Climate change and human health

According to a World Health Organization report, Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh is among the top four cities in the world with the polluted air. 13 of the world's 20 cities with the worst air quality are in India. The allowable particulate matter levels in Gwalior's air are three times higher than the standards. The biggest sources to air pollution are automobiles and industrialization; urbanization has resulted in the growth of industrial centers without a corresponding growth in civic utility or pollution control methods. In this study it is tried to bring out the present scenario/condition of air pollution in Gwalior. For analyzing the ambient air quality in Gwalior, the air pollutants CO, SOx, NOx, O3 and PM (PM2.5, PM10) were used. To address variations in ambient air quality, a trend analysis was performed. On the basis of the air quality index, the current investigation discovered that the ambient air environment is largely unhealthy (AQI). Poor air quality has both immediate and long-term consequences for human health. According to the World Health Organization, all metro cities, including Gwalior, have air pollution levels that are excessive (WHO). The outcomes of this research could help local policymakers in Gwalior to adopt optimal management techniques for air quality management.

ABSTRACT
Climate change is a condition of changing climatic variability, including
temperature, precipitation and humidity. Climate change can be observed in large
areas and in a long time period. The consequence of the changing of the climate is
including the impact on human health, especially on the diseases that are sensitive to
climate variations. Many studies have been done to look at the impact of climate
change in the health sector. However, still limited research that assesses and discuss
the impact of climate change on infectious diseases. This paper structured using a
literature study. The purpose of this paper is to collect findings and evidence has
been produced by researchers who conduct research the impact of climate change in
the health sector. Google database is used as the primary source of search with the
keyword “Dampak, perubahan iklim, penyakit menular” dan “Impact, Climate
change, and Infectious disease”. Inclusion and exclusion criteria applied to select
the paper. Collected 27 articles and 6 are matched with inclusion criteria.
Keyword: impact; climate change; infectious disease

The area comprised of the so-called Mosaico Bocaina is highly environmentally vulnerable due to real estate speculation, large construction projects and conventional tourism, which put forth an unequal, predatory form of development. The current context of climate change and water crisis in Brazil (particularly in the Southeast) amplifies the vulnerability of traditional and coastal communities. Therefore, the development of participatory alternatives to promote equity is fundamental to address territorial needs, thus generating solutions that consider the local context and traditional knowledge and increasing the resilience of affected communities. Based on the fact that sanitation was considered a priority for Praia do Sono — and through an approach that not only combines permaculture, education and sanitary engineering, but also establishes a dialogue between academia, local community and public managers — the Observatory of Sustainable and Healthy Territories, a partnership between the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), the National Health Foundation (FUNASA) and the Forum of Traditional Communities (FCT) has developed comprehensive social technologies. Raisin awareness in the community aims at the fully incorporating of the proposed solution in a future step. This paper systemizes the process (from the prioritization to the establishment / implementation of the technological solutions adopted) and analyzes its potential for producing autonomy, equity and sustainability, providing social technologies with the potential to empower communities to provide solutions to mitigate environmental impacts and increase the resilience to climate change.

La psicoanalisi contemporanea ha effettuato recentemente un “cambio di paradigma” che consiste nel misurarsi coi disagi delle civiltà emergenti dall’estensione del dominio esplicativo della psicoanalisi non solo in direzione dei fenomeni sociali e politici, ma anche dell’impatto dei problemi ecologici ed ambientali sulla psiche umana. Nuovi paradigmi necessitano di nuovi concetti come quello di “disagio pandemico” coniato dal curatore Giuseppe Leo. Tale termine si riferisce all’opera “Il Disagio della Civiltà” di Freud in modo da focalizzarsi su quelle mutazioni antropologiche, che comprendono l’espansione delle tecnologie e i mutamenti ecologici, che rappresentano fratture irreversibili che hanno posto una parte dell’umanità di fronte alla fragilità di quelle strutture sociali e culturali, su cui, come scrive Kaës, si basa la permanenza della civiltà, se non della stessa specie umana. E occuparsi dei disagi delle civiltà conduce la psicoanalisi a una sfida non del tutto ancora assimilata, quella del misurarsi con le dinamiche sociali e non più solo con quelle intrapsichiche, e del pensare a tali cambiamenti come “condizioni extra-psichiche”, sempre secondo Kaës, che forniscono una cornice o “setting” alla formazione dell’apparato psichico, alle forme della soggettività che da esse derivano e alle
forme di sofferenza che esse hanno prodotto. Dopo l'introduzione di Robert Hinshelwood "Pandemia e pandemonio" ed il testo di Robert Stolorow su "Pianeta Terra. Crollo dell'illusione metafisica", entrambi focalizzandosi sullo stretto legame esistente tra cambiamenti climatici e pandemia da Covid-19, il curatore Giuseppe Leo sviluppa il tema della "Pandemia e disagi climatici in psicoanalisi" con un excursus storico che da Freud passa attraverso Searles e quindi gli autori contemporanei che più hanno indagato nella letteratura psicoanalitica le questioni ecologiche. La sezione “Psicoanalisi in tempi di pandemia” viene introdotta da Nancy McWilliams con il testo “Psicoterapia in una pandemia”, scritto durante il confinamento a New York e riguardante i sentimenti del terapeuta nel corso delle consultazioni online. Nella stessa sezione troviamo gli scritti di Anna Ferruta, Hilda Catz, Giuseppe Riefolo, Merav Roth, e Cosimo Schinaia, concernenti il come si “applica” la psicoanalisi alla crisi del COVID-19 (psicoanalisi come strumento di interpretazione della crisi pandemica ai vari livelli, individuale, sociale, politico) ma anche il come si “pratica” essa in una tale situazione (condizioni di praticabilità di essa in un tale contesto globale senza precedenti). La sezione “Quando lo psicoanalista è il paziente” contiene la testimonianza di Pietro Roberto Goisis, psichiatra e psicoanalista milanese sopravvissuto al coronavirus. In questa pandemia sia l’analista che il paziente devono far i conti con una realtà esterna pericolosa, col compito supplementare per il terapeuta di aiutare a far fronte alle minacce provenienti dalla realtà interna del paziente. Infine, nella sezione “Psicoanalisi e Cambiamento Climatico” c’è il capitolo scritto da Marco Francesconi e da Daniela Scotto di Fasano “Ambiente e Covid-19”.

In the 1990s Peru experienced the first cholera epidemic after almost a century. The source of emergence was initially attributed to a cargo ship, but later there was evidence of an El Niño association. It was hypothesized that marine ecosystem changes associated with El Niño led to the propagation of V. cholerae along the coast of Peru, which in turn initiated the onset of the epidemic in 1991. Earlier studies supported this explanation by demonstrating a relationship between elevated temperatures and increased cholera incidence in Peru; however, other aspects of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and their potential impacts on cholera were not investigated. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between El Niño and cholera in Peru from a holistic view of the ENSO cycle. A “climate affairs” approach is employed as a conceptual framework to incorporate ENSO’s multidimensional nature and to generate new hypotheses about the ENSO and cholera association in Peru. The findings reveal that ENSO may have been linked to the cholera epidemic through multiple pathways, including rainfall extremes, La Niña, and social vulnerability, with impacts depending on the geography of teleconnections within Peru. When the definition of an ENSO event is examined, cholera appears to have emerged either during ENSO neutral or La Niña conditions. Furthermore, the analysis herein suggests that the impact of El Niño arrived much later, possibly resulting in heightened transmission in the austral summer of 1992. In conclusion, a modified hypothesis with these new insights on cholera emergence and transmission in Peru is presented.

By the end of the century, global temperatures are
likely to have risen by at least 2°C compared with
pre-industrial times. No nation will be immune to the
resulting changes in the world’s weather patterns and
as international negotiations aimed at reducing future
carbon emissions continue to have limited success, it
would be rash for any country to fail to plan to meet
the consequent challenges to their infrastructure and
citizens. For Australia, one of the most important
concerns is the health of its people.
This report summarises the discussions and
recommendations of a group of early- and
mid-career researchers from a broad range of
relevant disciplines who came together in July 2014
to consider climate challenges in relation to health
in Australia.

In recent years the push for more environmentally friendly development and mitigation has become a leading issue for cities across the country. The use of environmentally friendly development and mitigation not only helps the environment, but the healthy living within it. Our health relate mostly to prudent behaviour, heredity, occupation, local environmental exposures, and health-care access, sustained population health requires the life supporting

The environmental evaluations, particularly those related to the weather, through meteorological satellite images (NOAA, MODIS, GOES, etc) and the integration of local climatic network images with Geographical Information Systems, GIS; have become in last years, as powerful allied tools for the development of environmental health strategies, that can help in prevent and control of tropical diseases, especially vector-borne diseases, as malaria. Different resolution levels, offered by  products of remote sensing, and particularly those monitoring atmospheric variation, in combination with epidemiological records and other social-environmental information, let us visualize in a wider way, through the GIS, the spatial distribution of malaria incidence, as well as also evaluate the geospatial context of affected regions. Currently, Global Climatic Changes (GCC) are increasing levels of climatic irregularity, affecting consequently environment and human activities, reflecting it as alterations, in last decades, in dynamics of vector-borne diseases, even provoking its reemergence. One main endemic malaria area in Venezuela is Sucre state, which has been many times the first political entity in malaria incidence. For this reason is very interesting to evaluate, under a holistic point of view, the epidemiological problem that this disease represents for this region, looking for a synergy between different variables with effects on this dynamics. Study methodology requires synthesis of information generated by local climate networks (MARN- FAV*) and records of global climate variability (ENSO-NAO, PDO*) mainly from NOAA, IRI*, Columbia University, in thematic maps, where is possible to visualize at same time endemic areas for the disease and its relation with climate variability. Preliminary results demonstrated through this spatial analysis, a consistent relation, at least in a year- and regional-scale, between rainfall variation, ENSO associated events and disease incidence, represented by the number of malaria cases in the state; observing also an important spatial heterogeneity, associated with physiographic conditions, that impact on climatic elements (rainfall, temperature, humidity, etc.). Spatial-temporal modeling in thiscomplex system, it could contribute in the design of control strategies, as well also, in deciding early preventive actions by regional or local public health agencies.