Chlorobenzene

Ultrasonic absorption and velocity measurements have been used by several workers in the study of molecular interactions in liquids, polymers, liquid mixtures and electrolyte solutions. In this paper, a number of acoustic parameters have been evaluated for three pure liquids and their two binary mixtures, as functions of temperature and concentration. Excess values (experimental-ideal) have also been evaluated for some parameters in the case of the mixtures. The significance of these parameters and their mathematical expressions are given in the literature. The calculations are based on the ultrasonic velocity data obtained experimentally by Subrahmanyam et al.

Much of the microbial activity in nature takes place at interfaces, which are often associated with redox discontinuities. One example is the oxic/anoxic interface where polluted groundwater interacts with the overlying vadose zone. We tested whether microbes in the vadose zone can use synthetic chemicals as electron donors and thus protect the overlying air and buildings from groundwater pollutants. Samples from the vadose zone of a site contaminated with chlorobenzene (CB), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (12DCB), and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (14DCB) were packed in a multiport column to simulate the interface of the vadose zone with an underlying groundwater plume. A mixture of CB, 12DCB, and 14DCB in anoxic water was pumped continuously through the bottom of column to an outlet below the first sampling port to create an oxic/anoxic interface and a capillary fringe. Removal to below the detection limits by rapid biodegradation with rates of 21 ± 1 mg of CB • m(-2) • d(-1), 3.7 ± 0.5 mg of 12DCB • m(-2) • d(-1), and 7.4 ± 0.7 mg of 1.4 DCB • m(-2) • d(-1) indicated that natural attenuation in the capillary fringe can prevent the migration of CB, 12DCB, and 14DCB vapors. Enumeration of bacteria capable of degrading chlorobenzenes suggested that most of the biodegradation takes place within the first 10 cm above the saturated zone. Biodegradation also increased the upward flux of contaminants and thus enhanced their elimination from the underlying water. The results revealed a substantial biodegradation capacity for chlorinated aromatic compounds at the oxic/anoxic interface and illustrate the role of microbes in creating steep redox gradients.

Investigation of the chemical generation and long term stability of superoxide ion, O2·-, in three bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [TFSI-] anion based ionic liquids, ILs, with cations of 1-(3-methoxypropyl)-1-methylpiperidinium [MOPMPip+], 1-hexyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium [HMPyrr+] and trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium [P14,666+] has been conducted. The chemical generation of O2·- in ILs was carried out by dissolving potassium superoxide, KO 2, in the corresponding IL, while electrochemical generation was carried out by reduction of O2 to O2·- in ILs followed by analysis using cyclic voltammetry technique. It was found the solubility of KO2 in the studied ILs depends on the structure of ILs in addition to the temperature. However, in all cases the solubility was high enough for many applications. The Long term stability of the generated O2·- was carried out by the application of KO2 in aprotic solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide, in the presence of the corresponding IL. UV-visible spectrophotometry at an absorbance range of 190-400 nm was used to determine the stability of O2·-. It was found that ILs containing [MOPMPip+] and [HMPyrr+] cations offer a promising long term stability of O2·- for various reactions and applications, while consumption of O2·- in [P14,666+][TFSI-] with a rate constant of 16.2 × 10-5 s-1 indicates that the generated O2·- in this IL is not stable enough for practical applications. To our best knowledge this is the first time a piperidinium and pyrrolidinium based ILs were used as media for the chemical generation of O2·-. The chemically generated O2·- by dissolving KO2 was then used for the destruction of chlorobenzenes in [MOPMPip+][TFSI-] and [HMPyrr+][TFSI-] at ambient conditions. This work presents the first attempt to use KO2 for the destruction of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in ILs media. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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... ENHANCED INCINERATION OF HEPTANE AND CHLOROBENZENE Al Martinez,t C. David Cooper,1. Christian A. Clausen2 and Cherie Geiger2 1Department of Civil Environmental Engineering and 1Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 ...

Ultrasonic velocity and viscosity in binary polymer solutions of hydroxyl terminated poly butadiene (HTPB) and chlorobenzene are estimated using four theoretical models for ultrasonic velocity; Schaaff's collision factor theory, ideal mixing rule, Nomoto's relation, Vandeal-Vangeel relation and impedance dependence relation and five mixing rules for viscosity; Bingham's relation, Arrhenius relation, Kendall Munroe relation, Hind-Ubbelohde relation, Frankel relation at different compositions and temperatures ranging from 303 K-318 K. The relative merits of the various mixing rules have been reported in terms of percentage deviation of theoretically estimated value from the experimental value as available in literature.