Byzantines

Avrupa Hun hükümdarı Rua 434’te ölünce onun kardeşinin çocukları Bleda ve Attila, imparatorluğun yönetimini birlikte devralmışlardır. Attila, selefleri tarafından yürütülmekte olan Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu’nun sürekli baskı altında tutulması siyasetini terk etmemiş ve 441’de Doğu Romalılarla savaşa girerek Birinci Balkan Seferi’ni düzenlemiştir. Savaş sona erdikten sonra, kardeşi Bleda’nın 444-445 yıllarında ölümüyle birlikte Attila, Hun İmparatorluğu’nun tek hâkimi olmuş ve tüm Hun ordularını kendi komutası altına almıştır. Aradan geçen birkaç yıl içerisinde, Doğu Romalıların 434 yılında Attila ile yapmış oldukları Margus Antlaşması’nın koşullarını hâlâ tam olarak yerine getirmemiş olmaları ve Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu’nda yaşanan bazı doğal felaketler, Attila’nın 447 yılında ikinci bir Balkan Seferi’ne çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bu seferin tarihlendirilmesi ve seferin nasıl yürütüldüğü konularında farklı görüşler vardır. Biz de bu bildirimizde Attila’nın 447 yılı Balkan Seferi hakkında mevcut olan Roma-Bizans kaynaklarındaki kayıtları aktardık ve bu sefer konusunda modern tarihçilerin yapmış oldukları incelemeleri elden geçirdik. Ayrıca, bugüne kadar Avrupa Hun tarihi konusunda özellikle Türkiye’de üzerinde pek durulmamış olan bir Süryani kaynağı olan Antakyalı İsḥaḳ’ın Hunlara ve bu sefere ilişkin yazdığı kayıtları da bildirimizde sunarak bu bilgileri değerlendirdik.

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When the Hunnic ruler Rua died in 434, the sons of his brother, Bleda and Attila, mutually inherited the rule of the empire. Attila did not abandon the policy of constantly keeping the Eastern Roman Empire under constraint pursued by his predecessors, entered into a war with the Eastern Romans in 441 and launched his First Balkan Campaign. After the war came to an end, Attila became the sole ruler of the Hunnic Empire following the death of his brother Bleda in 444 or 445 and he brought all the Hunnic armies under his command. In the meanwhile, the Eastern Romans abstained from entirely fulfilling the agreements of the Treaty of Margus they had concluded with Attila in 434. Within a few years, while the Eastern Romans did not fulfill the agreements of the Treaty of Margus, some natural disasters occurred in the Eastern Roman Empire. The disobedience of the Eastern Romans to the treaty and these natural disasters caused Attila to launch a second Balkan Campaign in the year 447. There are different views on the dating of this campaign and how exactly it was conducted. In our paper, we narrated the records found in Romano-Byzantine sources regarding Attila’s Balkan Campaign of the year 447 and we examined the studies made on this campaign by modern historians. Additionally, we presented and evaluated the records written by Isaac of Antioch, a Syriac source not emphasized much on Hunnic history especially in Turkey until now, regarding the Huns and this campaign.

Beyond the undoubted propensity to defend and consolidate acquired
positions by force with the value of arms, the ‘Norman Conquest’ represents an
extremely significant moment for the study of war strategies and the armaments
adopted. Courage and audacity, combined with the value of arms, celebrated
the identity of the Normans, profoundly marking the history and civilisation of
Western Europe between the 11th and 12th centuries. The reasons for this success
are multiple, some related to favorable circumstances, others to the political and
military prowess of the commanders. The essay highlights some original war
devices employed by the Norman armies against the Byzantines and the Arabs to
achieve their goals of conquest.

The scientific article examines the period of education of the young Bulgarian prince and future ruler of Bulgaria in the 10th century – Tsar Simeon. He received the highest education of his time at the famous Magnaure School in Constantinople. He received extremely good training in the capital of Bulgaria, Pliska, after studying in private schools in Constantinople, where he was prepared for the higher sciences at the Magnaura Imperial School. Some characteristics of secondary and higher education in Byzantium during the period considered are also presented.

The purpose of this article is not to study the Muslim military organizations or their strategy during their battles against the Byzantines, which were studied by many scholars,  but the main aim here is to answer the question: Had the Arabs military skills or tactics during their early conquests of Syria and Palestine, i.e. Bilād al-Shām, which are unclear in the primary sources?
This will lead to another questionable point: Were their wars against the Byzantines primitive in their style? And if they were so how did they overcome the armies of Heraclius in Bilād al-Shām?

Στη σύγχρονη θεωρία της ψαλτικής τέχνης περιλαμβάνεται ως είδος μελωδίας ο «πλάγιος Β΄» ήχος. Από τη σύνθεση της μουσικής θεωρίας και των πειραματικών αποτελεσμάτων βρέθηκε ότι το συγκεκριμένο είδος μελωδίας προκύπτει ως παράγωγο από τη χρήση των χορδών των ΙΣΤ ειδών των ήχων. Οι Άραβες στο μελωδικό τους σύστημα ενέταξαν το μακάμι Χετζάζ (maqam Hijaz) στη θεωρία τους ως το θεμελιώδες σε μια ομάδα μακαμιών. Οι παλαιοί διδάσκαλοι ψαλμωδοί μάς παρέδωσαν το συγκεκριμένο είδος μελωδίας με τα χαρακτηριστικά του κύριου (Hijaz), του πλάγιου και του δ΄φωνου ήχου (Huzzam). Σε μαθήματα νεότερων διδασκάλων εμφανίζεται και ο αντίστοιχος ζ΄φωνος ήχος (Hijaz-kar). Αυτός είναι και ο λόγος που επιλέχθηκε να οριστεί ως Ε΄ είδος μελωδίας-ήχος με κύριο, πλάγιο, δ΄φωνο και ζ΄φωνο. Αντίθετα, στη μελωδία του μακαμιού Σαμπά δεν είναι δυνατό να εμφανιστούν και τα τέσσερα είδη. Οι Άραβες, αν και τοποθέτησαν το δ΄χορδο του Χετζάζ οξύτερα του ίσου του Χουζάμ, εντούτοις το τελευταίο το ενέταξαν στην ομάδα μακαμιών του Σικιάχ (Sikah) που προσεγγίζει μελωδικά τον γνωστό ήχο Λέγετο ή πλάγιο Β΄ ήχο παραλλαγής ζω της ανώτερης θεωρητικής των Βυζαντινών. Γίνεται αντιληπτό ότι οι Βυζαντινοί, σε σύγκριση με κάθε άλλη μουσική θεωρία, συσχέτισαν απόλυτα μεταξύ τους τα είδη

Temelini Harvard Üniversitesi’nde savunulan bir doktora tezinin oluşturduğu bu çalışma, Bizans hakkındaki Arap-İslam görüşünün yüzyıllar boyunca süren savaş, temas ve karşılıklı alışveriş ile geçirdiği evrim sürecinin bölgesel-tarihsel gelişmeler bağlamında izini sürmektedir. Kitap Giriş, Bizans’la karşılaşma, Bizans’ın karşısında durmak, İslam savunmada ve Yeni bir gerçeklik: Bizans’ı yeniden ziyaret başlıkları altında dört ana bölüm ve Sonuç kısmından oluşmaktadır. Başlıklardan da anlaşılacağı üzere, dört ana bölümün her biri nitelikleri belirgin dönemleri ele almaktadır. Bu yazıda da kitabın mevcut sistematiğine uyularak her bir kısım ayrı ayrı ele alınmış, yazarın temel iddiaları özetlenmiş, seçme örnekler verilmiş ve tüm bunlar değerlendirilmiştir.

The ancient history of Turkey is unprecedented throughout Asia Minor, the Near East and Europe given numerous invasions by the Hurrians, Hattians, Hittites, Assyrians, Phrygians, Lydians, Lycians, Carians, Greeks, Persians, Romans, Byzantines, and later Selcuks. These countries, tribes, and cultures invaded and settled in various Anatolian areas including Alaca Hüyük. As a result of these invasions, numerous artistic, ritualistic, and architectural remains continue to spotlight highly developed and diversified cultures.