Dental Age Estimation

Background: One of the most challenging aspects of providing medical care is attending to patients who have been contaminated with hazardous materials. HAZMAT is a term used to describe incidents involving hazardous materials or specialized teams who deal with these incidents. Hazardous materials are defined as substances that have the potential to harm a person or the environment upon contact. These can be gases, liquids, or solids and include radioactive and chemical materials. Biological organisms, such as viruses and bacteria, are also included among hazardous materials. Hospitals are required to protect their employees from the exposure of these materials that may occur as a result of patient care. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals regarding Hazmat kit and its use in healthcare settings. Methods: A questionnaire comprising the KAP model's constructs, i.e. knowledge and attitude towards the use of Hazmat kit, as well as Hazmat kit practices, was used to collect data. The two constructs, knowledge and attitude, which are the main determinants of the KAP model were found to independently predict health care providers practices of managing hazardous spills. Knowledge of spill management was found to be the strongest predictor. Therefore, it is recommended that the hospitals and universities focus on the knowledge and attitude towards Hazmat kits in order to enhance their practices in hazardous spill management. Results: 750 members were chosen and were asked to participate in the survey, out of which only 161 responded. The rest denied due to lack of knowledge about it. 67.1% respondents were not aware of the Hazmat Kit and showed a favorable need of more strict policies towards safety for health care providers. They strongly recommended the need of conducting awareness through educational programs and emphasis on training be given to all health care professionals including the doctor, assistant, nurse and housekeeping staffs as well. 82.6% of the population believed that the difficulty in bringing this practice is due to lack of awareness despite other perceptions like the kit is expensive, consumes a lot of time, prefer disposing without kit. Though 94.4% of the population is currently not using Hazmat kits in their practice, 15.5% have positively responded towards its use. The respondent population consisted largely of Dental doctors, undergraduates and post graduates. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that the knowledge and awareness towards the usage of HAZMAT kits is inadequate among dental professionals. Hence, they were lacking regarding the practices of HAZMAT kit in the profession. However, the population showed a positive attitude towards learning through educational programs which gives hope in the better management of HAZMAT incidence. There is a need for hospitals to participate in community disaster planning for HAZMAT incidents. Therefore, it is recommended that the hospitals and universities focus on conducting hazardous spill management programs to enhance the preparedness of management of such events.

Dental school graduates have many options following graduation. Many are pursuing additional education and training by doing a residency program. As more graduates consider this career path, these programs have become more competitive. This study evaluates the competitiveness of match programs in dental residency programs by assessing data over a 9-year period for programs in the National Matching Service. The number of applicants participating in the match, number of positions offered, number of positions filled, and number of positions unfilled were analyzed for General Practice Residency (GPR), Advanced Education in General Dentistry (AEGD), Oral Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS), Pediatric Dentistry (PED), Orthodontics (ORTHO) and Dental Anesthesiology (ANES). The result has been an overall increase in number of applicants for these programs. Based on positions offered, ORTHO, PED, and OMS are the most competitive programs. PED programs were the most competitive due to the increase in applicants and relatively unchanged available positions.

Residual ridge resorption is a term that is used to describe the changes which affect the alveolar ridge following tooth extractions, which continue even after healing of the extraction socket throughout the life. The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of different types of residual ridge resorption and its relation with demographic data among the Chennai population. This retrospective study was conducted among the patients visiting the outpatient department of a private dental
college. The data of patients with edentulous mandibles were evaluated from there available case sheets. The collected data was statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Software (20.0). We observed that, It can be seen that high well rounded is the most prevalent among all the age groups; The age group of 60-69 years shows the highest incidence of all the three types of RRR;There is no or little significant association between age and the type of RRR(Pearson chi-square value- 8.260; p-value- 0.603;phi- 0.145). It is observed that RRR is more prevalent among the male population; There is no or little significant association
between gender and the type of RRR(Pearson chi-square value- 2.529; p-value- 0.282; phi- 0.2); It can be seen that there is a significant association between the history of using a denture and the type of RRR(Pearson chi-square value-15.511 ; pvalue-0.001 ; phi-0.19 ). Within the limits of the study, It can be seen that high well rounded is the most prevalent among all the age groups; The age group of 60-69 years shows the highest incidence of all the three types of RRR; t is observed that
RRR is more prevalent among the male population; It can be seen that there is a significant association between the history of using a denture and the type of RRR.

Background: Laser photobiomodulation can be a useful adjunctive method in tissue engineering in enhancement of proliferation
and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Buccal fat pad-derived stem cells (BFPSCs)has been introduced as a promising
source for craniofacial bone tissue engineering. Current study aimed to evaluate the effects of near infra-red photobiomodulation
on (BFPSCs)behavior.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study a pulsed mode of irradiations showed better viability results. Although the 3J/
cm2 0.3W, Pulsed irradiation showed significantly better results for viability and proliferation, however no statistically significant
effect was observed in osteogenic differentiation.

The core of endodontic instrumentation lies in the cleaning,
shaping and canal preparation. It is contemplated as an important step as it removes the vital and necrotic pulp which contains
the microflora that can cause failure of the endodontic treatment
[1, 2]. Furthermore, the debris that contains the chips of dentin,
other organic and inorganic content block the canals for proper
flow of sealer leading to a poor obturation. Several studies have
been conducted and regardthat the debris should be completely
removed for a successful endodontic treatment. For this purpose,
the canals are thoroughly instrumented with both hand and rotary
instruments in an effort to remove the debris totally.

Nanoparticles and nano-composites are major advanced materials used in many medical and dental applications. In this present investigation, we have prepared silymarin, chitosan and hydroxyapatite based nanocomposite using magnetic stirring. The prepared nanocomposite characterized using UV-vis spectroscopic analysis. The free radical scavenging activity of prepared nanocomposites was tested using DPPH assay. The results are statically analyzed and the antioxidant results are good for nanocomposite materials. Based on the results the prepred nanocomposites may used in various dental applications.

A  simple  UV-Visible  spectrophotometric  method  has  been
developed for the determination of Atorvastatin in its pure form as
well as pharmaceutical dosage form using Methyl Orange reagent.
The  method  is  based  on  the  measurement  of  absorbance  of
Atorvastatin in methanol at 410 nm. The Beer’s law is obeyed
over  the  linear  range  50-300μg  /ml  of  Atorvastatin.  All  the
variables were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. No
interference  was  observed  in  the  presence  of  common
pharmaceutical excipients. The validity of the method was tested
by analyzing the drug in its pharmaceutical preparations. Good
recoveries were also obtained. Assay for the tablet preparation was
performed using UV-Visible spectrophotometric method and the
results were found to be within acceptable limits.

The aims of this study were to test the accuracy of Cameriere et al.'s European formula on a sample of North German children based on dental age (DA) for chronological age (CA) assessment and to adapt the formula used, in case of regional peculiarities of this group of children. Orthopantomograms of 1000 children (444 males and 556 females) aged 5–16 years were used. The roots of seven left mandibular teeth were evaluated. The number of teeth with complete root development (N zero (0)) was counted. Teeth with incomplete root development were examined and the distance between the inner sides of the open apex was measured and normalized by dividing it by the tooth length to avoid error due to magnification. Cameriere et al.'s European formula underestimated the mean CA of boys by 0.56 AE 1.04 years and of girls by À0.32 AE 0.96. The results of the regression analysis showed that sex (g), the sum of normalized open apices (s), number of teeth with closed apices (N0) and the first-order interaction between the normalized apex width of the canine (x3) and N0 contributed significantly to the fit. All previously mentioned factors were included in the regression model, yielding to the following formula: DA = 9.829 + 0.632 N0 À 1.037s + 0.686 g À 1.582N0 Â x3, where g is a variable: 1 for males and 0 for females. The adapted formula explained 84.1% of the total deviance, with a median age of 0.070 years and 1.185 years interquartile range, (IQR).

Ingin tampil lebih percaya diri dengan pasang gigi palsu permanen di Jogja? Disini tempatnya untuk pasang gigi tiruan di Yogyakarta. Kami siap melayani implan gigi palsu sesuai kebutuhan Anda dengan ditangani oleh dokter gigi dan perawat gigi terbaik dan kompeten. Kami melayani pemasangan gigi palsu permanen, gigi palsu lepasan, gigi palsu akrilik, gigi palsu valplast, pemasangan crown (mahkota tiruan) dan gigi palsu lain yang aman dan nyaman untuk anak, ibu hamil, orang tua, dan orang dewasa. Siap melayani masyarakat Piyungan, Berbah, Prambanan, Kalasan, Patuk, Dlingo, Banguntapan, Bantul, Sleman, Wonosari, Wates, Jogja, dan sekitarnya. Kami percaya kepuasan dan kesehatan pelanggan adalah prioritas utama kami. Kami siap melayani segala jenis pemasangan gigi palsu permanen dan lepasan dengan berbagai model dan kebutuhan yang terbaru, ternyaman dan paling aman.

Different methodologies of age estimation using different human physical parameters have been assisting Forensic Science over the years. Limitations have also been acknowledged but there is a need to discuss about the overall challenges currently faced by experts from different backgrounds. The aim of this literature review was to gather scientific information of difficulties encountered in different parameters in the skeleton for age estimation. The conclusion is that a multidisciplinary approach is recommended for the legal age assessment due to the seriousness of the outcomes and finally, the experts should recognize the reality that chronological age will not always follow the maturity parameters of human development.

The ambiguity of life is visible in the complex sets of beliefs that cultures develop around abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal death. This research grew out of ambiguities
surrounding bioarchaeological methods of age estimation among fetal and infant remains and the need for additional lines of evidence to define what a prenatal or postnatal age contextually means, how these definitions were upheld or challenged, and what impact these definitions had on the mortuary treatment of these bodies. Discernment between fetal and infant skeletal remains is important to forensic investigations and bioarchaeological questions of personhood, infant mortality, and maternal health. However, skeletal and dental methods of age estimation often lack the precision to determine whether decedents survived birth. Over 450 subadult burials recovered from the Milwaukee County Poor Farm Cemetery with estimated ages-at-death under one year were considered in this study. Dental and osteometric estimations of age were compared with
material culture recovered with individuals. The Milwaukee County Poor Farm Cemetery,
located in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin served as a burial ground between the late 19th and early 20th
centuries for patients of Milwaukee County institutions, unidentified or unclaimed individuals from the Milwaukee County Coroner’s Office, and individuals whose surviving relatives and friends could not secure burial elsewhere.
A feminist approach was taken in order to recognize the systems of power that contribute to and enforce oppression. The rise of professional medicine in the United States throughout the 19th century transformed pregnancy and childbirth into pathological conditions,
allowing physicians access and control over women’s bodies. Medical discourse around the value of prenatal life validated the criminalization of women who failed to carry a pregnancy to term. To compare how my categorizations reflect the language used in historic texts, I drew from primary sources that identify the names and ages-at-death of those who were buried at
the MCPFC. Across the multiple components of this research, patterns indicate that the construction
of personhood progresses with age. The anonymity and ambiguity of fetal entries suggest that these remains were more likely to be subject to abandonment or informal disposal. Higher association with burial inclusions also suggests interaction with a county institution, medical
school, or the coroner’s office. It also suggests that older decedents, particularly those who survived beyond two weeks after birth, had stronger connections with family and continued to be cared for after death. Perinates encompass the gray area between viability and late-term
birth. The category recognizes the potentiality of life, without drawing conclusions about the outcome of pregnancy. The burial treatment and discourse surrounding the MCPFC suggest that in this context, the attribution of personhood began after viability and was a process, not an isolated event. Personhood was not given fully at birth because the sustainability of life itself
was uncertain. Yet as individuals moved beyond two postnatal weeks in age, the precarious personhood became more firmly established through clothing, names, and documented relationships with parents.

Ingin tampil lebih percaya diri dengan pasang gigi palsu permanen di Jogja? Disini tempatnya untuk pasang gigi tiruan di Yogyakarta. Kami siap melayani implan gigi palsu sesuai kebutuhan Anda dengan ditangani oleh dokter gigi dan perawat gigi terbaik dan kompeten. Kami melayani pemasangan gigi palsu permanen, gigi palsu lepasan, gigi palsu akrilik, gigi palsu valplast, pemasangan crown (mahkota tiruan) dan gigi palsu lain yang aman dan nyaman untuk anak, ibu hamil, orang tua, dan orang dewasa. Siap melayani masyarakat Piyungan, Berbah, Prambanan, Kalasan, Patuk, Dlingo, Banguntapan, Bantul, Sleman, Wonosari, Wates, Jogja, dan sekitarnya. Kami percaya kepuasan dan kesehatan pelanggan adalah prioritas utama kami. Kami siap melayani segala jenis pemasangan gigi palsu permanen dan lepasan dengan berbagai model dan kebutuhan yang terbaru, ternyaman dan paling aman.

Can be found with Appendix 7 (bottom of page) at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/6472/

This dissertation investigates the use of dental anthropological methods for estimating chronological age-at-death in ancient Egypt, and determines whether these methods can be improved. Tooth calcification, emergence and eruption standards are time honoured in their ability to accurately age subadults though they are compromised by the fact that populations and the sexes vary in their developmental timing. Determining sex in subadults, particularly in the infant and child cohorts, in all populations is not possible, though advances in ancient DNA methods hold promise. This dissertation provides a feasible and ethical model for developing a sex-and region-specific standard for age estimation of subadults for use on ancient Egyptian samples.This method rectifies methodological errors affecting the accuracy of pre-existing standards; and thus, demonstrates that macroscopic subadult dental age estimation methods can be improved.
Moreover, using a photographic sample of occlusal dentition from the Kellis 2 cemetery population in Roman Period Egypt, a new method for adult dental age estimation is designed and tested. To this end, the percentages of exposed occlusal dentine in first and second molars were calculated through photogrammetry, in a technique shown to have little intra- and inter-observer error. These data showed a strong linear correlation with skeletal age estimates, and varied significantly from the popular Brothwell (1963a) standard for age estimation based on dental wear. Dental caries and antemortem tooth loss were similarly tested for correlation with skeletal age, with only antemortem tooth loss showing a strong correlation. As a result, linear regression models were designed and tested for quantified first and second molar wear as well as antemortem tooth loss. Multiple regression models for all combinations of these dental indicators of age were also designed and tested. Although it is also recommended that these models are revised with expanded reference samples, these standards improve the ability to estimate age in individuals from the Kellis 2 cemetery population. It is recommended that these standards are tested and modified for use on geographically- and temporally-diverse populations to determine the boundaries of its application beyond a single population sample.
In summary, this study rejects the null hypothesis (Ho): ‘Current dental age estimation standards cannot be improved’. Consequently, this dissertation serves to encourage the creation of more accurate and precise subadult and adult macroscopic dental age estimation standards.

Subadult age is most commonly estimated from human remains using ‘universal’ dental development standards based on North American and European reference populations. Recent studies have indicated a need for region-specific subadult dental age estimation standards. In preparation for the creation of a new standard for Egyptian and Middle Eastern subadults, a meta-analysis of past standards was conducted and a new model was developed for the creation of subadult dental age estimation standards. The introduction of the new model will be accompanied by the introduction of an online reference, comparing aspects of age estimation standards based on the new model with those of past age estimation standards based on dental development.
The proposed new model involves the formation of new panoramic dental radiographic reference collections with more precise age and sex attributions. A new region-specific, not population-specific, subadult dental aging standard will then be created based on the radiographic study of 1020 modern Egyptian subadults, with 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) forming a representative sample for each year of subadult life. Volunteers and/or their guardians will also be asked to complete a questionnaire regarding demographic and health history information along with socio-cultural and environmental factors that may affect dental development and dental health.
Following radiographic data collection, the new model requires that dental development be recorded for individual teeth using calcification and eruption scoring systems. Bayesian statistics will then be used to create a region-specific aging standard that compensates for any population distribution bias. During the development of the dental aging standard for Egypt and the Middle East, variations of the Bayes Theorem will be applied and tested using a bootstrapping statistical method in order to determine the most accurate, specific and unbiased statistical method for use in the development of future region-specific dental age estimation standards. The new standard should better represent regional epigenetic factors affecting dental development and provide sex-specific age calculations based on more systematic data collection methods and improved statistical methods. An improved subadult dental age estimation standard will have important applications to forensics, bioarchaeology, paleopathology, dentistry, orthodontics, socio-cultural anthropology and law.

Teeth can be used as accurate tools in age-at-death estimation in forensic cases. No previous data exist on estimating age from teeth in a modern Greek population. The aim of this study was to evaluate Lamendin’s and Prince and Ubelaker’s ageing methods on a modern Greek skeletal sample. In total, 1436 single-rooted teeth from 306 adult individuals (161 males and 145 females) were examined. Only measurements of periodontosis and translucency showed positive correlation with age. Results showed a bias - an overestimation for ages under 40 years and an underestimation over this age. However, the use of wider age groups proved to be more appropriate. Low values of error were observed for the group of middle-aged individuals. In conclusion, both methods can be considered accurate in estimating age-at-death of middle-aged individuals. This study provides more information about the accuracy and applicability of these dental methods on modern European populations.

Background: Radiographic study of developing teeth provides a reliable indication of chronological age. In Kenya, dentists are often required to estimate age. However, there is a paucity of publications on the performance of dental age estimation methods. Aim: To determine the accuracy of Willems' method of dental age estimation. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was done at The University of Nairobi Dental Hospital. Panoramic radiographs of children aged 3.00–16.99 years old were studied. Dental age was estimated according to Willems' method and compared to chronological age and the difference compared to zero using a t-test. Results: Radiographs of 187 (47%) females and 214 (53%) males were analysed. Willems' method significantly overestimated the mean overall age by –0.24 ± 1.17 years (p < .000). Age was overestimated in girls by –0.10 ± 1.18 years (p ¼ .254); however, age in boys was significantly overestimated by –0.37 ± 1.14 years (p < .000). Conclusions: Willem's model overestimated dental age slightly and the method performed better in estimating the age of girls compared to boys. The majority of the children had their age estimated within 1 year of their chronological age. This suggests that Willems' method is suitable for estimating the ages of individual children in Kenya.

ackground • Visibility of the periodontal ligament of man-
dibular third molars (M3) has been suggested as a method to
estimate age.   Aim • To assess the accuracy of this method and compare the visibility of the periodontal ligament in the left M3 with the right M3. The sam-ple was archived panoramic dental radiographs of 163 individuals (75 males, 88 females, age 16-53 years) with mature M3’s.   Materials and methods •  Reliability was assessed using Kappa. Accuracy was assessed by subtracting chronological age from estimated age for males and females. Stages were cross-tabulated against age stages younger than and at least 18 and 21 years of age. Stages were compared in the left M3 and right M3.   Results • Analy-sis showed excellent intra-observer reliability. Mean difference between esti-mated and chronological ages was 7.21 years (SD 5.16) for left M3 and 7.69 (SD 6.08) for right M3 in males and 6.87 (SD 5.83) for left M3 and 8.61 (SD 6.58) for right M3 in females. Minimum ages of stages 0 to 2 were younger than previously reported, despite a small sample of individuals younger than 18.The left and right M3 stage differed in 46% of the 85 individuals with readings from both side and estimated age differed from -10.5 to 12.2 years between left and right.   Conclusion • Accuracy of this method was between 6 and 8 years with an error of 5 to 6 years. The number of individuals with mature M3 apices younger than 18 years was small. The stage of visibility of the periodontal ligament differed between left and right in almost half of our sample with both teeth present. Our findings question the use of this method to estimate age or to discriminate between age younger and at least 18 years.

Introduction: Dentistry is one of the most prestigious professions
in India. Among the total dental undergraduate students a very
high proportion is female. The present study was conducted to find
out the attitude of female dental students regarding their further
study and to find out different factors affecting the decision to do
post-graduation and subject of choice.
Methodology: The study was carried out in a dental college in
South India among the undergraduate female dental students from
first year to final year. Data were collected using a pre-designed,
pre-tested  semi-structured  questionnaire.  Collected  data  was
compiled, tabulated and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0.
Results: 25% students did not want to do post-graduation and
wanted to work as general dentist. Wish to be general dentist was
significantly  higher  among  students  of  higher  age  group  and
students of final year. Oral and maxillofacial surgery was the most
favorite discipline to do post-graduation for students of all years
except final year. No student wanted to work as oral pathologist,
oral  anatomist,  public  health  dentist  or  period  on  to  logist.
Majority  of  the  students  liked  to  study  dentistry.  However,
proportion of students who did not like to study dentistry was
significantly higher among third year students.
Conclusion: Attitude of students regarding future career varied
widely according to age of the students and year of study. Practice
of early age of marriage among female as compared to male may
be a reason of change of their attitude regarding future study.
Huge stress involved in studying dentistry can be another reason
for this.

Different forensic radiological methods of determining the person's age can be used for the various purposes: social benefits, illegal migration, proving marriage and numerous administrative procedures. Secondary dentin deposition is the phenomenon responsible for reducing the pulp chamber volume of the tooth during aging. The aim of this study was to examine whether the pulp volume of mandibular canine is in correlation with person's age and sex. The study included 100 patients aged between 13-81 years. Previously made 3D CBCT images from the x ̶ ray of the Faculty of Dentistry database, University of Sarajevo were used for the research. Patients included in this research had to have intact mandibular canines and data of the patient's age and gender available. The Ethics Committee approved the research. Pulp chamber dimensions were measured in the Sidexis 4 program and calculated using the formula for the volume of a cylinder. The statistical analysis of data was performed. The obtained results confirmed that the pulp chamber volume of mandibular canines decreases with the aging of the patient, due to the deposition of secondary dentin. It was determined that the patient's gender is not related with the changes in pulp chamber volume during aging. Axial section is statistically in correlation to the patient's age, making it more related in comparison to other two sections (cross sectional and longitudinal sections).

Resumen La evaluación de la maduración dental es aceptada como el método más confiable para estimar la edad en niños. El método de Demirjian (MD) es ampliamente difundido para estimar la edad dental. Se han realizado numerosos estudios en ...

Ingin tampil lebih percaya diri dengan pasang gigi palsu permanen di Jogja? Disini tempatnya untuk pasang gigi tiruan di Yogyakarta. Kami siap melayani implan gigi palsu sesuai kebutuhan Anda dengan ditangani oleh dokter gigi dan perawat gigi terbaik dan kompeten. Kami melayani pemasangan gigi palsu permanen, gigi palsu lepasan, gigi palsu akrilik, gigi palsu valplast, pemasangan crown (mahkota tiruan) dan gigi palsu lain yang aman dan nyaman untuk anak, ibu hamil, orang tua, dan orang dewasa. Siap melayani masyarakat Piyungan, Berbah, Prambanan, Kalasan, Patuk, Dlingo, Banguntapan, Bantul, Sleman, Wonosari, Wates, Jogja, dan sekitarnya. Kami percaya kepuasan dan kesehatan pelanggan adalah prioritas utama kami. Kami siap melayani segala jenis pemasangan gigi palsu permanen dan lepasan dengan berbagai model dan kebutuhan yang terbaru, ternyaman dan paling aman.

Dental techniques for estimating age in adults over 20 are based on regressive changes on the teeth. Regressive changes on the teeth of adults, such as translucency of root dentin or the accumulation of secondary dentin decreasing the size of the cavum of the pulp, are directly dependent on age. The aim of this study is to ascertain if sex influences the estimation of dental age in adults. The sample includes 60 teeth, of which 37 came from male subjects, and 23 from female subjects extracted for other reasons (periodontal, prosthetic or orthodontic). All samples were subjected to 3 methods of age estimation: the Bang-Ramm method for intact teeth (dental method 1), the Bang-Ramm method for sectioned teeth – longitudinal tooth sections (dental method 2), and the Kvaal-Solheim method for extracted teeth – the radiological method (dental method 3). Results of the age estimation were compared to real chronological age of the persons from whom the teeth were extracted. The average dental ages estimated using dental methods 1, 2, and 3 significantly correlate with the chronological age for both men and women, with certainty of up to 99 %. However, the paired t-test showed that there is a significant difference between chronological age and dental age estimated by Kvaal-Solheim method (p<0,01) for males, while both Bang-Ramm methods proved to be reliable. In females, on the other hand, only dental method 2 ( Bang-Ramm for sectioned teeth) proved to be reliable. From the obtained results it is reasonable to conclude that sex can influence the dental age estimation in adults.

Age estimation is required for forensic cases such as minors without documentation and age disputed by asylum seekers. Cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) has potential to estimate age as a new method of analysis of shape change during adolescence and adulthood. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of estimating age using Lamparski's method of cervical vertebra maturation, the mandibular second (M2) and third molars (M3) in a group of males. The test sample consisted of lateral cephalograms of 60 boys from the Bolton-Brush online collection and 53 from Burlington online collection aged 10 to 15 years. CVM age was calculated from age category and mean age and transition age of CVM stages, calculated from raw data of 69 boys (aged 9 to 15 years) studied by Lamparski (1972). Dental age was calculated using mandibular second and third molar stages from Liversidge (2009). The mean difference and absolute mean difference between CVM age and dental ages and chronological ages was calculated. CVM and molar tooth stage assessment reliability was assessed by duplicate readings by the first author. Results show that Lamparski's method of CVM mean age was most accurate and had considerably smaller standard deviation and smallest absolute mean difference than other method of M2 or M3 (mean difference-0.49, SD 0.23, absolute mean difference 0.49 years). CVM has potential as a possible method of estimating age for this age group, particularly when M2 is mature or M3 is missing.

Developing teeth are commonly the criteria used for age estimation in children and young adults. The method developed by Cameriere et al. (Int J Legal Med 2006;120:49-52) is based on measures of teeth with open apex, and application of a formula, to estimate chronological age of children. The present study evaluated a sample of panoramic radiographs from Brazilian children from 5 to 15 years of age, to evaluate the accuracy of the method proposed by Cameriere et al. The results has proven the system reliable for age estimation, with a median residual error of )0.014 years between chronological and estimated ages (p = 0.603). There was a slight tendency to overestimate the ages of 5–10 years and underestimate the ages of 11–15 years.

The current world that we live in is a world filled with comparison and high expectations. Previously, when a patient visited a dentist, the complaint would be in relation to lack of function. Nowadays, people with a set of good teeth walk into the clinic with the
desire of making it more esthetic. Dental esthetics is a field of dentistry concerned especially with the appearance of dentition as
achieved through its arrangement, form and color. From functional demands, the patients of the current world, have shifted their
demands to esthetics. Esthetics can be simply detected based on the correlation of facial and dental midlines. The aim of the study
was to determine the evaluation of coincidence between facial and dental midlines in relation to esthetics. This retrospective study
was done by reviewing the patient case records. After reviewing 86,000 patient case sheet records, a sample size of 900 patients
were selected. The photographs of those patients were retrieved from Dental Information Archiving Software. The photographic
analysis was done by using photoshop software (Adobe). The obtained data was entered in Excel spreadsheet and imported to
SPSS software version 20.0. Chi square test was performed. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. The results proved that
44.7% show no coincidence of facial and dental midlines, 38.5% had left side discrepancies and 61.5% had right side discrepancies.
Above 30 years of age was found to have less coincidence with the female predominance,There was statistical significant difference between coincidence of facial and dental midline based on age groups.Within the limits of the study ,it can be concluded that
44.7% show no coincidence of facial and dental midlines, In cases where the midline doesn't coincide, the right side discrepancies
were seen to be more common.

Maxillofacial trauma generally occurs with concomitant injuries
to other systems of the body and adequate expertise and sound
knowledge is expected of every maxillofacial surgeon in the frontline of trauma care to avoid unnecessary catastrophe. Stephans et
al reported that every 13th polytrauma patient sustained cervical
spine injury with or without neurological symptoms and German
trauma society highlighted the prevalence of 25% of the maxillofacial injuries in a poly-trauma patient. Rogers et al., [3] reported
that 10% of patients developed neurologic symptoms or their exacerbation post-emergency care due to failure of recognition or
inadequate immobilization. The Advanced Trauma Life Support
emphasises suspecting cervical spine injury during the management of patients with injury above the clavicle [4]. All the maxillofacial trauma cases are thus bound to such an assumption during the primary and secondary survey. This study aims to assess the prevalence of cervical spine injury and its association with maxillofacial trauma.

Objectives: Though applied in bioarchaeology, dental wear is an underexplored age indicator in the biological anthropology of contemporary populations, although research has been conducted on dental attrition in Sciences, 52, 678). The purpose of this study is to apply and adapt existing techniques for age estimation based on dental wear to a modern American population, with the aim of producing accurate age range estimates for individuals from an industrialized context. Materials and methods: Methodologies following Yun and Prince were applied to a random sample from the University of New Mexico (n 5 583) and Universidade de Coimbra (n 5 50) cast and skeletal collections. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between tooth wear scores and age.

Objectives: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) are diseases that affect the temporomandibular joint and the supporting structures. The goal of treatment for temporomandibular disorders is the elimination of pain and return to its normal function. This aim of this study was to assess the various surgical treatment modalities employed in the management of Temporomandibular joint disorders and to evaluate the oral health related quality of life post-surgery in patients with temporomandibular disorders visiting saveetha dental college. Methods: This retrospective study included data of 53 subjects who reported to Saveetha Dental College and diagnosed with TMD and surgically operated during June 2019-May 2021. After assessment in the university patient data registry, consecutive case records of 30 patients who were diagnosed with Temporomandibular joint disorders [Disc-condyle complex] and underwent surgical therapy was included in the study; and consecutive case records of 23 patients with TMJ ankylosis who underwent surgical treatment were also included in the study. Descriptive (Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and Inferential statistics (chi square test, paired 't' test) were employed Using SPSS software. Level of significance was set at p<0.05 and results obtained. Results: The age group of 31-40 years underwent most of the surgical treatment for TMD (31%). Male patients predominantly underwent surgery for TMD (55.17%). Among patients undergoing surgical treatment for TMD, TMJ subluxation/ dislocation was present in 44.83% of patients followed by disc displacement without reduction (41.38%). 41.38% of patients were treated by High condylectomy and discopexy. The association between age and gender of the patients, type of temporomandibular joint disorder with the type of surgical treatment done for TMD was evaluated and the results were statistically significant (p<0.05).The age group of 11-20 years presented with higher incidence of TMJ ankylosis (36.36%). Males showed higher incidence of TMJ ankylosis with 63.64%. Sawhney's type II (45.45%) was predominantly present among the TMJ Ankylosis patients. Right side of TMJ showed higher incidence of TMJ ankylosis (45.45%). Interpositional arthroplasty was the predominant surgical treatment done for TMJ ankylosis patients (86.36%). Dermis fat graft was commonly used in 63.64% patients as an interpositional material. The association between age and gender of the patients, site of involvement of TMJ ankylosis with Sawhney's classification of TMJ ankylosis was evaluated and the results were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded from our study that TMJ disorders are now becoming common among the younger population especially the males. High condylectomy and discopexy was the commonest procedure done successfully for patients with disc-condyle disorders. High condylectomy with eminectomy was predominantly done for TMJ subluxation/dislocation. Interpositional arthroplasty with dermis fat graft was the predominant procedure done for treating TMJ ankylosis patients and the results were stable. This study highlights the role of various surgical treatment modalities to treat TMD and the high-risk group for developing temporomandibular joint disorders. Early diagnosis and adequate surgical intervention would minimize the deformity in TMJ ankylosis patients. Thus, surgical treatment modalities can be advised for indicated cases in TMDs, where conservative treatment modalities cannot offer proper cure for the patients. In certain cases of TMD, surgical modality may be the first and only option for the management. When performed at prompt time, surgical modalities can improve form, function and aesthetics of the patients thereby improving the overall outcome and general and oral health related quality of life of the patients.