plural―A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, No. 19, Fall, pp. 281-299. Brown Digital Repository. Brown University Library. https://doi.org/10.26300/w5fn-6t34 Is Part of: Pessoa Plural―A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, Issue 19 An imaginary visual journey on the life and time of Fernando Pessoa in Durban [Uma viagem visual imaginária sobre a vida e o tempo de Fernando Pessoa em Durban] https://doi.org/10.26300/w5fn-6t34 ABSTRACT This project is a visual journey through the time of Fernando Pessoa in South Africa and aims at representing it in a visual way. This is not a visual topography of the houses he lived in or the schools he attended, although there are some images directly related to these details. It is the visual emotional journey of a young talented Portuguese boy in an African city rich in complexity, exotic moments, flavours and scenes. RESUMO Este projecto é uma viagem visual através do tempo de Fernando Pessoa na África do Sul e procura representá-la de forma visual. Não é uma topografia visual das casas onde viveu ou das escolas que frequentou, embora existam algumas imagens directamente relacionadas com esses detalhes. É a viagem visual emocional de um jovem talentoso rapaz português numa cidade africana rica na sua complexidade, momentos exóticos, sabores e cenários. BIBLIOGRAPHY BUNYAN, David (1987). “The South African Fernando Pessoa”. English in Africa, vol. 14, n.º 1, pp. 67-105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40238599 HELGESSON, Stefan (2015). “Pessoa, Anon, and the Natal Colony: Retracing and Imperial Matrix”. Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies, vol. 28, special issue (“Fernando Pessoa as English Reader and Writer”), guest editors, Patricio Ferrari and Jerónimo Pizarro, pp. 30-46. On-line since 2017: https://ojs.lib.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/issue/view/PLCS28 JENNINGS, Hubert D. (1986). Fernando Pessoa in Durban. Durban: Durban Corporation. PESSOA, Fernando (1979). Una sola moltitudine. A cura di Antonio Tabucchi, con la collaborazione di Maria José de Lancastre. Edizione bilingue. Milano: Adelphi Edizioni.

My aim in life is to find the fullest self-expression and free association I can. This requires movement and combining activities in different places. This desire needs social structures conducive to it. Some places – several at once -- support me in this goal more than others. We live in a world that is ever more interdependent and in great danger. We must all connect with this situation in shared ways. I started out from industrial Manchester and followed the African diaspora in the North Atlantic societies. I moved to Paris and found a second home on Durban beach in South Africa. I think of Durban as the Marseille of Africa. The short essay reflects on what I am looking for through movement in the world and how I found it in Durban. Not as a final harbour, but as a place where I could selectively combine what I had found elsewhere.

In Texaco, his novel about the history of a shack settlement in Martinique, Patrick Chamoiseau writes of a “proletariat without factories, workshops, and work, and without bosses, in the muddle of odd jobs, drowning in survival and leading an existence like a path through embers.” But Texaco is also a novel of struggle, of struggle with the “persistence of Sisyphus”- struggle to hold a soul together in the face of relentless destruction amidst a “disaster of asbestos, tin sheets crates, mud tears, blood, police”. Texaco is a novel of barricades, police and fire, a struggle to “call forth the poet in the urban planner”, a struggle to “enter City”.

This article looks at practices of pilferage and bribery among African migrant dock workers in Durban in the 1950s. Many of Durban's dockers regularly engaged in small-scale theft, usually food for personal consumption, but sometimes they also got their hands on bigger and more expensive items or sold the pilfered goods. Many also relied on their social networks to find jobs and did not shy away from bribing izinduna to make sure that they were hired on ships that contained the right goods. Such crimes, which were often not recognised as such by the workers, have often been seen as forms of primitive and individual resistance to proletarianisation. This article, however, argues that these were not just reactive and opportunistic acts, but part of a conscious strategy to combine dock labour with a small business, which allowed several workers to withdraw from the wage labour market altogether.Cet article traite des pratiques de chapardage et de corruption parmi les ouvriers migrants africains travaillant sur les docks de Durban dans les années 1950. Nombre de dockers de Durban commettaient régulièrement des petits vols, généralement de nourriture pour leur propre consommation, mais parfois ils s'emparaient aussi d'articles plus importants et plus coûteux, ou vendaient les biens chapardés. Beaucoup dépendaient aussi de leurs réseaux sociaux pour trouver des emplois et n'hésitaient pas à soudoyer les izinduna pour veiller à être embauchés sur les navires qui transportaient les bonnes marchandises. Ces délits, qui souvent n'étaient pas reconnus comme tels par les ouvriers, ont souvent été vus comme des formes de résistance primitive et individuelle à la prolétarianisation. Cet article, toutefois, soutient qu'il ne s'agissait pas seulement d'actes réactifs et opportunistes, mais qu'ils faisaient partie d'une stratégie consciente en vue de conjuguer le travail sur les docks et une petite entreprise, stratégie qui a permis à plusieurs ouvriers de se retirer complètement du marché du travail.

<p>In phase 1 of the study the STAT-Site had a high failure rate. It seems that this was related to uneven migration of the sample through the sample strip, resulting in the sample migration time exceeding the maximum time specified by the manufacturer.</p

Across South Africa, urban land has become a key site of popular contestation with the state and the liberal property regime. In Durban the steep terrain also enables opportunities for new occupations within the zones of privilege, nodes of spatially concentrated, racialized power. But, again as in much of the world, dissident elites have often been skeptical about the political capacities of the urban poor. The worker or peasant has often been imagined as the subject of a “proper” politics, a politics to come in which industrial production or rural land would be the key site of struggle.

This paper considers the very large differences in adaptive capacity among the world’s urban centres. It then discusses how risk levels may change for a range of climatic drivers of impacts in the near term (2030–2040) and the long term (2080–2100) with a 2°C and a 4°C warming for Dar es Salaam, Durban, London and New York City. The paper is drawn directly from Chapter 8 of Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, the IPCC Working Group II contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report. It includes the complete text of this chapter’s Executive Summary. The paper highlights the limits to what adaptation can do to protect urban areas and their economies and populations without the needed global agreement and action on mitigation; this is the case even for cities with high adaptive capacities. It ends with a discussion of transformative adaptation and where learning on how to achieve this needs to come from.

GUERCIA, Gianluigi, "An imaginary visual journey on the life and time of Fernando Pessoa in Durban" (2021). Pessoa Plural―A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, No. 19, Fall, pp. 281-299. Brown Digital Repository. Brown University Library. https://doi.org/10.26300/w5fn-6t34

Is Part of:

Pessoa Plural―A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, Issue 19

An imaginary visual journey on the life and time of Fernando Pessoa in Durban
[Uma viagem visual imaginária sobre a vida e o tempo de Fernando Pessoa em Durban]

https://doi.org/10.26300/w5fn-6t34

ABSTRACT

This project is a visual journey through the time of Fernando Pessoa in South Africa and aims at representing it in a visual way. This is not a visual topography of the houses he lived in or the schools he attended, although there are some images directly related to these details. It is the visual emotional journey of a young talented Portuguese boy in an African city rich in complexity, exotic moments, flavours and scenes.

RESUMO

Este projecto é uma viagem visual através do tempo de Fernando Pessoa na África do Sul e procura representá-la de forma visual. Não é uma topografia visual das casas onde viveu ou das escolas que frequentou, embora existam algumas imagens directamente relacionadas com esses detalhes. É a viagem visual emocional de um jovem talentoso rapaz português numa cidade africana rica na sua complexidade, momentos exóticos, sabores e cenários.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BUNYAN, David (1987). “The South African Fernando Pessoa”. English in Africa, vol. 14, n.º 1, pp. 67-105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40238599
HELGESSON, Stefan (2015). “Pessoa, Anon, and the Natal Colony: Retracing and Imperial Matrix”. Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies, vol. 28, special issue (“Fernando Pessoa as English Reader and Writer”), guest editors, Patricio Ferrari and Jerónimo Pizarro, pp. 30-46. On-line since 2017: https://ojs.lib.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/issue/view/PLCS28
JENNINGS, Hubert D. (1986). Fernando Pessoa in Durban. Durban: Durban Corporation.
PESSOA, Fernando (1979). Una sola moltitudine. A cura di Antonio Tabucchi, con la collaborazione di Maria José de Lancastre. Edizione bilingue. Milano: Adelphi Edizioni.

The past two decades have seen an impressive expansion of municipal engagement with climate change. Yet while interest has broadened, actions remain shallow. This is in part because climate policies fit uneasily into existing bureaucratic structures and practices. Effective climate programmes require adaptive and innovative responses that span departmental divisions. This challenges siloised municipal offices that are embedded in their own organisational cultures and technical practices. Understanding those challenges is crucial to understanding urban responses to cli- mate change, but they remain critically understudied. This paper helps to fill that gap by looking at the experiences of two cities, Durban (KZN, South Africa) and Portland (OR, USA) as they attempt to put in place integrated responses to climate change. To do so, it brings together complementary critical perspectives drawn from the study of bureaucracies and complex institutions in sociology and geography. This hybrid critical framework is used to elaborate on both the organisational bar- riers that inhibit effective responses to climate change, and approaches that can be used to enable change and innovation.

This paper considers the very large differences in adaptive capacity among the world’s urban centres. It then discusses how risk levels may change for a range of climatic drivers of impacts in the near term (2030–2040) and the long term (2080–2100) with a 2°C and a 4°C warming for Dar es Salaam, Durban, London and New York City. The paper is drawn directly from Chapter 8 of Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, the IPCC Working Group II contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report. It includes the complete text of this chapter’s Executive Summary. The paper highlights the limits to what adaptation can do to protect urban areas and their economies and populations without the needed global agreement and action on mitigation; this is the case even for cities with high adaptive capacities. It ends with a discussion of transformative adaptation and where learning on how to achieve this needs to come from.

L’objectif du rapport est une evaluation des systemes de tarification sociale mis en place dans des contextes differents et s’appliquant aux usages domestiques. Grâce a l’analyse comparative, et en detaillant 9 etudes de cas representant un echantillon significatif des modeles de tarification sociale existants, nous aborderons dans des contextes geopolitiques varies la question d’une eau accessible et abordable pour tous. Ce rapport ne vise pas a apporter des reponses categoriques a ces questions, mais plutot a apporter des pistes de reflexion a la lumiere des diverses experiences deja realisees. Ainsi, la mise en lumiere d’echecs et d’erreurs nous parait aussi enrichissante que les exemples de reussite et de « bonnes pratiques » en termes d’equite sociale et de justice environnementale. L'introduction nous a permis de resituer la question de l’eau et du droit a l’eau dans son large contexte. Dans le chapitre 2, nous proposons un premier tour d’horizon des questions liees au prix de l’eau, ainsi qu’une typologie simple des divers modeles de tarification existants, en en presentant les principes de base. Le chapitre 3 aborde l’etude detaillee de 9 villes d’Asie, d’Afrique, d’Amerique Latine et d’Europe, en fournissant pour chacune une mise en contexte, une presentation des acteurs en presence et une analyse detaillee de la tarification actuelle. Les 9 etudes de cas que nous traitons suivent une structure identique et visent a aborder plusieurs dimensions de l’analyse : nous presentons le contexte national, les modes de gouvernance et les relations entre acteurs, puis nous nous interessons aux politiques tarifaires et aux dispositifs sociaux en place, pour finalement proposer une etude d’impact. Si la structure est constante, l’intitule de chacune des sous-parties revele les specificites de chaque etude de cas. Les titres presentent donc une premiere cle d’interpretation pour le lecteur sur le modele aborde. Le chapitre 4 se propose de d’adopter une approche comparative et thematique, en reprenant point par point chacune des interrogations soulevees dans cette introduction. Enfin, sous le chapitre 5, nous developpons une serie de proposition et de recommandations pour construire des methodes de tarification sociale plus efficaces, tenant compte des nombreux enjeux dont nous souhaitons souligner l’importance. Loin de viser a appliquer aveuglement des « bonnes pratiques », il s’agit au contraire de trouver des solutions adaptees aux contextes locaux pour faire face aux defis sociaux, environnementaux et financiers dans le domaine de l’eau.

La diversidad cultural de las sociedades humanas y su gestión política han sido de los temas más debatidos por las ciencias sociales en los últimos tiempos. En Latinoamérica y el Caribe se observa el desarrollo de mecanismos de reconocimiento de diferentes expresiones de su multiculturalidad. Estas formas de inclusión han estado acompañadas de múltiples paradojas y ambigüedades. Es el llamado giro multicultural que, si bien ha tenido como protagonista más visible a los pueblos indígenas, también ha incluido a las poblaciones de origen africano. A partir de una síntesis de trabajos anteriores, el propósito de este texto es el de presentar una visión panorámica sobre la presencia de los afrodescendientes en América Latina y el Caribe, y del proceso de gestación y desarrollo de las políticas multiculturales aplicables a estas poblaciones. Igualmente plantearemos algunos elementos acerca de los límites y obstáculos que se observan en la implementación de dichas políticas.