Crime

espanolDesde la Antiguedad la pena de muerte es aplicada como castigo analogo a la accion cometida contra la vida y los credos religiosos. La religion habia asimilado esta sancion como una forma de salvaguardar a los no pecadores, de aquellas personas consideradas como peligrosas para la fe. Su discusion es de larga data y las posiciones a favor y en contra, siempre se'han hecho presentes, En America Latina, las altos indices de criminalidad llevan a que sectores sociales exijan se discuta sobre la necesidad de la aplicacion de la pena capital, como forma de combatir. la inseguridad, lo que desde lo teorico contrapone las teorias retributivas y utilitarias, asi como la normativa internacional en materia de proteccion de derechos humanos. EnglishSince ancient times, death penalty has been applied as a punishmentthat deserves those who attempt against lile and against religious beliefs, Religion had assimilated sanction as a way to preserve it from sinners, people considered as da...

The illegal ivory trade recently intensified to the highest levels ever reported. Policing this trafficking has been hampered by the inability to reliably determine geographic origin of contraband ivory. Ivory can be smuggled across multiple international borders and along numerous trade routes, making poaching hotspots and potential trade routes difficult to identify. This fluidity also makes it difficult to refute a country's denial of poaching problems. We extend an innovative DNA assignment method to determine the geographic origin(s) of large elephant ivory seizures. A Voronoi tessellation method is used that utilizes genetic similarities across tusks to simultaneously infer the origin of multiple samples that could have one or more common origin(s). We show that this joint analysis performs better than sample-by-sample methods in assigning sample clusters of known origin. The joint method is then used to infer the geographic origin of the largest ivory seizure since the 1989 ivory trade ban. Wildlife authorities initially suspected that this ivory came from multiple locations across forest and savanna Africa. However, we show that the ivory was entirely from savanna elephants, most probably originating from a narrow east-to-west band of southern Africa, centered on Zambia. These findings enabled law enforcement to focus their investigation to a smaller area and fewer trade routes and led to changes within the Zambian government to improve antipoaching efforts. Such outcomes demonstrate the potential of genetic analyses to help combat the expanding wildlife trade by identifying origin(s) of large seizures of contraband ivory. Broader applications to wildlife trade are discussed.

The involvement of health and social care agencies in crime reduction partnerships remains key to government strategy despite a growing awareness of the equivocal outcomes of inter-agency working in other settings. This paper reports findings from a literature review designed to assess the extent to which existing crime reduction partnerships have been able to overcome the barriers to joint working. The review focuses in particular on Drug (and Alcohol) Action Teams (D(A)ATs), Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships (CDRPs), Multi-Agency Public Protection-Arrangements (MAPPAs) and Youth Offending Teams (YOTs). A comprehensive review of published and unpublished literature suggests that these bodies have experienced similar difficulties to those highlighted in the broader partnership literature. The review further suggests that differences in ethical and professional outlook may be the most critical of these barriers as well as being the least explicitly addressed by recent government interventions. More work is required to build a consensus regarding the ethical underpinnings and fundamental objectives of partnerships across the care-control divide.

Resumen: El turismo se ha convertido en una de las actividades sociales de mayor relevancia para las ciudades declaradas Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Sin embargo, en un contexto coyuntural en el que la violencia urbana va en aumento, el turismo puede verse afectado por una imagen negativa de los destinos patrimoniales. El siguiente artículo es una exploración teórica de los factores que inciden en la caracterización de las prácticas delictivas contra los turistas en los centros históricos patrimoniales. Se buscará responder a las siguientes cuestiones: ¿Cuáles son las condiciones del turista que lo hace vulnerable en las ciudades patrimoniales? ¿Qué percepción tienen los visitantes de la seguridad en la ciudad? ¿Qué tipo de dinámicas socioeconómicas hacen que los espacios urbanos y/o arquitectónicos sean más propicios a la comisión de delitos contra los turistas?
Abstract Tourism has become an important social activity for cities declared World Heritage Site. However, in a context where urban violence is increasing, tourism may be affected by a negative image of heritage destinations. The following article is a theoretical exploration of factors that affect the characterization of criminal practices against tourists in historic centers heritage. It will seek to answer the following questions: What are the tourists' conditions making them vulnerable in heritage cities? What safety perception do visitors have in the city? What socioeconomic dynamics make urban and/or architectural spaces more conducive to the commission of crimes against tourists?

Öz Bu çalışma, göç ve suç ilişkisini kuramsal açıdan irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Göç ve suç ilişkisi, özellikle gelişmiş batı ülkelerinde akademik alanda uzun bir zamandan beri tartışılmaktadır. Ülkemizde genel olarak suç alanındaki araştırmalar son derece yetersizdir. Bu yetersizlik aynı şekilde, göç ve suç ilişkisinin araştırılmasında da söz konusudur. Bu çalışmada ilgili alanda yapılmış araştırma literatürü gözden geçirilecek, göç ve suç arasındaki ilişki ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu kapsamda, makalede göç ve suç ilişkisini irdeleyen kuramsal yaklaşımlar, göç-suç ilişkisinin belirlenmesinde öne çıkan değişkenler ve göç-suç ilişkisine odaklanan farklı araştırma sonuçlarının nasıl yorumlanabileceği konuları ele alınıp genel bir çıkarsamada bulunulacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Göç, Suç, Göçmen.

The effects of globalisation on crime and criminal justice pose challenges which the discipline of law still has to catch up with. From the point of view of a lawyer, the definition of transnational crime and its impact on criminal justice have yet to be crystallised. The phenomenon of globalisation, its effect on society and crime render our traditional comprehension of crime and criminal justice inadequate. This demonstrates how the legal and law enforcement procedures are left behind the fast evolution of transnational harmful acts which are not categorised either as domestic or international crimes. It increasingly becomes clear that resorting to neighbouring disciplines is necessary to comprehend such emerging, complicated concepts and placing them within the spectrum of our existing knowledge. Such expansion, though, on social sciences, is not an easy task for lawyers to perform, having our own existing methods of mapping out areas of knowledge. A criminological introduction to the transnational crime and criminal justice through the lenses of globalisation is therefore necessary for the lawyer who usefully acknowledges the limits of the legal discipline and the need for additional lenses to comprehend new fast-evolving problems. For an EU criminal lawyer, particularly, this is an even more imperative need as EU criminal law is a response to the effects of globalisation on crime in our own geographical area of increased mobility transcending the nation-state border.

Improving interventions with victims and offenders with disabilities requires analysis of the degree of prevalence of crimes in which these people are involved. For this purpose, data regarding interventions made by the Spanish Civil Guard between 2008 and 2010, in which 2099 people had some kind of disability, have been collected and analyzed, with particular regard to criminal offenses (felonies and/or misdemeanors). In this study, the relationship between the types of disability a person has and other variables like their connection to the incident, their gender, age, the relationship between victim and perpetrator, and the time and place of the events were all taken into consideration. The results show that most of the victims with disabilities served by the Spanish Civil Guard were male. The interventions were mainly aid and rescues. Criminal offenses were only 20% of the events.

A single, strangled cry of ‘Cease fire!’ from a lone policeman with a
jammed weapon triggered a chain of calls that finally stilled the gunfire.
As the dust settled back onto the men prone on the blood-drenched earth, nothing would ever be the same again. It was as if the nation had spent eighteen years dreaming of an idealised society only to be violently awoken to a living nightmare.

This is a summary of the key research findings from a study of victimisation of students at seven higher education institutions in the East Midlands, undertaken in the Spring of 2002. Areas
highlighted include safety issues and targeting crime prevention efforts.

Much before the emergence of Classical and Neo- Classical schools, “Chankya or Kautilya”, the great India scholar who provided the art of governance and even prior to that Manu smriti and Bhagwad Geeta, provided for stricter punishments to those who transgressed law in big ways.
The Arthshastra by Kautilya is also called “Dandniti” (The science of Punishment, the coercive power of the state, which is the name given in Mahabharata). According to him, the aims of punishment was to maintain social order; to prevent misbehaviour by civil servants, including exploitation of the public and causing loss to the state revenue; and to avoid the danger of disaffection, revolts and rebellions. Kautilya repeatedly admonishes that punishment awarded must always be just, neither too lenient, nor too harsh

There is a legislative gap concerning the conjoined twins in many countries of the world, including Georgia, primarily because there are no targeted interdisciplinary researches, among them in the field of law, conducted with relevant intensity, scope and quality, which not only leaves some unanswered questions, but also causes the absence of questions at first glance. 
This text aims at promoting the legal issues on conjoined twins, identifying important questions (research topics) and providing an incentive for researchers to conduct a profound and detailed study of the issues discussed in the text.
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მსოფლიოს სხვადასხვა ქვეყნებში, მათ შორის საქართველოში, შეერთებულ ტყუპებთან დაკავშირებით არსებული სამართლებრივი ვაკუუმი უპირველესყოვლისა ეფუძნება იმ გარემოებას, რომ შესაბამისი ინტენსივობით, მოცულობითა და ხარისხით არ წარმოებს მიზნობრივი ინტერდისციპლინური კვლევები, მათ შორის სამართლის მიმართულებით, რაც არა თუ პასუხგაუცემელს ტოვებს კითხვებს, არამედ კითხვების ერთი შეხედვით არარსებობასაც იწვევს.

Les contours de la sociologie de la déviance se sont dessinés aux EtatsUnis dans les années 60 grâce à l'essor d’études empiriques et d’une
perspective théorique s’étant affranchie de sa matrice initiale: la sociologie
des problèmes sociaux. Le développement de ce domaine de recherche s'est
non seulement accompagné d'une prolifération de manuels nord-américains
en tout genre, mais aussi de nombreuses critiques à l'égard de la cohérence
de son projet théorique (est-il possible de penser ensemble criminalité,
homosexualité, maladies mentales et musiciens de Jazz?). Dans le contexte
actuel, la mort de la sociologie de la déviance est régulièrement annoncée
en raison de la disparition supposée de son objet: l'application de nouvelles
politiques publiques prendrait désormais en compte les comportements
déviants d’autrefois (homosexualité, maladies mentales, prostitution…),
leur donnant même parfois raison (l’épisode du retrait de l’homosexualité
de la bible diagnostic de la psychiatrie américaine est ici paradigmatique)
en veillant à neutraliser les effets de stigmatisation à partir de désignation
politiquement correcte.… Si les ex-déviants obtiennent partout une
reconnaissance, alors elle n’existe plus nulle part en tant que telle. Ou bien,
hypothèse plus probable, s'est-elle au contraire renouvelée et sophistiquée?
Auquel cas, il est nécessaire d'élaborer un nouveau cadre théorique afin
d'ouvrir des pistes de recherches inédites.

Determine the relative frequency with which guns in the home are used to injure or kill in self-defense, compared with the number of times these weapons are involved in an unintentional injury, suicide attempt, or criminal assault or homicide. We reviewed the police, medical examiner, emergency medical service, emergency department, and hospital records of all fatal and nonfatal shootings in three U.S. cities: Memphis, Tennessee; Seattle, Washington; and Galveston, Texas. During the study interval (12 months in Memphis, 18 months in Seattle, and Galveston) 626 shootings occurred in or around a residence. This total included 54 unintentional shootings, 118 attempted or completed suicides, and 438 assaults/homicides. Thirteen shootings were legally justifiable or an act of self-defense, including three that involved law enforcement officers acting in the line of duty. For every time a gun in the home was used in a self-defense or legally justifiable shooting, there were four unintentional shootings, seven criminal assaults or homicides, and 11 attempted or completed suicides. Guns kept in homes are more likely to be involved in a fatal or nonfatal accidental shooting, criminal assault, or suicide attempt than to be used to injure or kill in self-defense.

“Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.” —William Butler Yeats (1889)

Welcome to our course, “Race and Ethnicity”!  These are not, needless to say, normal circumstances. This is the first time in four decades of teaching that I am doing so “online.”  It may be a new experience for you as well.  There are bound to be glitches (not to mention Murphy’s Law) as we adapt to the new conditions and challenges... but I have no doubt that we will overcome them together.  Our course, which begins on March 31, 2020, is being held in the context of the historic crisis we are all engulfed in, a once-in-a-century global pandemic that is not only bordering on a public health apocalypse but shaking all aspects of our lives and of our worlds (interpersonal, educational, occupational, financial, economic, political, residential, medical, social, cultural, psychological, familial)—requiring adaptations to rapidly changing and unpredictable circumstances.  (Like this online course, for instance!)  It is precisely in such moments of crisis—which shake our taken for granted notions and routines to their foundation, revealing the artifices of our social constructions of “reality” (including what we construct as “race” and “ethnicity”)—that a sociological imagination flourishes.  A folk saying has it that “when life gives you lemons, make lemonade.”  I look forward to making sociological lemonade with you this quarter.  The pandemic will not hit everyone alike, but will be patterned along hard lines of social and economic inequality and disadvantage—including race and ethnicity and immigration status.  Not everyone can “stay at home.”  Harsh realities are being exposed anew by this public health catastrophe... including the fact that SYSTEMIC RACISM IS A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE... along with possibilities to reshape the structure of our societies in the calamitous aftermath. (But as Frederick Douglass famously said long ago: “Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will.”)

We will read 1 book during our 11-week course: Race in America, by Matthew Desmond and Mustafa Emirbayer.
This is one of the very best textbooks on the subject that I have seen. The book is made up of 11 chapters, each about 40 pages (including many images, maps and graphics); you’ll be reading a chapter a week on average. 
The first 2 chapters spell out key concepts and address the historical invention and institutionalization of “race.” The next 8 core chapters (#3-10) focus on separate (but interconnected) fields of social life: political, economic, residential, legal, educational, aesthetic, associational, and intimate spheres (family, self, identity).  The last one, chapter 11, looks to the future: “Toward Racial Democracy.” In addition to the text, you will read a few supplementary readings, listed in the syllabus and course agenda.  In tandem with the course readings, over the next ten weeks I will regularly email you selected articles, reports, and analyses seeking to connect what you are studying to the breaking news of the day; while we cannot know now what may come in the coming months, we can be pretty certain that the issues addressed by our course will be at the heart of the historic crisis (or crises) that will engulf us.  By the end of the class you will have effectively a “curated” set of such accompanying relevant readings.

Tuesday March 31 is the start of our class.  Saturday April 4 marks the anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.  As I do every year at that time, as well as on the anniversary of his birth on January 15, I send my students an annual message of remembrance.  Please take time to read and reflect on it.

The goal of this class is to broaden your intellectual horizons; to study stress, not to cause it; to invite you to a memorable sociological adventure amid a global crisis that you and I will still be talking about many years from now.  And remember: Our course will end in June, but not our role and responsibility as members of the polis, as citizens as well as sociologists confronted by historic crises.  The critically informed citizen—whose voice is heard, who acts and votes and remains civically engaged—is racism’s worst enemy.  Becoming a critically informed citizen, ending racial domination and making a more just world is a lifetime commitment that never ends.  Silence is not an option at this (potential) turning point in the history of American democracy and racial justice, even amid a once-in-a-century pandemic.  Know that history.  Voice that history.  Read-think-write... and act.

"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere... Justice too long delayed is justice denied." —Martin Luther King, Jr.,  Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)

While there are a handful of published studies that investigate the role of neighborhood characteristics in newspapers' portrayals of crime, such analyses are largely limited to studying the predictors of one type of crime (homicide) in individual city newspapers and typically decenter neighborhood level demographics by treating them as a set of control variables. The present study advances this work by foregrounding neighborhood context and presenting a large-scale quantitative analysis of how it influences prominent newspaper coverage of violent crime. Specifically, my Ordinary Least Squares and Poisson regression models test whether various zip code level characteristics predict the word counts of initial articles and the overall number of articles published on over 730 incidents of home invasion crime reported across fifteen U.S. city newspapers. I find that home invasion incidents in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of White residents or a lower percentage of Mexican American residents have significantly more words written about them, net of other theoretically important individual and situational variables. I also find that when home invasions take place in higher median income neighborhoods they have more overall articles written about them. These findings align with the 'law of opposites' perspective as increasingly White and wealthier neighborhoods 1 The author is grateful for the meticulous attention to detail shown by Carmen Hernandez (Southwestern University, Class of 2019) as she helped to match addresses with zip codes during the initial stage of this project. The author also greatly appreciates the constructive and thorough feedback offered by the two anonymous reviewers and Cary Adkinson, the editor of this journal.

Мақоланинг асосий мақсади жиноят турлари орасидаги боғлиқликни, ҳудудлар бўйича тарқалган жиноятларни аниқлаш ва умумий жиноятчиликни ўрганиш учун услуб таклиф этишдан иборат. Бу эса жиноий фаолиятга қарши курашишда жиноят хусусиятини аниқ ифодалаб бериши билан фойдалидир.
Основная цель статьи-выявить ассоциации, которые существуют среди пар, выявить преступления по всему региону и предложить инструмент для расследования обычных преступлений. Это очень полезно, поскольку четко описывает характер преступления в борьбе с преступной деятельностью.
The main purpose of the article is to identify associations between couples of crime types, to identify crimes across the region, and to propose a tool to investigate common crime. This is very useful, by explicitly describing the nature of crime in combating criminal activity.