Breach of Contract

A contract is legally enforceable because it meets the requirements and approval of the law. An agreement typically involves the exchange of goods, services, money, or promises of any of those. In the event of breach of contract, the law awards the injured party access to legal remedies such as damages and cancellation.

this may be of interest to those who have not seen our case. in 2015 i caused a Notice of Default to be filed against BONYM et al. It is in the case and filed into the country recorders. The Waiver of Tort was violated, leaving over 15 million dollars owed to my estate by the criminals and the judge over looked it, hence part of appeals. Give it a read if you like! It also has a UCC filed against it too, so go figure the county made it appear it was them against me, NOT!

The writing is a comment on a decision of the Italian Supreme Court, in plenary session, about public authority’s precontractual liability (n. 615/2021). It follows other recent judgements, always related to an unfair behaviour of a public entity, by which the so-called culpa in contrahendo does not have extra-contractual nature anymore. It is, on the opposite, governed by the rules of breach of contract. This is since in case of an administrative procedure, as it happens in the other types of precontractual liability, the private party and the public authority are no strangers to one another, but they are linked by a specific legal relationship. And it is not an issue that there is no a contract, because “contractual” liability qualification, as many Italian and foreign authors have clarified, does not refer only to the contractual obligations, but also to any case of obligation, also the ones arise from the good faith. However, the writing points out that the involvement of a public entity makes some differences. First of all, the goal of an administrative procedure is not a contract, as it is in case of private negotiations. But above all public entities, thanks to their status, have a discretionary power related to the administrative action wider than the one of private parties. This means that this power has to be rightly used even more than between private negotiations, and the public authority precontractual liability’s does not concern the administrative action validity, but the procedure before it. It is not by a chance that in the case in front of the Court, the administrative action was not even issued. That is mainly why the authors speak of “pre-action” liability instead of precontractual one, and they highlight the peculiarity of public body’s duties of protection, relating it to damages, as well.

This paper represents a deep analysis of one of the most famous cases of Western law: Donoghue v. Stevenson. Many legal principles arose from the ruling of the House of Lords: privity of contract, duty of care and, above all, negligence clearly considered as a tort.
Moreover, the document contains comparisons with other jurisdictions pertaining the neighbour principle.
Finally, the environmental problem of oil spills in Nigeria is dealt with legal postulates coming from the Donoghue case, purporting to stress the fundamental right to a clean environment for all human beings.

RESUMEN: La dispersa y precaria reglamenta­ción de la resolución por incumplimiento, su­mada a la pretendida hegemonía que nuestra doctrina y jurisprudencia atribuyen al ejercicio judicial de la resolución, no armoniza con las actuales condiciones del tráfico jurídico. Los costos, falencias y discusiones asociados a di­cho modelo, provocan que, lejos de dar tran­quilidad al acreedor, sólo obtenga un pesar de incertidumbres mientras espera el resultado del juicio. Otras tantas desgracias sobrevienen al acreedor que, creyendo reforzar su crédito estipulando una cláusula de resolución automática, descubre que sólo conculcó su derecho de opción, empeorando la tutela de su derecho de crédito. Por ello, en este trabajo se postularán algunas ideas encaminadas a admitir, en nuestro Código Civil, el modelo de resolución por declaración unilateral y recepticia (o por cuenta y riesgo del acreedor).

SUMARIO:  I. INTRODUCCIÓN. II. EJERCICIO JUDICIAL DE LA RESOLUCIÓN. III. EJERCICIO EXTRAJUDICIAL DE LA RESOLUCIÓN: 1. Resolución automática o ipso facto por el hecho del incumplimiento; 2. Resolución extrajudicial por declaración unilateral y recepticia: i) Generalidades; ii) Una precisión previa: la extinción del contrato por declaración unilateral; iii) Nociones generales de la resolución por cuenta y riesgo del acreedor. IV. BASES PARA ACEPTAR LA RESOLUCIÓN UNILATERAL EN NUESTRO CÓDIGO CIVIL: 1. Los débiles argumentos de la resolución judicial como modelo por defecto; 2. El Código Civil sólo prohíbe la resolución automática; 3. Casos particulares de resolución unilateral en nuestro Código Civil: i) derecho de desistimiento (típico); ii) cesación inmediata del arrendamiento; iii) disolución de la sociedad colectiva por incumplimiento; iv) Derecho a exigir el retiro forzoso del socio colectivo; 4. Consagración de la resolución unilateral en leyes especiales: i) terminación y rescisión en el contrato de seguro; ii) derecho a excluir al socio o accionista; iii) resolución por comunicación en la compraventa internacional de mercaderías; 5. Es el modelo adoptado por el "Nuevo Derecho de la Contratación", estado actual en Derecho Comparado y Derecho Internacional Uniforme; 6. Las cargas del acreedor son impuestas por la buena fe; 7. ¿Y la fuerza obligatoria del contrato? V. CONCLUSIONES

This paper refers to a breach of contract which means failure to keep the promises or agreements of a contract and as a result of that breach, the one party suffers damage.
First of all, this paper highlights the correlation between breach and remedy. The aim of this term paper is to explore an idea of remedies for breach of contract. This paper also looked into different types of suits, a plaintiff can file. It is just as important for the innocent party to show that it has suffered a loss as a result of the breach, and to prove what that loss is, or to establish that it should be entitled to remedy. The cost of suit for damages is in the discretion of the court. In addition to it, this paper will also discuss multiple cases relevant to the breach of contract.

This writing analyzes, from a diachronic point of view, medical malpractice and how it has been impacted by the Italian law 8 March 2017, n. 24. The study shows that recognizing doctors directly liable in tort (art. 7) introduces a separation between form and substance. This separation arises problems of constitutionality in “intramoenia” cases and of juridical qualification regarding the relationship between doctors and healthcare facilities. There are also some critical issues about compulsory professional insurance rule (art. 10); some of them would have been avoided by providing an equivalent obligation for insurance companies. Finally, hospitals’ and insurance companies’ right of redress (art. 9) seems inconsistent, because it presupposes a discretionary power to doctors, which has been denied, in general, by the law.

international promises?
Invasion versus Humanitarian intervention?
Humanitarian interventions?
Peacekeeping
Forever war?
Politicization of the financial system
Prerequisite demilitarisation?
Problematic parallels: Ukraine, Taiwan, Cuba?
Efficacy of sanctions?
Who benefits? Cui bono?
"You are either with US or against US"?

Contemporáneamente la responsabilidad contractual, en sentido amplio del término, se ha entendido como el sistema de acciones que dispone el acreedor frente al incumplimiento del contrato; dentro de las que se comprende tanto la acción de cumplimiento, la acción resolutoria, así como la de indemnización de perjuicios. Al estudio de dichos medios de tutela del crédito deben agregarse dos elementos. Por una parte, la excepción de contrato no cumplido como un mecanismo de defensa del deudor en los contratos bilaterales. Y por otra, las cláusulas que las mismas parten pueden agregar al contrato con el objeto de regular o anticiparse a los efectos del incumplimiento contractual. Dentro del ordenamiento nacional, en el estudio de los medios de tutela del crédito, se ha obviado la forma en que ellos se consagran en un método importante de solución de controversias como lo constituye el arbitraje. En tal sentido, en esta investigación se analizará la forma en que se manifiesta la responsabilidad contractual (incluida la excepción de contrato no cumplido y las cláusulas contractuales) en la jurisprudencia arbitral emitida por el Centro de Arbitraje y Mediación de la Cámara de Comercio de Santiago (CAM) durante un periodo de 10 años, comprendido entre los años 2007 y 2016; según las publicaciones periódicas realizadas por la misma institución. Esta investigación está compuesta de tres trabajos realizados en forma independiente, pero bajo la misma metodología, y que comprenden distintos periodos de tiempo de jurisprudencia arbitral. En dicho sentido, este trabajo en particular comprende 38 laudos emitidos entre las fechas 2 de enero de 2007 a 13 de abril de 2012.

Specific performance and the right to cure are often two main
concepts in question when there is a breach in an
international sale contract. This article, in a different
approach, compares the differences between provisions of
English law and the United Nations Convention on Contracts
for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), in order to
analytically examine whether CISG overemphasises the
performance of contract by the defaulting seller. Moreover, it
explains the relationship between specific performance and
the right to cure, using a new approach. While a considerable
amount of existing studies mostly concern restriction imposed
by English law rules, this essay, illustratively indicates that
there are advantages in adopting English law provisions rather
than following the permissive attitude of CISG.
The article reveals the ambiguity made by some provisions of CISG in regards to application of its rules. While the main
remedy granted by English courts is confined to damages, as
they recognize specific performance as a discretionary order,
the courts consider the test of inadequacy of damages and the
uniqueness to avoid the unfair results. This essay is an
attempt to change the picture shaped by existing literature by
introducing a different perspective on the alleged restrictions
of English law.

The essay analyses the new regulation of non-pecuniary damages submitted by the law proposal no. 1151/2019. Once explored the reasons why to intervene in the field of torts and liability for breach of contract, the author addresses the problem of non-pecuniary damages from a systematic perspective and suggests some de iure condendo solutions.

En este trabajo de investigación se analiza el origen y presupuestos de la teoría del incumplimiento eficiente de origen norteamericana en contraste con los fundamentos axiológicos de la teoría general del contrato consagrados en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano con el fin de identificar algunas de las compatibilidades e incompatibilidades que se pueden generar en su eventual reconocimiento en este sistema normativo.

RESUMO: A questão central sob investigação no presente estudo consiste em definir a consequência do descumprimento de deveres laterais de conduta oriundos da boa-fé objetiva. Nessa empreitada, adotam-se como premissas teóricas específicas o reconhecimento da complexidade obrigacional e da subsequente integração do regulamento contratual pelos deveres decorrentes da boa-fé objetiva. Cogita-se, na sequência, da resolução da problemática com base na doutrina tedesca da violação positiva do contrato, destacando-se as dificuldades que desaconselham a importação da figura pelo direito brasileiro. Investigam-se, por fim, os contornos contemporâneos do (in)adimplemento contratual, sob os necessários influxos da perspectiva funcional, com o que se reconhece que a integração dos referidos deveres laterais ao regulamento contratual autoriza a conclusão no sentido de inadimplemento contratual (absoluto ou relativo) quando do seu descumprimento.

ABSTRACT: The main question under investigation is to determinate the consequence of breach of duties arising from the objective good- faith. The study takes as specific theoretical premises the complexity of contractual relationship and the subsequent integration of contract by duties arising from the objective good-faith. Further, the study analyses the proposal ofresolving the problem based on German doctrine of the positive breach of contract, highlighting the difficulties which make unavoidable its importation by Brazilian law. In the end, the study investigates the contemporary contours of breach of contract, under necessary influxes offunctional perspective, recognizing that the integration of side duties to the contract authorizes conclusion about breach of contract (in absolute or relative sense).

There is a big difference between a minor oversight or a failure to fulfill a small detail of the contract versus a total failure to perform any aspect of the agreement. Learn more about material breach and non-material breach contract in California in this presentation.

This chapter deals with general rules of contract law in various legal systems. It is the chapter 6 of the manual "International Business Law" designed mainly for multinational audiences of students in management. The purpose is to present rules in a sufficiently general manner so as to describe the legal realities that exist in most legal systems,  whereas it is endeavoured to do it with as much substance as possible (i.e. not purely abstractly). To reach this balance, the presentation uses as many international sources as possible.

This case addresses how students might actually proceed in starting their own Internet company. It is inevitable that many students will currently be thinking about their big idea that will reshape the Internet. A story from this business area is easy to relate to for most students, and discussion flows readily. The case revolves around the two founders' issues with their business as they move further away from the university setting. When the venture was created, they did all the work, including sales. As they moved on to careers, they found students to replace them on the sales front. As they slowly moved out of the day-today workings of the enterprise, a problem arose with their new key sales person – he was doing all the work and only getting a portion of the returns.

SARBANES OXLEY ACT, Secretary Pompeo states, " Their books are not wide open." This is why we do not get to discovery as when one brings in the Sarbanes Oxley Act the Pandora's box of hidden criminal actions cannot be shut back in. Once the evidence of fraud is out of the box we win. It is time we all think outside that box and hold our public servants accountable to acting in law, not under the color of it or outside of it as they look the other way and help steal our lives. Converting our estates into pirated credit of our beneficial interest. http://www.soxlaw.com

Opining from my experience and research findings, my conclusion in all this is that the cases must be brought as breach of contract-RICO-TORT causes identifying the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as well as other causes, this is also why our Petition of Remonstrance is so very important as it holds the Legislative Branch accountable in law, not the ones they extort but the ones in place for the banks and to protect our countrymen and women.

The STATE Governors have been taking $$ to allow the foreign involvement, yes foreign, the Banks are foreign on the States and as such the Governors have to sign off on their involvement. (Listen to Pompeo's speech to the governors two weeks ago link here https://youtu.be/g1BbswU3i10 if you go to 14:47 the Sarbanes Oxley Act is mentioned!). It is a huge ponzi scheme and is why our two first impression cases attacking this are so important. LISTEN to his entire speech with an open mind and hear the words he uses, maybe write some down and review their consequences IN law. https://youtu.be/g1BbswU3i10 if you go to 14:47 the Sarbanes Oxley Act is mentioned by Secretary Pompeo. THE BOOKS ARE NOT WIDE OPEN!! http://www.soxlaw.com

We cannot continue to allow the foreign usurpation by China or any foreign entity bank such as Wells Fargo, Bank of America, BONYM et al. The Governors get lobbied by the bankers and other foreign agencies or countries and the people on the States are pirated as the Judges and Public Servants are awarded financially.

Parties to a repeat transaction contract are assigned a property rights bundle with partial ex-post decision rights. I show for an investing buyer with incomplete bargaining power, that granting her the right to terminate the contract after seller’s delivery in the previous period allows for opportunistic rent-seeking: Holding up the seller in renegotiations yields additional breakup rents that increase the buyer’s returns on investment and induce efficient ex-ante incentives where she would otherwise underinvest. The buyer’s opportunism thus generates social value. The exit option complements incomplete property rights and serves as contractual solution to the hold-up problem. Legal implications for U.S. and international contract law are discussed.

RESUMO: O artigo tem por objetivo promover análise a respeito da teoria do inadimplemento eficiente do contrato, notadamente pelo exame da quebra contratual e seus efeitos. Nesse sentido, são discutidas, na perspectiva de direito comparado, as incompatibilidades e eventuais contribuições advindas da referida teoria em relação ao sistema civil law, e, especificamente, ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito civil; direito das obrigações; inadimplemento contratual; teoria do inadimplemento eficiente do contrato. SUMÁRIO: 1. Introdução;-2. A teoria do inadimplemento eficiente do contrato;-3. Breves notas a respeito do inadimplemento contratual e a responsabilidade civil no direito civil brasileiro;-4. Óbices e perspectivas para a aplicação da teoria do inadimplemento eficiente;-5. Conclusão;-6. Referências bibliográficas. TITLE: The Efficient Breach of Contract: Perspectives of Enforcement in Brazilian Civil Law ABSTRACT: The article aims to analyze the theory of efficient breach of contract, by examining the contractual breach and its effects. It presents discussions regarding the incompatibilities and contributions which may derive from this theory towards the civil law system, and, in particular, to Brazilian legal system. KEYWORDS: Civil law; contract law; breach of contract; efficient breach of contract theory. CONTENTS: 1. Introduction;-2. The efficient breach of contract theory;-3. Brief comments on contract breach and damages in Brazilian civil law;-4. Incompatibilities and perspectives of enforcement of the efficient breach theory;-5. Conclusions;-6. References.

The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit decided twenty-four insurance-related cases between June 2004 and April 2005.  Those cases originated in nine federal district courts.  Unlike its 2002-2004 rulings, the Court of Appeals did not decide any exceptionally novel or complex substantive or procedural questions.  In fact, the Fifth Circuit issued four extremely short per curiam decisions, and in two other cases, presented brief analyses and dispositions of statutes-of-limitations and exhaustion-of-administrative-remedies questions under Louisiana’s law.  Although the remaining eighteen cases present a diverse body of law and legal issues, only the more novel and highly questionable Fifth Circuit insurance decisions of the survey period warrant further consideration.  In order to gain a greater understanding of the factors that influenced the Fifth Circuit’s rulings, limited content analysis of these particular decisions is necessary, and highlights and comparisons of the dispositions of the cases among and between the various federal district courts and the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals is useful.

Leasing adalah kesepakatan bersama oleh masing-masing pihak yang menimbulkan ikatan satu sama lain. Perkara yang diputus oleh Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia No. 1507 K/PDT/2010 menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi hubungan sewa menyewa tanah sejak tanggal 20 Desember 1959. Gugatan perkara tersebut terjadi karena ahli waris penyewa berhenti membayar untuk sewa dan karena ahli waris kedua belah pihak tidak memperbaharui perjanjian; oleh karena itu, hubungan itu batal demi hukum. Hal ini diatur dalam Pasal 2 dan Pasal 21 ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 44 Tahun 1994 tentang Penghunian Rumah oleh Bukan Pemilik yang menyatakan bahwa penghunian rumah oleh bukan pemilik adalah sah apabila ada persetujuan atau izin oleh pemiliknya, dan kontrak sewa menyewa rumah, baik tertulis maupun tidak tertulis, yang tidak menyebutkan batas waktu dan telah terjadi sebelum Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1992 diundangkan, dinyatakan bubar dalam waktu tiga tahun sejak undang-undang ini diundangkan.

RESUMO: O presente estudo tem como escopo primordial a investigação da oponibilidade da exceção de contrato não cumprido em caso de descumprimento de deveres oriundos da boa-fé objetiva. Nessa empreitada, analisam-se cada um dos requisitos necessários ao cabimento da exceptio, com destaque para o inadimplemento e a bilateralidade contratual. Destacam-se os impactos da boa-fé objetiva sobre cada um desses requisitos, o que permite compreender a expansão do próprio espectro de oponibilidade da exceção de contrato não cumprido.

ABSTRACT: The main scope of this study is to investigate the enforceability of defense of unperformed contract in case of breach of side duties arising from objective good faith. The work analyses the requirements to the enforceability of the exceptio, highlighting breach of contract and contractual bilaterality. Both requirements are analyzed under the influence of objective good-faith, what makes it possible to comprehend the expansion of the enforceability spectrum of the defense of unperformed contract itself.

Este livro trata do inadimplemento eficiente do contrato, tendo por objetivo estudar os seus elementos e a viabilidade de sua incorporação no direito brasileiro ou, pelo menos, desenvolver uma teoria propriamente brasileira a partir da reflexão sobre os institutos jurídicos brasileiros já existentes e em comparação com o que já se desenvolveu nos Estados Unidos. Para tanto, primeiramente são estudados os instrumentos próprios da Análise Econômica do Direito que possuem relação com a teoria do inadimplemento eficiente, como a Teoria dos Jogos, a informação assimétrica, os custos de transação e aspectos da Economia Comportamental. Em seguida, o estudo faz uma revisão do que se entende por inadimplemento eficiente no direito estadunidense, analisando as especificidades, consequências, críticas e institutos correlatos que podem impactar em sua aplicação. Depois, o estudo foca nas variadas formas de extinção contratual presentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, buscando em cada uma delas verificar a compatibilidade com o inadimplemento eficiente. Inova-se, inclusive, ao se defender a expansão da teoria no Brasil para os casos de adimplemento por meio de obrigações alternativas e facultativas. A seguir, o estudo foca nas possíveis verbas que compõem a indenização, bem como trata das cláusulas que a limitam e excluem, além de refletir sobre os gastos que a própria parte pode ter com o inadimplemento. No próximo capítulo, é estudada a compatibilidade do inadimplemento eficiente com os princípios da boa-fé objetiva e da função social do contrato. Por fim, são analisados casos na jurisprudência brasileira em que poderia haver a incidência do inadimplemento eficiente do contrato.

Leasing is a mutual agreement by each party which causes a bond to each other. The case which is ruled by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 1507 K/PDT/2010 indicates that there has been land leasing relationship since December 20, 1959. The claim of the case occurred because the heir of the lessee stopped paying for the rent and because the  heirs of both parties did not renew the agreement; therefore, the  relationship was cancelled by law. This case is stipulated in Article 2 and Article 21, paragraph (1) of the Government Regulation No. 44/1994 on House Occupation by Non-Owner which states that house occupation by non-owner is valid when there is an agreement or permission by the owner, and housing leasing contract, written or unwritten, which does not mention the time limit and had occurred before Law No. 4/1992 was enacted, is declared dissolved within three years since the law is enacted.

The justifications for strict products liability and other cases of strict liability in torts are different and distinct. The United States judiciary has limited strict liability in tort law to seven distinct scenarios: (1) animals that are trespassing, are domesticated but vicious, or are wild by nature; (2) fact situations involving ultra-hazardous activities; (3) nuisance; (4) misrepresentation; (5) vicarious liability; (6) defamation; or (7) a workman’s compensation statute. 

Strict liability is imposed for harm caused by animals capable of inflicting extensive harm.  It also justifies liability for ultra-hazardous activities on the basis that an individual undertakes an activity that is inappropriate to the locale and poses great risk of harm to others.  Private and public nuisance justify strict liability if the activity in question also qualifies as an ultra-hazardous activity.  Misrepresentation places any resulting loss upon the defendant, even if innocent, rather than upon the innocent plaintiff.  In vicarious liability scenarios, a variety of justifications for strict liability exist: the elements of control, the theory of the business enterprise having the deepest pocket, and the allocation of risk. These justifications have each been reasons for holding employers strictly liable for the torts of their employees.  The law of defamation holds the publisher strictly liable on the basis that it is better to restrict an individual’s freedom of expression than to see an innocent plaintiff suffer from a loss of standing in the community. 

Liability is imposed and the corresponding right to recovery is given, not because of the plaintiff’s injury, but because the plaintiff’s injury was the result of the defendant’s fault.  When speaking in terms of strict liability, each rationale of recovery is different and distinct from the rest.

Los contratos se celebran para cumplirse. De ello se deriva que el incumplimiento es siempre una situación irregular e indeseada. Siendo así, la ley garantiza diversas medidas de protección frente al incumplimiento, tanto en contratos privados como públicos. En este último caso, en la medida que el incumplimiento puede provenir del contratista o del Estado, la ley los protege a ambos. Sin embargo, la regulación peruana no establece las mismas consecuencias por el incumplimiento, de manera que existen consecuencias más gravosas si quien incumple es el contratista. El presente artículo busca explicar dicha diferenciación, mediante un análisis crítico.

This article is focussing on the study that how psychological contract breach harm the organisation. In troublesome occasions when organizations must adjust to various changes in the worldwide financial atmosphere work practices are of incredible enthusiasm to associations. In attempting to hold the best workers, directors are keen on diminishing turnover and forestalling counterproductive practices. So as to get representative' reactions and responses to the workplace, contracts become fundamental as they make a social rule for both the worker and the association

Leasing adalah kesepakatan bersama oleh masing-masing pihak yang menimbulkan ikatan satu sama lain. Perkara yang diputus oleh Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia No. 1507 K/PDT/2010 menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi hubungan sewa menyewa tanah sejak tanggal 20 Desember 1959. Gugatan perkara tersebut terjadi karena ahli waris penyewa berhenti membayar untuk sewa dan karena ahli waris kedua belah pihak tidak memperbaharui perjanjian; oleh karena itu, hubungan itu batal demi hukum. Hal ini diatur dalam Pasal 2 dan Pasal 21 ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 44 Tahun 1994 tentang Penghunian Rumah oleh Bukan Pemilik yang menyatakan bahwa penghunian rumah oleh bukan pemilik adalah sah apabila ada persetujuan atau izin oleh pemiliknya, dan kontrak sewa menyewa rumah, baik tertulis maupun tidak tertulis, yang tidak menyebutkan batas waktu dan telah terjadi sebelum Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1992 diundangkan, dinyatakan bubar dalam waktu tiga tahun sejak undang-undang ini diundangkan.

Consumers are becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the services and products that the American insurance industry provides.  Correspondingly, they are filing an ever-increasing number of lawsuits against insurers in state courts.  While courts have ruled equally in favor of insurers and policyholders, advocates for both consumers and the insurance industry strongly believe “judicial bias” or “judicial hostility” permeates state supreme courts.

Some United States Supreme Court Justices have argued that state supreme courts are hostile towards insurance carriers.  Commentators have also viciously criticized state supreme courts for being biased against insurance carriers.  The contrary view that state supreme courts are anti-consumer is also widespread.  Are either of these accusations true?  Are state supreme courts biased against the insurance industry?  Or are certain regional state supreme courts more likely to issue anti-consumer opinions?

A certain kind of judicial bias, termed disparate-impact discrimination, occurs when extralegal factors—those having little to do with the merits of the case—regularly and systematically influence a state supreme court’s decisions in favor of either the insurer or the policyholder.  An empirical analysis of state supreme court cases decided between 1900-91 reveals that state supreme courts are unwittingly discriminating against litigants.  Specifically, these supreme tribunals allow extralegal factors to influence the disposition of insurance-related cases.  Based on the findings of this empirical analysis, policyholders and insurance companies are encouraged to settle their disputes in a state administrative forum, and to avoid trial by judge or jury.

Cuando una persona cede a otra un solar a cambio de pisos o locales a construir sobre el mismo, pueden surgir numerosos problemas de tipo práctico, en los que a menudo se ven implicados no sólo los intereses de las partes sino también de terceras personas. Así sucede, por ejemplo, cuando los acreedores del cesionario solicitan el embargo del solar por deudas de éste, o cuando el mismo deja la construcción sin terminar y el cedente resuelve el contrato por incumplimiento. La ausencia de una regulación legal específica sobre el contrato de cesión de suelo por obra en el Derecho español ha complicado notablemente la solución de dichos problemas por parte de los Tribunales de Justicia.

El presente libro se aproxima a la práctica actual a través del estudio minucioso de las resoluciones judiciales y de la Dirección General de Registros y del Notariado, entre otros materiales, para ofrecer al lector un análisis crítico y ordenado de los criterios manejados por las mismas, a la luz de la regulación vigente y del Derecho de otros países. Además, presta atención a la ley que regula este mismo contrato en Cataluña e incorpora un Apéndice (p. 315-327) donde se estudia el régimen tributario del contrato en sus distintas modalidades. El libro está destinado a abogados, notarios, registradores, jueces, profesionales de la promoción inmobiliaria, investigadores y estudiosos del Derecho civil y el Derecho tributario o fiscal en general.