Communication Privacy Management

This paper analyzes the role of ethics, privacy and technology in Netflix's South Korean survival drama, Squid Game (2021). The show's popularity hinges on its mordant critique of capitalism, particularly the global disappearance of the middle class. This tension between personal and communal survival intersects with despair, surveillance and the illusion of consent.

A sample of 103 full-time employees from various organizations and industries completed an online, open-ended survey to explore and understand the decisions people make to manage their private disclosures at work. Communication privacy management theory was used to understand the management of private information. Results indicate that core and catalyst criteria motivate people to reveal/conceal at work, such as boundary maintenance based on organizational culture, relational considerations, a desire for feedback, and risk/benefit considerations. People also used implicit/ explicit rules, reiteration of privacy rules, and retaliation to limit and respond to turbulence. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed along with limitations and directions for future research.

Given that Facebook.com is a social networking tool used by a diverse audience, this study employs Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theory as a framework to investigate how working professionals respond to co-worker Facebook friend requests. Overall, 312 individuals with full-time jobs and Facebook accounts completed an online survey. Results confirmed that most working professionals accepted coworker
Facebook friend requests. However, request decisions varied in conjunction with organizational privacy orientation, current Facebook privacy management practices, and co-worker communication satisfaction. Results confirm that working professionals’ Facebook linkage choices with other co-workers are best understood when embedded within a framework which provides a more complete understanding of the functioning of their privacy rules. Future research examining working professionals’ social media privacy management practices when individual privacy norms contradict organizational privacy norms is discussed.

To better understand the process of disclosing medical errors to patients, this research offers a case analysis using Petronios's theoretical frame of Communication Privacy Management (CPM). Given the resistance clinicians often feel about error disclosure, insights into the way choices are made by the clinicians in telling patients about the mistake has the potential to address reasons for resistance. Applying the evidenced-based CPM theory, developed over the last 35 years and dedicated to studying disclosure phenomenon, to disclosing medical mistakes potentially has the ability to reshape thinking about the error disclosure process. Using a composite case representing a surgical mistake, analysis based on CPM theory is offered to gain insights into conversational routines and disclosure management choices of revealing a medical error. The results of this analysis show that an underlying assumption of health information ownership by the patient and family can be at odds with t...

Il trattamento dei cd. Big Data, per conformarsi al Regolamento europeo sulla protezione dei dati personali, richiede un'indagine preliminare volta a individuare quali siano le misure organizzative e tecniche idonee alla corretta valutazione e, poi, alla mitigazione del rischio per la privacy dei consumatori. L'articolo offre una prima ricognizione dell'apparato normativo applicabile ai Big Data e, rilevando l'inadeguatezza del tradizionale schema negoziale - basato sul binomio "informativa-consenso" - a tutelare i diritti del data owner, propone una riflessione su scenari regolamentari futuribili.

Il 25 maggio il Regolamento (UE) 2016/679 in materia di protezione dei dati personali delle persone fisiche ha iniziato definitivamente ad avere efficacia. Questo nuovo Regolamento mira a uniformare e a rafforzare la disciplina riguardante la protezione dei dati personali all’interno degli Stati membri. Una delle novità più importanti è l’introduzione dei principi di Privacy by Design e Privacy by Default, sviluppati originariamente oltreoceano dalla studiosa canadese Ann Cavoukian. Questi nuovi approcci prevedono che la protezione dei dati sia tenuta in considerazione fin dalla fase di progettazione di un prodotto o di un servizio e che esso contenga dei meccanismi che proteggano l’interessato e i suoi dati per impostazione predefinita. Nel corso degli anni è emersa, in dottrina, un’enorme quantità di contributi riguardanti la teoria, l’implementazione, gli aspetti critici, le prospettive e gli aspetti da migliorare relativi a questi due principi. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di offrire un quadro completo delle basi teoriche, degli aspetti applicativi, dei profili critici e delle sfide che riguardano i principi di Privacy by Design e Privacy by Default. La mia speranza è che questo contributo possa fornire degli utili strumenti per la comprensione di questi due approcci di protezione dei dati personali e che possa essere d’aiuto nell’implementazione di queste due novità del Regolamento (UE) 2016/679. L’adozione delle disposizioni di quest’ultimo può essere un processo problematico per alcuni enti e l’introduzione dei principi di Privacy by Design e Privacy by Default tra gli obblighi previsti dal Regolamento può renderlo ancora più complicato: con questo lavoro, miro a delineare in maniera più chiara cosa sono, cosa implicano, quali sono gli effetti e i potenziali aspetti critici di questi due approcci di protezione dei dati personali.

Ao analisar os comportamentos dos utilizadores através das mídias sociais, Hermida (2014) conclui que nestes ambientes observa-se claramente a natural predisposição humana para partilhar. Neste sentido, Rheingold (2012) discrimina cinco dimensões da literacia digital: Atenção; capacidade de detecção de lixo; participação; colaboração e uso inteligente das redes. O autor destaca também as quatro propriedades de qualquer rede social: persistência; replicabilidade; escalabilidade e capacidade de ser pesquisado; adicionando a importância de estar consciente do que nós compartilhamos e com quem (na medida em que por trás das redes, existem audiências invisíveis e entrecruzadas, insuspeitadas entre o público e o privado – apontado assim mesmo por Boyd, 2014 -).
Com uma perspetiva semelhante, Brake (2014) enfatiza a relevância do tempo e da memória, onde a acessibilidade, a durabilidade, a integralidade, a desigualdade e evolução são as principais características a ter em conta.
Lembrando-se do processo metodológico de abordagem ecológica de McLuhan, Ling (2008) concluiu que o telemóvel, multidimensional, gera uma interação mediada que ocupa o mesmo lugar, se não mesmo uma posição de topo, nas mentes dos indivíduos (ibid: 168). O conceito de gestão de privacidade em redes foi referido por Campbell (2014) como "Networked Privatism”. Marwick (2013) e Boyd (2014), por sua vez, empregaram o termo similar "Networked Privacy" para descrever as negociações emergentes dentro de ambientes específicos (dispositivos-mídias) e as esferas líquidas (Serrano Tellería, Oliveira; 2015) ou as constelações (Serrano Tellería, 2015).
Características específicas têm sido observadas em relação ao ecossistema móvel. Características gerais e relevantes do conteúdo on-line e das mídias digitais são a hipertextualidade, interatividade, multimedialidade e usabilidade. O ecossistema móvel acrescenta ubiquidade à fluidez, transitoriedade, reticularidade e dissolução de fronteiras definidas por Bauman (2005) na vida líquida moderna. Ele ainda se caracteriza pela "spreadability" e pela tensão entre a cultura de massa e colaborativa dentro de si (Jenkins, Ford & Green, 2013). Aguado et al. (2013) traçaram um paralelo entre esses recursos e da vida líquida moderna. A metáfora de Bauman da vida líquida, de acordo com a lógica da sociedade de consumo, prevê uma contrapartida útil para tratar de algumas das características de mobilidade.
Além da correlação entre o impacto da tecnologia digital e os recursos digitais da sociedade líquida (que remete para as reflexões sobre a aceleração, deslocamento, do consumo e do papel da identidade), os meios de comunicação móveis encaixam-se particularmente nos parâmetros de fluidificação das dimensões tecnológico, institucional e cultural dos mídias previamente descritos por McQuail (2006; Aguado et al, 2013).
Dadas as citadas características do ecossistema móvel dos mídias na Internet, apresenta-se neste trabalho uma análise das conversas que surgem entre os utilizadores neste ambiente fluido e em constante evolução como técnica metodológica para poder apreciar o desenvolvimento dos utilizadores por meio das mesmas aplicações, meios e plataformas que os amoldam.

Social media has become an integral part of connecting with others and sharing personal information. As more individuals use social media to express themselves, organizations have begun using these same sites to make hiring decisions in a process called cybervetting. Although some researchers suggest that cybervetting has consequences for self-expression, currently little research has explored how cybervetting impacts job seekers’ social media use and identity creation. Accordingly, this study uses quantitative and qualitative methods to explore how cybervetting impacts job seekers’ social media use and online identity creation. By surveying job-seeking social media users, this study measures the relationships between social media use, concern for cybervetting, Communication Privacy Management and facework behaviors, and social media privacy tools. The results from the survey indicate a relationship between social media use and concern for cybervetting, a heavy use of social media privacy tools, and real accounts of social media behavior changes due to cybervetting, but do not show a direct relationship between a concern for cybervetting and Communication Privacy Management and facework behaviors. Although the results point to conflicting findings, this study sheds light on the evolving nature of cybervetting, social media use, and its impact on online identity creation, emphasizing a call for future research.

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Ta'aruf aims to get blessings of Allah SWT and safeguard for their faith from commit adultery. Marriage through ta'aruf increase rampanlty in societies after celebrities find their life partner through ta'aruf and best seller novels about ta'aruf. Self-disclosure during ta'aruf only discuss about premarital ta'aruf context. Meanwhile after married, husband and wife who married through ta'aruf will share their private information that they never tell during ta'aruf. This interpretive-qualitative research aims to examine the process of self-disclosure in the form of privacy after marriage in marital couples that married through ta'aruf to see the importance of sharing their private information in their marriage using phenomenology method. Data collected through in-depth-interview, journals, and books and uses Creswell as data analysis technique and communication privacy management as the main theory. The result of this analysis found that every couples has their own agreement in sharing private information. In communication privacy management theory, they create collective boundaries and personal boundaries.

In our fast-changing technological world, the line between the offline and online world has become blurred and individuals are faced with constant opportunities to divulge personal details. The process of disclosing sensitive information to others is necessary for establishing, maintaining, and building relationships, both with people and businesses; however, it also creates opportunities for misuse of the disclosed information. Consumers who are willing to disclose personal information online may often be unaware of the full implications of such disclosure. By thoroughly exploring the origins and processes of self-disclosure, and outlining its development in interpersonal and online communication, individuals will become more aware of their (sometimes competing) implicit and explicit disclosure behaviors necessary for enacting strong privacy management. Utilizing communication privacy management (CPM) theory, this article proposes a framework for ongoing consideration of how self-disclosure and privacy function online. By framing privacy in terms of the literature of communicative self- disclosure, CPM instructs the building of privacy boundaries that are functional for consumers and marketers alike, allowing people to protect themselves online while also ensuring their continued enjoyment of Internet provided benefits.

To better understand ways in which globalization influences intercultural communication, this study examines ways in which foreign English teachers in Japan manage privacy with Japanese co-workers. Using Petronio’s (2002) communication privacy management theory, as well as thematic analysis (Lindlof & Taylor, 2002), this study analyzed interview transcripts from 39 English language teachers regarding ways in which privacy is managed with Japanese co-workers. As part of a larger project on English language teachers (ELTs) and Japanese co-workers’ (JCWs) privacy negotiations, this study focuses specially upon the context-specific management strategy of gaijin smashing as a dark-side privacy management strategy. Gaijin smashing, in this study, refers to instances in which ELTs used their own “foreignness” to smash through cultural barriers or boundaries to obtain desired privacy goals. One’s ability to gaijin-smash is tied with western dominance, English hegemony, and whiteness. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

This study applied Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theory to the context of blogging and developed a validated, theory-based measure of blogging privacy management. Across three studies, 823 college student bloggers completed an online survey. In study one (n =176), exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques tested four potential models. Study two (n =291) cross-validated the final factor structure obtained in the fourth model with a separate sample. Study three (n =356) tested the discriminant and predictive validity of the measure by comparing it to the self-consciousness scale. The Blogging Privacy Management Measure (BPMM) is a multidimensional, valid, and reliable construct. Future research could explore the influence of family values about privacy on blogging privacy rule management.

Patient information recorded in electronic medical records is the most significant set of information of the healthcare system. It assists healthcare providers to introduce high quality care for patients. The aim of this study identifies the security threats associated with electronic medical records and gives recommendations to keep them more secured. The study applied the qualitative research method through a case study. The study conducted seven interviews with medical staff and information technology technicians. The study results classified the issues that face electronic medical records into four main categories which were availability, accessibility, privacy, and safety of health information.

Protection of personal information in online environments is vital to most individuals, including those of varying ages in the three distinct age groups of children, adolescents and emerging adults. As each group interacts online, they utilise different disclosure practices and protection mechanisms to manage and distribute their personal information. Using communication privacy management theory (CPM), this paper examines how privacy management strategies in online environments differ between children, adolescents and emerging adults. After describing self-disclosure and CPM, the manuscript examines how the three groups engage and practice disclosure in varying ways. The paper considers theoretical strengths and weaknesses of the privacy management approach, and explores the applicability of the tenets of CPM to online communication in self-disclosure. In concluding, the manuscript argues that a greater understanding of the privacy protection mechanisms employed by children, adolescents, and emerging adults will help to strengthen privacy regulation and protection of personal information for each of these specific groups. Implications for media literacy, privacy protection practices, online marketing and advertising are presented as well.

Young adults may interact on Facebook in ways that makes them feel vulnerable about parental Facebook friend requests. This study utilizes Communication Privacy Management theory as a framework to investigate how young adult Facebook users respond to parental Facebook friend requests. Overall, 235 individuals completed an online survey. Results confirmed that users tend to accept parental Facebook friend requests from both parents and make few restrictive privacy rule adjustments
when contemplating the requests. However, request decisions for mothers varied in conjunction with family privacy orientation, parent-child relationship quality, and parent-child trust, but not for fathers. These results suggest that young adults do not experience a privacy dilemma when contemplating parental connections on Facebook. Implications of the study are explored, including how power differentials inherent in the parent-child relationship may be impacting young adults’ perceived ability
to decline such requests. Future research examining other familial conversations about social media practices is highlighted.

Few would deny that monitoring employees is a necessary part of doing business. The very act of paying someone for services would necessitate, in a competitive environment, that the product produced or time spent working be observed. Continued employment, raises, and profit sharing rewards require employers to monitor their employees. Surveillance may be necessary to diminish corporate liability for sexual harassment claims, absenteeism, safety concerns, employee theft and other illegal activities that take place at work. Nevertheless, we may wonder at the efficacy and moral legitimacy of employee drug testing. In this article, after a presumption in favor of individual privacy has been established, several of the most prominent arguments in support of employee drug testing will be considered. As we shall see, none of the arguments typically offered in favor of workplace drug testing are particularly compelling.

An online survey conducted among participants in the US (n = 248) and Estonia (n=225) examined willingness to disclose and perceived risks pertaining to disclosing personally identifying information (PII, also referred to as personal data in Europe) in ecommerce, as well as attitude toward disclosure in general, and anxiety disclosing personal data. Additionally, the study investigated how willingness to disclose and perceived risk of disclosing personal data were affected by demographic variables, trust in the Internet and trust in institutions, the Big Five personality dimensions found in the psychology literature (neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion), and four sets of perceived shopping benefits (opportunity benefits, bargain benefits, purchase benefits, and expected privacy benefits).

Despite Estonia’s advanced adoption and progressive policies and practices toward the Internet, Americans were more willing to disclose, exhibited more positive attitudes, demonstrated less anxiety, and were less concerned about perceived risks. For Estonians, ecommerce experience, perceived purchase benefits, and trust in the Internet and institutions were significant predictors of willingness to disclose personal data. Americans who perceived purchase benefits were found to be the most likely to disclose PII, while Americans with lower levels of education were also more willing to disclose.

The study utilized a 17-item list of potential disclosure items (name, email address, etc.) and showed these can be categorized reliably into six sub-indices: contact information, payment information, life history information, financial/medical information, work-related information, and online account information. Further, a reliable efficient, 20-item scale was developed that can be deployed in future studies investigating the Big Five personality traits.

Online disclosure consciousness (ODC) was introduced as a framework to conceptualize and empirically measure the gap between one’s willingness to disclose and perceived risk pertaining to the overall 17-item index used in the study, the sub-indices, and particular items. Using 7-point Likert-type measures, the results showed significant gaps among participants both within and across nations.

A 5-scenario online disclosure consciousness model is presented to explain the tradeoffs involved in making a disclosure decision, with absolute willingness to disclose and absolute risk aversion on the two extremes and theoretical midpoint where the two competing motivations cancel themselves out. Changes in a person’s position along the continuum are posited to be influenced by marketers’ initiatives, personal experiences, and external factors.

Implications for theory, consumers, marketing practice, and public policy are discussed. The findings suggest that willingness to disclose and risk aversion can and should be analyzed empirically together. Thus, the ODC model provides an alternative conceptualization to the ideas of the privacy paradox, privacy calculus, and privacy cost-benefit ratios found in the literature. Consumers have a responsibility to educate themselves about online disclosure practices and how to protect their privacy. These findings suggest marketers and policy makers should recognize that data disclosed online are not all equally sensitive to consumers. However, fostering trust, reducing risks, and promoting benefits are essential to the future of ecommerce.

In this paper I will offer several arguments in support of the view that individuals have moral claims to control personal
information. Coupled with rights to control access to one's body, capacities, and powers, or physical privacy rights, we will have taken important steps toward a general right to privacy. In Part I, a definition of privacy is offered along with an account of the value of privacy. Simply put, privacy - defined as control over access to locations and information - is necessary for human well-being. In Part II, an attempt to move beyond claims of value to claims of obligation is presented and defended. Policies that sanction the capturing, storing, and trading of personal information about others is something we each have reasons to avoid. In the final part, the tension between privacy and security is considered. It is argued that privacy rights may be set aside only if specific procedural conditions are followed.

This chapter explores social networking website (SNS) research related to communication and the management of private information.  The chapter examines CPM Theory, SNS disclosure practices, and the influence of several factors of variations in disclosure practices.  A critical area of future research includes the exploration of diverse boundary crossing behaviors as social media allows fuzzy boundaries where professional, personal, and familial privacy bounaries may collide. Finally, the interface between privacy management and identity management is discussed in the chapter.

The current study utilized communication privacy management (CPM) theory to examine how individuals’ blogging privacy management rules are related to their communication-based personality dispositions (self-monitoring skills and concern for enacting socially appropriate interactions). The study also explored relationships between the same dispositions and blogging frequency. Overall, 356 bloggers completed an online survey instrument. Regression analysis provided support for both hypotheses. Bloggers with higher self-monitoring skills had a more private orientation towards their blogging privacy management practices. Bloggers’ CFA level was related to more public and open blogging permeability rules. High self-monitors and high CFA dispositions were positively related to blogging frequency. Implications of the study to current computer-mediated communication (CMC) theory and research are discussed.

The existence of social media has changed the landscape of human's relationship. Through social media, people are able to present many versions of themselves in many platforms. In this era of polymediation of the self, the discussion regarding to privacy becomes arguable, moreover, with the presence of Path; a social media platform which presents itself as a private social media. Hence, in the sociocultural context of Indonesian society, it is important to see how the definition of privacy is constructed by the existence of Path. Therefore, this research is conducted in order to analyze and explore how privacy is perceived by the social media users nowadays, particularly the users of Path, and why they perceive it in that certain way. This research is conducted with ethnography as the main method and virtual ethnography as the supporting method. From the research, it is found that users' way of defining privacy is embodied in two levels: online self-presentation and personal space construction. In the first level, the stages of privacy offered by Path have created the fragmented-self among users. This fragmentation has resulted in "the ambivalent self", "self that desires recognition", and "self that searches for freedom". In the second level, the mediality of Path has served the users of the ability to construct their own personal space in social media space. This construction of the personal space has resulted in "space of comfort in similarity", "space of pseudo-liberation", and "space that demolishes the panoptic". Henceforth, these findings lead to a conclusion that usage practices of social media has killed the authentic self and created a personal space that gives the sense of the absence of control, hierarchy, and social surveillance. Eventually, privacy for Path is defined by the process of exchange of "the self and personal information" with "social recognition, sense of equality, and reciprocal relationship".

The purpose of this study was to examine social media users’ blogging privacy rule orientations, privacy management regulation, and content deletion practices as distinct types of activity occurring at different stages of the blogging process (before, during, and after blogging) that may aid in understanding the functioning of blogging disclosure activity overall. The study was guided by a complementary application of both the uses and gratifications perspective and communication privacy management (CPM) theory. A central tenet of both theories suggests that people are variably active in their communication behavior. We identified six discrete blogger privacy rule orientations explaining different online choice-making
practices: the self-centric, the utilitarian, the planner, the sharing, the protector, and the unworried orientations toward blogging. We also identified seven different motives for deleting previously-posted information: conflict management, protection of personal identity/safety, fear of retribution, employment security,
impression management, emotional regulation, and relational cleansing. Path analysis revealed several direct and indirect paths among bloggers’ motives for deleting previously posted material and their level of disinhibition, blogging privacy rule orientations, amount of time blogging, and privacy management
practices. As use of social media increases, exploring variations in privacy management regulation practices is critical.

FACEBOOK PRIVACY VIOLATION SCANDAL IN BROADER CONTEXT

May -10-2018

In April, the CEO of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, testified in Congress about the alleged user privacy violations that occurred at Facebook. Several weeks later,Cambridge Analytica, the political consulting firm that misused the personal information of millions of Facebook users, is shutting down due to the loss of customers. The Federal Trade Commission is progressing with its investigation of Facebook, and we will find out whether and how Facebook will be held responsible for these privacy violations.

That said, these privacy concerns are not going to end anytime soon. It is not just Facebook. Companies in multiple industries are becoming heavily dependent on customers’ personal data so that they can provide tailored products and services to their customers at lower cost. Ideally, both the companies and their customers should benefit from this data collector-data contributor relationship. In reality, all of us who are data contributors often feel uncomfortable about it. From Zuckerberg’s testimony in Congress, we may find answers to why we feel this way, and how meaningful regulation can improve this situation.

One reason why data contributors may not trust data collectors is that there is an informational asymmetry between the two. Many users have little knowledge about how companies like Facebook are collecting their personal information and what kinds of information are being collected.People get suspicious about whether their voices are being recorded secretly through the microphones on their laptops or through smart home devices like Amazon Echo.

It is often unclear to users who has access to their personal information. For example, people unfamiliar with Facebook’s business model may think that it sells users’ information to advertisers. During his Congressional testimony, Zuckerberg explained that Facebook acted as an intermediary that connected users with relevant ads. In order to provide greater clarity to users,regulation is needed to require that data collectors disclose, in an understandable and comprehensive manner, the sources being used to collect information, the types of information being collected, and the parties who have the access to that information.

Sometimes the collected information may be such that we are hesitant to share it. For example, many car insurance companies have been promoting telematics devices, which track drivers’ driving habits, and good drivers will be rewarded with lower premiums. But even for a good driver, the chance of her getting into an accident varies depending on many other factors, for example, the road conditions. Imagine if insurance companies start to gather information about the routes that a driver takes and change premium rates accordingly, in real time. Drivers will spend less on car insurance if safer routes are taken,and insurers will be able to monitor their risk exposures more closely. But even in such a mutually beneficial scenario, not everyone is willing to share his every footprint with others.

In short, people balance different considerations when it comes to the sensitivity of personal information. Some may be happy about giving up personal information in exchange for lower price or convenience, while others may not. Therefore,data contributors– meaning you and me — should be given the right to not share the information they consider sensitive, unless they want to do so.

In the EU, the General Data Protection Regulation – GDPR – goes into effect on May 25, 2018, and it provides data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union. It also deals with the export of personal data outside the EU, and hence, it will have a global impact.

Given the increased focus on cyber privacy, it is likely that some Congressional legislation regulation emerge. Will this regulation be adequate and will there be adequate enforcement of those regulations?

Author – Jay Kesan

Read More at - https://www.jaykesanpublications.com

An increasing number of individuals of all ages maintain important interpersonal relationships through blogs. Wide variation exists in how people disclose and manage their privacy on these blogs, particularly concerning the choices made about leaving information permanently visible on blogs or retrieving it sometime after an initial posting. This study applies Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theory to explore the process of privacy rule adaptation for blogging by examining situations that have triggered bloggers to change their privacy rules to enact blog post deletion practices (“blog scrubbing”). Overall, open-ended responses from 356 bloggers were content analyzed. Chi-square analysis revealed differences in the frequency of triggers that changed the blogging post privacy rules and the proactive versus reactive nature of blogging privacy management deletion practices. Bloggers’ critical incidents that activate privacy rule changes demonstrate that impression management triggers, personal safety identity triggers, relational triggers, and legal/disciplinary triggers resulted in greater alteration of individual privacy rules used to protect these bloggers from the privileged online community of individuals granted access to an individual’s blog. Thus, bloggers essentially “scrubbed” their blog site and adapted their typical privacy rules with new ones that better protected them from the online community regarding that particular blogged information.► Deletion types: impression mgmt, personal identity/safety, relational, and legal/disciplinary triggers. ► More participants made impression mgmt and personal identity/safety deletions. ► Fewer participants never made deletions, allowing privacy rules to remain intact. ► Privacy rule adaptations were more often proactive versus reactive deletion practices. ► Bloggers often recalibrate their privacy rules through post deletion practices.

I have argued elsewhere that individuals have moral privacy rights that limit the surveillance activities of governments. While not absolute, privacy rights shield individuals from the prying eyes and ears of neighbors, corporations, and the state. The question that I will consider in this article is one of balance when are security interests weighty enough to overbalance individual privacy rights? Before defending my own account, I will critique three rival views. One way to strike a balance between privacy and security is to let those in power decide. In most cases, these individuals seek public office for noble purposes—we should let them decide how best to protect privacy and security. I call this position “just trust us.” A second view minimizes privacy interests by calling into doubt the activities privacy may shield. This view, called “nothing to hide,” maintains that individuals should not worry about being monitored. Only those who are engaged in immoral and illegal activity should worry about government surveillance. Similar to “nothing to hide” is the view that “security trumps.” This latter account holds that security interests are—by their nature weightier than privacy claims. After offering a critique of these attempts at balancing, I will defend my own account. I will argue that by insisting on judicial discretion for issuing warrants, demonstrating probable cause for an intrusion, and allowing public oversight of the process and reasoning involved, we may promote both privacy and security. Finally, in the concluding section I will consider the WikiLeaks movement and its impact on accountability.

This qualitative research project employed semi-structured interviews (analyzed with qualitative coding techniques) to examine how (N = 22) male American combat veterans manage privacy. The twofold purpose of this study was to determine how combat veterans adhere to or deviate from the principles of communication privacy management theory (CPM). Secondly, to provide new knowledge that can shape counseling strategies and transition programs to account for how veterans manage their privacy. Some of the significant findings are that veterans believe that merely participating in combat implicitly creates a collective boundary that all veterans must maintain to protect the group. Secondly, the veterans did not use boundary coordination or privacy rule development. Instead, they relied upon internal rules that helped them craft a disclosure that minimized risk. Veterans reported having dense privacy boundaries by default, even towards members of their own family. These dense boundaries present significant obstacles to therapists working with veterans and their families.

Online privacy management research related to e-commerce mainly focuses on whether or not to disclose information. Online social networking on the other hand, offers a broader set of privacy management behaviors such as using vendor-provided privacy settings, limiting selfdisclosures, and managing network size. While much prior research has examined these privacy behaviors individually, we investigate how Facebook users combine these behaviors to form privacy management strategies. Using communications privacy management and impression management theories we first develop four propositions about possible user strategies that combine differing levels of disclosure, network size, and privacy setting use. One strategy is the most public, whereas two others deviate from this public strategy by either limiting disclosures, or using privacy settings to restrict access. The final strategy is the most private. We then survey two samples of Facebook users (college students and the general population) about their privacy management behaviors, privacy perceptions, technology usage perceptions, and demographics. Using cluster analysis we find some support for all four propositions, and for an additional strategy that beginning users may employ. The findings also reveal intriguing differences among the privacy management strategies in terms of perceptions and demographics like privacy concern, usefulness, enjoyment, and age, gender, and experience. Implications for future research are discussed.

AMAZON ECHO IN DORM ROOMS AND PRIVACY CONCERNS

Aug-28-2018

As the fall semester begins, students of Saint Louis University will soon find a new amenity, the Amazon Echo Dot, in each of their dorm rooms. Echo Dot is a voice assistant device developed by Amazon and enabled by the artificial intelligent service, Alexa. The university has decided to deploy over 2,300 of these devices in all student residences on campus to provide students with easier access to campus-related information. For example, students can ask the voice assistant about library hours and building locations.It is the first time that a university has put these voice assistant devices in student living spaces. Not surprisingly, despite the conveniences they provide, there are privacy concerns with these devices.

So, let us look at how the Amazon Echo Dot works. The device responds to a wake word chosen by its user, such as Alexa, by default. After hearing the wake word, the device records the user’s voice, sends it to the virtual assistant, Alexa, and performs a corresponding action. For example, a student may ask the Echo Dot in his dorm room to create a reminder for a personal event, which may be private information. The device will then send the voice recording to Alexa to create the reminder, as instructed. But, voice recordings like this will not be deleted upon the completion of requests.Instead, they are stored on Amazon’s server. Saint Louis University states that the Alexa-for-business platform, which is a work space solution, is used to manage the Echo devices provided to students and no personal information will be collected. According to Amazon, devices enabled by Alexa-for-business are not associated with personal accounts. It means that any data sent to the server, including voice recordings, is anonymous, and not attributable to individual students. Alexa-for-business does not give the university any access to these audio files except the ability to delete them.Thus, students’ voice recordings are anonymous and inaccessible to the school. Amazon has also been implementing controls in compliance with the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, the GDPR, to secure customer data.

However, even though the university does not seem to pose a threat to students’ privacy, and Amazon says protecting customer data is its top priority, it is difficult to guarantee that all the conversations near Echo devices will be safe, because sometimes things do not work as intended, especially when it comes to technology. A few months ago, an Oregon family discovered that a private conversation was recorded by their Echo device and sent to a random person on their contact list because the device misheard the wake word and the following command.This incident tells us that voice recognition is not always reliable.Under the GDPR, data accuracy is an essential requirement, and users are given the right to correct any false information.But voice assistants like Amazon Echo usually do not give users enough time to correct the misinterpreted commands before these commands are executed and an impact is made, and there is not enough visual confirmation to help users understand how their data will be processed either.

Another source of risk is the vulnerabilities in these devices. Security experts had successfully exploited Echo devices and turned them into wiretaps that could continuously listen and record by either modifying the hardware or running malicious software. Although these exploits are already fixed, new vulnerabilities maybe discovered and utilized by attackers.

Other than these intrinsic risks residing in voice assistant devices, Saint Louis University is considerate about students’ privacy, and students can either mute the microphone or just unplug it and put it in a drawer for the rest of the school year.

Author – Jay Kesan

Read More at - https://www.jaykesanpublications.com

As Editor-in-Chief at The Freelance Netizen™ online magazine, I edit, peer-review and supervise peer review services for all article and editorial submissions.

The Freelance Netizen™ explores the interdisciplinary connections between Information & Communication Technologies and the history of information culture, civil rights and social action. It critically addresses digital mediums as the intercultural confluence of global dialectics. A typical editorial at TFN magazine might explore the present and future directions of Intercultural Information Ethics and its crossroads with the latest WikiLeaks debate.

TFN magazine provides a crossroads between the academic applications of philosophy, technology and interculture with current events, looking to philosophies of communication and information as a platform for addressing questions of digital ontology. TFN magazine is currently exploring, alongside the International Centre for Information Ethics, applications of global citizenship in a digital era with a specific address of digital citizenship and the netizen.

The objective of TFN magazine is to further expertise in intercultural editing and writing for academic and scholarly communications and current events, both on a local and global scale, by researching and structuring innovative dialogue towards a citizen engagement of Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) through an understanding of the nature of information.

Jared Bielby,
Editor-in-Chief, TFN
Co-chair, ICIE
Editor, IRIE
www.jaredbielby.com

http://www.thefreelancenetizen.com

An increasing number of individuals of all ages maintain important interpersonal relationships through blogs.Wide variation exists in how people disclose and manage their privacy on these blogs, particularlyconcerning the choices made about leaving information permanently visible on blogs or retrieving it sometime after an initial posting. This study applies Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theory to explore the process of privacy rule adaptation for blogging by examining situations that have triggered bloggers to change their privacy rules to enact blog post deletion practices (‘‘blog scrubbing’’). Overall, open-ended responses from 356 bloggers were content analyzed. Chi-square analysis revealed differences in the frequency of triggers that changed the blogging post privacy rules and the proactive versus reactive nature of blogging privacy management deletion practices. Bloggers’ critical incidents that activate privacy rule changes demonstrate that impression management triggers, personal safety identity triggers, relational triggers, and legal/disciplinary triggers resulted in greater alteration of individual privacy rules used to protect these bloggers from the privileged online community of individuals granted access to an individual’s blog.Thus, bloggers essentially ‘‘scrubbed’’ their blog site and adapted their typical privacy rules with new ones that better protected them from the online community regarding that particular blogged information.

Lawful access to information is a broad and complex field raising significant civil rights and privacy issues for the Canadian public. The concept refers to intercepting communications and the legal authority to engage in the search and seizure of sensitive information for lawful investigative purposes. Authorities are increasingly accessing information from transmissions data or electronically intercepting telecommunication services by utilizing new Criminal Code powers to demand, order, and compel the preservation of electronic evidence. Legislation has also expanded and streamlined the warrant process enabling authorities to intercept private communications. This analysis focuses on the relationship among lawful access, customer privacy, and the publication of government requests for subscriber information. Bill C-30, introduced in 2012, and later shelved following public outcry, forms the controversial backdrop to the discussion. This legislation would have ‘‘modernized” the Criminal Code by permitting warrantless powers over, namely, the obligatory disclosure of internet subscriber information, including one’s name, address, telephone number, email address, and Internet Protocol (IP) address. The bill was widely condemned, yet unprecedented levels of warrantless requests continue. This paper explores the recent legal, political, privacy, and communications developments surrounding warrantless government requests for basic subscriber information. I assert the current practice remains marred in secrecy and therefore poses a significant threat to Canadian civil liberties and privacy rights.

Coming out is a significant moment. This is especially true for college students attempting to integrate into a new community, diverse people and ideas, and new social challenges. This study aims to explore the processes by which college students of the GLBTQ community communicate that they are coming out, as well as the perceptions of their coming out by peers, students, and faculty. Testimonial artifacts will be collected so that the author might analyze the data to find themes and/or patterns that exist in the communicative processes in which students come out. The goal of this research is to produce an on-campus awareness activity to promote healthy attitudes towards coming out. The activity is designed to address obstacles faced by members of the GLBTQ community who have already come out or plan to come out.

Abstract Prior research shows that a root cause of many privacy concerns in location-sharing social media is people's desire to preserve offline relationship boundaries. Other literature recognizes lying as an everyday phenomenon that preserves such relationship boundaries by facilitating smooth social interactions. Combining these strands of research, one might hypothesize that people with a predisposition to lie would generally have lower privacy concerns since lying is a means to preserve relationship boundaries. We tested this ...

This paper argues that individuals do, in a sense, own or have exclusive claims to control their personal information and body parts. It begins by sketching several arguments that support presumptive claims to informational privacy, turning then to consider cases which illustrate when and how privacy may be overridden by public health concerns.