Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi

Dünyada CBS’nin ortaya çıkması ile birlikte coğrafya bilimi ve
coğrafyacılar yeni bir yapılanmaya girmişlerdir. Coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinin
planlama aşamasında kullanılması ile coğrafyacılara yeni istihdam olanakları
doğmuştur. Özellikle Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika ülkelerinde coğrafyacılar CBS
ile ilgili kurum ve kuruluşlarda yoğun olarak çalışmaktadır. Maalesef
ülkemizde bu alanlarda istihdam edilen coğrafyacı oranı batı ülkelerindekine
oranla çok azdır. Coğrafyacıların bu alandaki yerlerini ise daha çok jeodezi ve
bilgisayar bölümlerinden mezunlar doldurmaktadır. Geçen zaman içinde
yurdumuz coğrafya bölümlerinde CBS dersleri artmıştır. CBS derslerinin
artmasının coğrafyacıların bu alanda istihdam edilmesine bir takım katkıları
olacaktır ancak yapılması gerekenler elbette ki daha fazladır. Bu çalışmada
coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinin (CBS/GIS) dünya çapında coğrafya bölümlerinde ve
özel sektördeki yeri ortaya konulmuş, bunu takiben ülkemizdeki coğrafya
bölümlerinde 2003-2010 yılları arasında programa konulan CBS dersleri
değerlendirilmiştir.

In today's world, the needs for transportation have increased and the existing solutions have become insufficient in response to the demand especially with the increase of urban life and the widespread urbanisation. For this reason, local authorities aim to improve urban public transportation services, one of the effective in-city transportation solutions, in order to solve the current needs of transport and reduce or regulate the current traffic intensity. In this study, geographical information system (GIS) was used to analyse the relationship between the bus routes and related stops being offered by Sakarya Metropolitan Municipality (SBB) public transportation service along with the population living in the region to evaluate the level of available current service to the population in each region. An alternative optimisation for the locations of bus stops was presented through a proposed model by comparing the results obtained from the existing positions.

Today, one of the most important environmental problems is solid wastes. Solid wastes are solid substances that are not desired by the manufacturer and must be disposed of regularly for the welfare of the society and the protection of the environment. Population, socioeconomic characteristics and consumption habits cause differentiation in both the amount of solid wastes and the composition of these wastes. Therefore, the amount and composition of solid wastes varies according to countries and cities, and even in different parts of the same city. The Marmara region ranks first in solid waste production in Turkey with a 35% share. Inthisstudy, it is aimedtoexaminethesolidwasteamounts, changesbyyears, average municipal waste per capita and waste disposal methods in the provinces in the Marmara Region. The data of the study consists of the waste amounts collected by municipalities between 2001-2018 and the official website of theTurkish Statistical Institute (TSI), the waste amounts per capita and statistical information in theWaste Management pages of the cities. Using these data, firstly tables and graphs are created and interpreted. The variation of solid waste and per capita waste amounts between 2001 and 2018 is analyzed by Pearson bivariate correlation analysis, while its spatial distribution is analyzed through the ArcGIS 10.5 program. As a result, the Marmara region accounts for 35% of the solid waste collected throughout Turkey. Within the region, Istanbul is the province with the highest amount of solid waste as of 2018. The provinces with the lowest amount of solid waste are Bilecik and Yalova. Average amount of municipal waste per capita in Istanbul in 2018 is 1,28 kg / person-day. It is also noteworthy that the amount of solid waste fluctuated in the change between 2001-2018, but there was a continuous increase as a general trend. Despite this increase, landfill so recycling-reuseratespose a threat to the environment.