Carbon Dioxide Capture

Reducing CO2 emissions for addressing climate change concerns is becoming increasingly important as the CO2 concentration in
the atmosphere has increased rapidly since the industrial revolution. Carbon capture and storage is the process of capturing waste
carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources, such as fossil fuel power plants, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it
where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation. The aim is to prevent the release of large
quantities of CO2 into atmosphere. This paper aims at manufacturing of a simple and useful unit of capture the carbon dioxide.
The air with carbon dioxide is made to flow through the reaction chamber using an axial flow fan and NaOH is sprayed using a
nozzle. The NaOH reacts with CO2 and form Na2CO3, and is collected in a tray. The maximum absorption rate of CO2 is found to
be at NaOH solution molar concentration of 5.

This study aims to determine the effects of the automotive industry on carbon dioxide emissions for the period from 1997 to 2010 for diverse economies, as well as the relationships between carbon dioxide discharges and output. The study applies cointegration and causality tests to validate these associations. The results of the Johansen cointegration test depict long-run associations between the quantity of passenger cars and carbon dioxide emissions in France, Sweden, Spain, Hungary and Japan. In addition, significant relations were observed between output and carbon dioxide discharges in Spain, Canada, India and Japan. Changes in output had substantial impact on emissions in Germany, Canada and India. The results also show that the number of passenger cars influences the magnitude of emissions in multiple economies. In conclusion, the automotive industry has to be considered in policies that aim to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Abstract Supplement to the depleting energy resources and the stringent environmental laws regarding the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases, the development of clean and renewable sources of energy has been a great issue. Worldwide, energy usage is steadily increasing and would continue to increase in the coming years; the effects of global warming are also becoming more and more prevalent. Biogas holds a promising future in the sustainable supply of low-cost energy that will minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike solar and wind, biogas does not rely on weather conditions. It can also be stored and transported making it easily adaptable to changes in demand. This study would utilize membrane technology for the upgrading of biogas to a clean and useful fuel replacing fossil fuels and consider the limiting factors of the process found in literature which is the trade-off between gas permeability and selectivity. In doing so, we analyse the factors that affect permeability and selectivity of ceramic membranes and then introduce methods of optimisation. Biogas components are passed through the membrane as feed gas to observe the flow characteristics at various operating conditions for membranes with different pore sizes. It was observed that for all pore sizes studied, there was a proportional rise in flowrate as the feed pressure was increased from 0.2 to 3 bar. Also, an increase in temperature from 20 °C to 100 °C favoured the membrane selectivity. In general, methane gas showed a higher flux than carbon dioxide irrespective of the operating conditions indicating that the permeation of the gases is related to their molecular weight, for example, using 15 nm membrane at 20 °C and 3 bar, a flux of 3.59 and 2.27 L/min was obtained for CH4 and CO2 respectively with the same trend recorded using other pore sizes, temperature and pressure ranges. It must also be noted that the pore size plays a vital role in the optimisation of membrane process as the 15 nm membrane, being the lowest mean pore size studied showed the highest separation factor of 1.60 which is close to the ideal Knudsen value. Overall, it was found that the behaviour of gases through these membranes is determined by an interplay of factors – dynamic size and diffusion rate.

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and their effects have been a matter of global concern over the past decade. With growing energy demands to support developing economies, there has been a challenge of harnessing and utilizing sustainable forms of energy to meet these demands and despite the effect of global warming and the problems associated with it, the use of fossil fuels is still increasing. This problem has negatively impacted the climate because the greenhouse gases evolved from burning fossils increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and lead to global warming. This study investigates a method of channelling biogas for use as a sustainable energy source by using membrane technology. Initially, by observing the behaviour of biogas components as they travel selectively through the membrane support, findings showed that both fluid and structural properties have significant impact on the separation process. The next approach is to modify the membrane to obtai...

Porous surface of silica gel (SG) have been modified with alkyl fatty amine compounds (octadecylamine, ODA) via wet impregnation process. The ODA-based adsorbents were physically characterized by XRD. The presence of crystalline peaks on ODA/SG diffractograms were ascertained the well-dispersion of ODA on the SG surface. XRD analysis displayed the increasing intensity of crystalline ODA with higher percent amine loaded and shifting of the several crystalline peaks of ODA verified the interaction of SG600-ODA. Capacity of CO2 capture by prepared solid adsorbents were evaluated using CO2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. This study shows that increasing percentage of ODA were improved the amount of CO2 uptake by following this trend: 35ODA/SG > 25ODA/SG > 15ODA/SG > SG > 5ODA/SG. However, promotion of 5 wt.% ODA unabled to enhance the capacity of CO2 captured due to pore blockage and reduction in SG pore surface, thus hindered the physisorption between CO2 and SG.

Macroconduits can be optimally utilized for converting batch to continuous processes especially in fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries for both, production and extraction of chemicals. Systems with reduced dimensions are highly cogent and effective for process intensification due to short diffusion distances, higher interfacial area, and effective mixing. Various process intensification approaches have been utilized to enhance mass transfer but at the cost of pressure drop and high energy requirements. In this review, highlights on different process intensification strategies with the main focus on nanoparticles assisted millichannels have been presented. Generally, the primary aim of millichannels is to convert batch processes to continuous ones, with a substantial decrease in overall cost of operation. Various previously used and potential nanoparticles, crystal structures have also been discussed. Nanoparticles suspended and embedded systems are highlighted, aiming to exploit nanoparticles higher interfacial area and mixing capabilities for process intensification in millichannels. The objective of this review is to outline challenges and future prospects for reaction kinetics and mass transfer operations through millimeter-sized channels in both gas-liquid and liquid-liquid systems.

To address global warming through carbon dioxide storage, three valsartan metal complexes were synthesized in excellent yields (87-92%) through a reaction of the appropriate metal chloride (tin chloride, nickel chloride hexahydrate, or magnesium chloride hexahydrate) and excess valsartan (two mole equivalents) in boiling methanol for 3 h. The structures of the metal complexes were established based on the data obtained from ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, as well as from elemental analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectra, and magnetic susceptibility. The agglomeration and shape of the particles were determined using field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The surface area (16.63-22.75 m 2 /g) of the metal complexes was measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, whereas the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method was used to determine the particle pore size (0.011-0.108 cm 3 /g), total average pore volume (6.50-12.46 nm), and pore diameter (6.50-12.47 nm), for the metal complexes. The carbon dioxide uptake of the synthesized complexes, at 323 K and 4 MPa (40 bar), ranged from 24.11 to 34.51 cm 2 /g, and the nickel complex was found to be the most effective sorbent for carbon dioxide storage.

Commercially available silica gel is chemically modified for carbon dioxide capture. Calcinated silica gel of certain particle size functionalized with amine using two different methods, wet impregnation and grafting via silane chemistry has been employed as a porous media. The prepared material is characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays, thermogravimetry and N2 physisorption techniques. Gas uptake measurements have been carried out to ascertain the CO2 capture capacity of the amine functionalized material. The experiments have been carried out at moderate pressure and temperature range to ascertain its potential for easy scale up.