Development Econmomics

Unilever Company has been selected to do this assignment in management process. With this assignment it is expected to discuss about the organizations planning, organizing, controlling, and leading, and how the Unilever has success in those areas when attaining productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness.

تكمن مشكلة البحث في أن صناعة الدواجن تواجه العديد من المشكلات، من أهمها المشكلات الإنتاجية والتسويقية مما يحول دون الاستخدام الاقتصادي الأمثل للموارد المستثمرة في هذه الصناعة ،ويهدف البحث إلى تحليل عناصر تكاليف الإنتاج والتقديرالإحصائي لدوال الإنتاج والتكاليف لدجاج التسمين بعينة بحثية بمحافظة القليوبية للتعرف على عناصر تكايف الإنتاج ،ودراسة الحجم الأمثل"الحجم المدني للتكاليف "لمزارع دجاج التسمين، وقياس الكفاءة الإنتاجية والاقتصادية لمزارع تسمين الدجاج، علاوة على التعرف على المشاكل الإنتاجية والتسويقية التي تواجه منتجي دجاج التسمي. وقد اعتمد الدراسة في تحقيق اهدافها على البيانات الأولية التي تم تجميعها بمحافظة القليوبية عن طريق استمارة استبيان لعينة عشوائية مأخوذة من 80 مزرعة تمثل السعات الإنتاجية (5، 10، 15 ألف طائر)، خلال دورات إنتاجية للمسم (2014- 2015)، وقد تم استخدام أسلوب الانحدار المتعدد المرحلي للحصول على دالة الإنتاج ومعايير الكفاءة الاقتصادية لمزارع تسمين الدواجن بعينة الدراسة، وقد أوضحت النتائج البحثية ان أهم تكاليف إنتاج دجاج التسمين للفئات الإنتاجية الثلاث، بلغت نحو 88.9 الف جنيه، بما يعادل نحو 17782 جنيها لكل ألف طائر للفئة الاولى، وبلغت نحو 170.3 الف جنيه بالنسبة للفئة الثانية، بما يعادل نحو 17031 جنيها، بينما بلغت نحو 249.8 الف جنية بالنسبة للفئة الثالثة، بما يعادل نحو 16654 جنيها، وعلى ذلك فان تكاليف إنتاج الفئة الإنتاجية الاولى تعتبر اعلى تكاليف الفئات الثلاث، وان الفئة الثالثة تعتبر اقل تكاليف الفئات الثلاث، مما يعني أن زيادة الطاقة الإنتاجية للمزارع من شأنها أن تؤدي إلى خفض تكاليف الإنتاج، وهو ما يؤكد تحقيق وفورات السعة الإنتاجية. ومن دراسة نسبة العائد للتكاليف للفئات الإنتاجية الثلاث تبين أن الفئة الإنتاجية الثالثة حققت أعلى نسبة عائد للتكاليف من بين الفئات الثلاث، حيث بلغت نحو 115.6%، بما يزيد عن مثيلتها للفئتين الانتاجيتين الثانية والاولى بنحو 5.1%، 12.9% لكل منها على الترتيب، مما يشير إلى أن زيادة الطاقة الإنتاجية لمزارع الدواجن تؤدي إلى زيادة نسبة العائد للتكاليف. واتضح أن أهم العناصر المؤثرة على الكمية المنتجة من اللحوم البيضاء هي عدد الكتاكيت المشتراة، وكمية العلف، وعدد ساعات العمل البشري، وعدد النافق، حيث قدرت المرونات الإنتاجية بنحو 0.096، 0.139، 0.226، -0.02  لكل من المتغيرات السابقة على الترتيب. وبالتالى فان حدوث تغير مقداره 10% في كل من عدد الكتاكيت المشتراه، كمية العلف، وعدد ساعات العمل البشري تؤدي إلى تغير في نفس الاتجاه مقداره نحو 0.96%، 1.39%، 2.26% في صافي الناتج اللحمي على الترتيب، بينما عند حدوث تغيراً مقداره 10% في عدد النافق يؤدي إلى تغير في عكس الاتجاه مقداره نحو 0.2% في صافي الناتج اللحمي، واتضح أن الإنتاج الأمثل الذي يدني التكاليف الإنتاجية هو الإنتاج الذي يجب على مزارع دجاج التسمين محاولة الوصول إليه حتى يتسنى لها تحقيق ذلك القدر من الأرباح التى تغطي تكاليف إنتاجها ويدر على المزرعة الربح. كما تبين ان العائد الاقتصادي للوحدة المستخدمة من عدد الكتاكيت، كمية العلف المستهلكة، وعدد العمالة قد بلغ حوالي 1.01، 1.11 ، 1.07 جنيها ، مما يعنى أن عدد الكتاكيت والعمالة تكاد تكون الكمية المثلى، وتبينان الايراد الكلى الإيراد الكلي حوالي 18792 جنيها لكل 1000، وبلغ متوسط صافي العائد حوالي 1949 جنيها لكل 1000 كتكوت، وبلغ اربحية الجنية المستثمر في مزارع دواجن التسمين حوالي 0.12 جنية، وأن العائد على الجنية المستثمر بلغ حوالي 1.12 جنيها ، واتضح ان اهم المشاكل الإنتاجية لمزارع الدواجن تتمثل في ارتفاع أسعار الأعلاف، وتمثل حوالي 96.3% من إجمالي آراء منتجي الدجاج بالعينة، يليها مشكلة ارتفاع أسعار الكتاكيت وتمثل حوالى 67.5%، يليها مشكلات ارتفاع تكاليف التدفئة والإنارة، ارتفاع اسعار الأدوية، ارتفاع أسعار العمالة، عدم كفاية الامصال واللقاحات، عدم توفر سلالات جيدة بنسبة بلغت حوالى 41.3%، 35%، 23.8%، 21.3%، 18.8% من إجمالي آراء منتجي الدجاج بالعينة لكل منها على الترتيب، وتتمثل اهم المشكلات التسويقية في انخفاض سعر البيع، عدم توفر المعلومات التسويقية، وتحديد البورصة أسعار غير عادلة وذلك بأهمية نسبية بلغت حوالي 68%، 25%، 17% من إجمالي آراء منتجي الدجاج بالعينة لكل منها على الترتيب، كما تبين أن أهم تلك المقترحات تتمثل في خفض أسعار الكتاكيت، إيجاد سعر عادل على حسب قوى العرض والطلب، توفير الأعلاف بأسعار مخفضة وذلك بأهمية نسبية بلغت حوالي 42.5%، 37.5%، 31.3% من إجمالي آراء المنتجين لكل منها على الترتيب، يلى ذلك مقترحات  توفير مستلزمات الإنتاج، توفير المعلومات لتسويقية، وتوفير سلالات جديدة، بأهمية نسبية بلغت حوالي 20%، 15%، 15%، ، يليه مقترح خفض أسعار الكهرباء والمياه بنسبة بلغت حوالي 11.3% من آراء المنتجين.

"New results from archaeological research in southern Moravia and Lower Austria are leading to a new understanding of the early medieval development of the region. It is now clear, that in the 9th century the Great Moravian and the East Frankish-Bavarian power blocs faced each other here. This bipolar world broke apart at the beginning of the 10th century in the course of the collapse of Great Moravia and the Magyar invasions. The revival of the original central area took place after the pacifi cation of the Hungarians in the 970s. An important focal point emerged at the junction of the rivers March and Thaya. In the 11th century a triangle developed, at which Piast/Přemyslid Moravia,
Arpad Hungary and the Babenberg march bordered each other. Recent excavations uncovered a previously unknown early medieval settlement at Kostice – Zadní hrúd, the growth of which began in the 970s. The early medieval settlement features are spread unevenly across an area of 30 hectares, mainly however at the top of a group of sand dunes, which rise a little above the surrounding area. Intensive fi eld walking, metal detector prospection and a small excavation have taken place in this area in the last six years. 43 temple rings and around 170 coins, mostly of Bavarian, Bohemian, Hungarian, Moravian and Austrian origin from the 10th to 12th/13th centuries, were found, alongside pottery, and a great deal of non-ferrous and precious metal. The numerous lead finds are also notable. The most important fi nds besides the many coins are scales and spherical weights. Similar weights have been found in Scandinavia, Great Britain and the Baltic together with scales in the graves of merchants or at central places. The settlement at Kostice – Zadní hrúd was probably the site of a market settlement. In the 11th century a sort of “regional gateway” seems to have developed at the junction of the March and Thaya rivers. The trade route which entered Moravia in the lower Thaya valley led from the Middle Danube and the Carpathian basin northwards to Poland and the Baltic.

The Indian economy continues to gr ow as a global economic powerhouse. In the world, India is  considered  as  the  second  fastest  growing  economy  at  two  digit  growth  of  Gross  Domestic Product  (GDP).  It  is  most due  to  the  introduction  of  New Economic Policy of  Privatization, Liberalization
and Globalization in 1991. One of the discontents of the post globalization growth is the rising  inequalities across states in India. T o analyze this regional divergence among states during the
period 1980-81 to  2006-07, a number of techniques  are  used including  Price Correction  Method,  Log-Lin Model, Convergences  (σ-convergence,  α-  convergence  and  β-  convergence),  standard deviation and Coefficient of Variation. This paper finds that Regional Inequality in terms of Per Capita Net State  Domestic Product  (PCNSDP)  among Indian  states  has  increased  in  the  post globalization  period.

John Maynard Keynes was certainly the most famous and arguably the greatest political economist of the twentieth century. His seminal publication, The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money, published in 1936, changed economics irrevocably. Unfortunately, Keynes was not well-served by his followers, and much of his bold vision is missing from standard textbook treatments of his work. This essay sets the record straight by having four key objectives. First, as context, it provides a biographical sketch of Keynes achievements and the ‘interesting’ times which he experienced, the single most important event being the Great Inter-War Depression. Second, as further context, it introduces the essentials of the classical orthodoxy, the pre-Keynesian macro-economic theory of how economic society worked, and its conservative policy agenda, from which Keynes departed. Third, the core of the essay, it faithfully explains the key concepts and ideas of his new workable classification in which effective demand was the driving force, and the many-layered policy programme known as the Middle-Way, which he fashioned over time to meet the challenges posed by the Great Depression, World War 2 and the post-war world. Lastly, it sets-out the reasons why Keynes can be described as one of the greats of political economy.

The major concerns for most emerging or developing nations particularly in Africa have been the application and usability of knowledge based systems and technologies. Knowledge is a vital tool for every economy. Over the years in Nigeria, transformation has taken place in every sector of the economy which required knowledge as an asset for implementation of projects in the different sectors of the Nigerian economy. Information Technology has played a huge role in the different sectors of the Nigerian economy. Information Technology encompasses several industries such as; computer hardware, software, electronics, computer networks and many more. These industries in information technology have played a huge role in the implementation of project/business ideas in the different sectors of the Nigerian economy. These sectors include agriculture, automobiles, banking, clothing and textiles, education, energy, health care and pharmaceuticals, transportation etc. These sectors have been experiencing the positive impact of Information Technology in terms of economic growth.  A continuous, consistent and updated use of Information technology in the Nigerian economy would lead to higher profits and increased market share. This paper highlights the role of Information Technology in building a knowledge-based economy in Nigeria.
Since knowledge based systems came into existence in the early 1980s, Nigeria and many other African countries are yet to explore the diverse importance and use of these technologies. Investigations and surveys have revealed that most practitioners in the I.T industry are concerned about the business risks in terms of profitability, investment risks and working capital management instead of using their Information Technology capabilities to build knowledge based economy which would also serve as synergy to foster national development.
The study was focused on the perceived paucity of the role of Information Technology in building, developing and actualizing knowledge based economy in Nigeria. It also highlights core functionalities for managing issues relating to privacy and security in knowledge repositories.
Keywords: Knowledge, Information, Technology, Economy, Transformation, Knowledge Based Systems, National development, Privacy, Security, Nigeria.

Confidence in combining inflation-targeting-cum-flexible-exchange-rate regimes with isolated microprudential regulation as a means to guarantee both macroeconomic and financial stability has been shattered by the scale and synchronization of asset price booms and busts that preceded the current global financial crisis. This paper has a two-fold purpose. On the one hand, it explores the implications and challenges of acknowledging the need for coordination between monetary policies and macroprudential regulation. On the other, it points out specific challenges currently faced by central bankers in emerging economies, as they cope with policy and regulatory coordination in a context of debt overhang and unconventional monetary policies in advanced economies

The Foundation for Critical Dialogue has commissioned four studies to see the changes in caste system over the time. All four studies have almost observed the similar caste practices but with different places and informants i.e. freedom in selecting occupation, access to and discrimination in schools, status of property ownership, Inter-dining with other caste-people, status of inter-caste marriage, untouchability/commensality, affiliation in the institutional networks.
Reviewing all these papers it has drawn that there has been significant change in the practices of the caste system. Social Change or transformation is a relative matter; it cannot be done in an absolute sense. So, it would reveal the real sense of transformation if studies have been done in a comparative way with non-Dalits. There is an estimate that at least ten percent GDP loss each year has been occurred due to not mainstreaming Dalits in development. There is a need of an empirical research on how much the state lost over the period due to the caste system in Nepal. the welfare system should be restructured in an innovative way, 'Pro-liberalism’ in place of neo-liberalism which embedded with the principle of protectionism to the deprived ones under the political spectrum of ‘Liberal Socialism’. Egalitarian society from bottom to top is the basic part of the pro-liberalism and liberal socialism is the pathway to break the caste system that our constitution and the contemporary human rights movements direct for.

This paper examines how cash resources affect the sustainable environmental practices and financial performance of firms listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) in the United Kingdom (UK). The study adopts Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model on 201 quoted Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) on the UK Alternative Investment Market (AIM) from 2011 to 2016. Consistent with our predictions and confirms with the assertions of the resource-based view, the study documents that cash resources have a positive impact on sustainable environmental practices and financial performance relationships. However, the direction of the regression coefficient was not the same for accounting (ROA) and market-based (Tobin’s q) measures of financial performance. Whereas the moderating impact between cash resources and sustainable environmental practices for ROA was negative, the relationship was positive in the case of Tobin’s q. The study, therefore, concluded that where excessive cash a...

Confidence in combining inflation-targeting-cum-flexible-exchange-rate regimes with isolated microprudential regulation as a means to guarantee both macroeconomic and financial stability has been shattered by the scale and synchronization of the asset price booms and busts that preceded the global financial crisis. This note explores some of the ways in which monetary policy can address asset price booms and busts through its integration with macroprudential regulation.

The article covers the primary contribution to the existing literature on education in Bolivia as it delves into its education policies. The study compares relevant economic indicators with Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

This paper analyses the impact of foreign aid on economic growth in Nigeria during the period of 1970-2010. The empirical analysis rests on the neo-classical modelling analytical framework
and combined several procedures in modern econometric analysis/estimation techniques. Our findings shows that aid flows has significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria: domestic investment
increased in response to aid flows and population growth has no significant effect on aid flows. Aid
flows also provides free resources to increase domestic investment, thus confirming the aid-policy growth hypothesis. Therefore, donor governments should be aware of the political situations in recipient countries, and work with international bodies to ensure as much stability as possible. Finally, foreign aid transfers should henceforth pledge to abide by the oath to of doing no harm.

The first five years of life are the most crucial to the physical and intellectual development of children and can determine their potential to learn and thrive for a life time. That is why it is specifically stated as one of the goals of the MDGs to reduce infant mortality by two thirds by 2015. Although there has been a substantial reduction in infant and child mortality rates in most developing countries in the recent past, it still remains a major public health issue in Sub-Saharan Africa, with special reference to Nigeria; the giant of Africa. The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the influencing factors on infant and child mortality in Nigeria. Survey data from the National Health Demographic Survey have been used to examine the patterns of infant and child of mortality. The simple regression estimation technique was employed to investigate the effects of some selected socio-economic variables on infant and child mortality. The selected variables include: the educational attainment of mothers, place of delivery, women’s status respecting decision making in the house which are; final Say on Mother's Health Care, final Say on Making Large Household Purchases, final Say on Making Household Purchases for Daily Needs, final Say on Visits to Family or Relatives, final Say on Deciding What to do With Money Husbands Earns. The study reveals that their exist positive linear association between infant and child mortality and each of the variables serving as indicators for women’s status. This study was able to find out that place of delivery plays a crucial role, as better places of deliveries significantly reduce infant and child mortality in Nigeria. Also that higher level of educational attainment has negative impact on infant and child mortality.

"Could either monetary policy or financial prudential regulation be relied on individually to mitigate asset price cycles or their effects? If both ways are effective, monetary policy and prudential regulation could then be considered “substitutes,” in
the sense that the individual use of either instrument leads to a reduction in the volatility of both corresponding targets. This
note, however, argues in favor of complementarity—rather than substitution—in the use of monetary and macroprudential policies: the combined (articulate) use of both policies tends to be more effective than a standalone implementation of either."

More than eight million people around the world die every year simply because they are too poor to remain alive (Sachs 1). Despite all of the advances in technology, conservation, and development efforts, the statistics on global poverty are still staggering. As the economically prosperous countries get richer, the poverty-stricken ones get even poorer and their situations more dire. Jeffrey Sachs views economic development as a ladder, with the top rungs representing economic success, and the bottom one sixth of the world defined as the group who are too poor to even make it to the bottom rung on the ladder. These people survive on $1 a day, live in extreme poverty, destitute conditions, with no access to healthcare, education, or economic opportunities. As the world advances, the divide between the richest people and the poorest people in the world is quickly becoming further and further apart. This is not because people do not care about developing countries. There are more NGO’s, international organizations, and funds spent on international aid than ever before in history. Since this is the case, how is it possible that with all the billions of dollars spent on Official Development Assistance (ODA), countries are still not advancing economically? To investigate this issue, this paper will examine three developing nations, Kenya, Cambodia, and Pakistan, that have received a significant amount of aid and observe how this has affected the country’s economy.

This paper examines FDI flows (1994-2004) from the EU (and for comparison from the USA and Japan) to two neighbouring regions: Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and South Mediterranean (MED) countries. The analysis provides circumstantial evidence that the intensification of FDI in CEE, following integration within the EU, has had no discernible dampening effect on FDI flows directed to MED countries. This hypothesis is confirmed in several empirical analyses. First, a random effect gravity regression for determinants of ...

The study examined the effects of twins’ deficits in Nigeria for
the period 1970-2008. Secondary time-series data were used for
the study and analysed using econometric techniques. The results
showed there was a bidirectional causality relationship between
budget deficits and trade deficits in Nigeria. The study concluded
that an appropriate policy measures to reduce budget deficits could play an important role in reducing trade deficit and complement this with budget-cut policies via a coherent package that focus on policies for export promotion, productivity improvement and exchange rate, among others.

In this study, we measured the central bank independence for all fourteen ESCWA countries using two indicators: the legal independence and accountability measure (the de jure measure) and the turnover rates of central bank governors (the de facto measure). The entire sample of countries is split into two subsamples: oil exporting and oil importing countries. The legal index shows that the central banks of Iraq and Palestine are the most independent central banks, while the central banks of Sudan and Syria are the least independent among both the oil exporting and oil importing countries respectively. The de facto measure shows that the central banks of Kuwait and Jordan are the most independent central banks while the central banks of Sudan and Egypt are the least independent among the oil exporting and the oil importing countries respectively. Our study reveals that the central bank independence has improved remarkably in the region since the 1980s and has closely followed the worldwide trend of granting central banks more independence from the executive branch. Our regression analysis proves that a higher degree of central bank independence would statistically improve the inflation performance in the entire region and in the two subsamples, basically by lowering the inflation rates level and decreasing volatility. Finally, our study pinpoints the legally weak provisions that contribute to low degrees of central bank independence; the study also recommends specific amendments that would significantly improve said independence in individual countries, the two subsamples, and the entire region.

The Asian style of regional integration may be seen as a “quasi-common economy” that eschews a formal linkup in political
or monetary terms, but manages to generate similar results by strong physical integration and distributed chains of production
and service delivery. This note proposes the Asian quasi-common economy as a benchmark for South America’s regional
integration efforts because it is a better fit than the politically driven, broad-based, European style integrative process

... Considering the ecological impact that the agro-food production sector has upon the carbon footprint, we investigated the potential that farming of edible terrestrial snail Helix pomatia andHelix aspersa Muller (Cornu aspersum) can provide humanity the necessary ...

Richard Florida is one of the world’s leading urbanists. He is a researcher and professor, serving as University Professor and Director of Cities at the Martin Prosperity Institute at the University of Toronto, a Distinguished Fellow at New York University’s Schack Institute of Real Estate, and a Visiting Fellow at Florida International University.
He is a writer and journalist, having penned several global best sellers,
including the award winning The Rise of the Creative Class and his most recent book, The New Urban Crisis published in April 2017. He serves as senior editor for The Atlantic, where he co-founded and serves as Editor-at-Large for CityLab. He is an entrepreneur, as founder of the Creative Class Group which works closely with companies and governments worldwide. A 2013 MIT study named him the world’s most influential thought leader. And TIME magazine recognized his Twitter feed as one of the 140 most influential in the world.
He previously taught at Carnegie Mellon, Ohio State University, and
George Mason University, and has been a visiting professor at Harvard and MIT and Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution. He earned his Bachelor’s degree from Rutgers College and his Ph.D. from Columbia University. For more information about Richard Florida and his work: http://www.creativeclass.com/

This paper discusses and analyzes various aspects of ethics in international trade. Both utilitarian and nonutilitarian approaches are used to examine the ethics of protectionism, antidumping actions, globalism, and sanctions policy. A bibliography with links to more than 100 trade articles is also included.

Because the corporate goal is to obtain the highest profit possible, not social welfare, public health or environmental sustainability, business interests often give little or no consideration to the effects of corporate practices on indigenous peoples. Thus, the estimated 257 to 370 million indigenous peoples in about 5,000 communities in 70 countries, speaking 5,000 of the 6,000 existing languages, often experience severe detrimental consequences from commercial activity. The effects of extractive industries such as mining, agricultural crops and timber, and the theft of intellectual property rights illustrate some of those consequences.

This note examines in detail Brazil’s export performance over the past 15 years, focusing not only on growth and composition, but also on different performance dimensions, including diversification, sophistication, and firm dynamics. The analysis uses international comparisons to better situate the Brazilian performance, and explores different databases, including firm-level data recently published by the World Bank. The note uses a recent diagnostic toolkit developed by the World Bank in order to suggest some hypotheses about the factors that have been inhibiting exports and industrial production expansion. Among the latter, it is noted how service sectors, as the largest beneficiaries from favorable terms of trade, accommodated larger wage increases and “exported” cost pressures to other sectors of the economy. Furthermore, although a stronger currency can be appointed as one of the elements behind the lower competitiveness in Brazilian exports, sluggish productivity performance a...

This note examines in detail Brazil’s export performance over the past 15 years, focusing not only on growth and composition, but also on different performance dimensions, including diversification, sophistication, and firm dynamics. The analysis uses international comparisons to better situate the Brazilian performance, and explores different databases, including firm-level data recently published by the World Bank. The note uses a recent diagnostic toolkit developed by the World Bank in order to suggest some hypotheses about the factors that have been inhibiting exports and industrial production expansion. Among the latter, it is noted how service sectors, as the largest beneficiaries from favorable terms of trade, accommodated larger wage increases and “exported” cost pressures to other sectors of the economy. Furthermore, although a stronger currency can be appointed as one of the elements behind the lower competitiveness in Brazilian exports, sluggish productivity performance a...