Bog

Da bi se bolje razumjela predodžba zdravlja, bolesti i ozdravlje-nja u Bibliji i u kasnijem razvoju kršćanstva, potrebno je najprije okvirno istaknuti nekoliko značajki biblijske i teološke slike čovjeka. Biblija polazi od toga da je čovjek Božje stvorenje i da je u trajnom, dijaloškom odnosu sa svojim Stvoriteljem, s drugim ljudima i sa svim stvorenjima. Kao Božje stvorenje čovjek ima izvanredno dostojan-stvo, jer je stvoren na sliku Božju, ali je istodobno prolazan i smrtan te podložan grijehu. Biblija govori o konkretnom čovjeku i njegovim životnim situacijama, u kojima se pojavljuju i bolest i ozdravljenje. Prevladavajući je pogled na te stvarnosti duhovno-teološki, a ne medicinski. Bolest i zdravlje obuhvaćaju čitava čovjeka i njegove egzistencijalne odnose te posebno odnos s Bogom. Različiti su uzroci bolesti: ona može dolaziti od zlih duhova, može biti posljedica grije-ha ili pak poslana od Boga. Ozdravljenje je prvenstveno Božje djelo. Isusova ozdravljenja nemaju svrhu samo fi zički vratiti zdravlje bole-sniku, nego su znak ovozemaljske prisutnosti eshatološkoga spasenja i Kraljevstva Božjega koje je u konačnici Božji dar. Biblijska para-digma bolesti i zdravlja dominirala je i u kasnijem razvoju kršćan-stva. Briga za bolesne od početka je bitni dio kršćanskoga nasljedo-vanja Isusa Krista te se tijekom povijesti razvijala u svoje institucio-nalizirane oblike. Bolest i zdravlje su se povezivali i s čovjekovom duhovnom dimenzijom i eshatološkim spasenjem, pa se pored medicinskog liječenja jak naglasak stavljao na crkveno-liturgijske oblike skrbi za bolesnike. Novoji pristupi u pastoralnom i crkvenom učiteljstvu uravnoteženo vrednuju, kako tjelesnu tako i duhovnu dimenziju bolesti i liječenja.

Zusammenfassung: Dr. Sr. Valerija Nedjeljka Kovač betont im Text mit dem Titel
Gesundheit und Krankheit in der Bibel und Geschichte des Christentums, dass Krankheit und Gesundheit/Heilung, wie die Heilige Schrift und die späteren christlichen Jahrhunderte zeigen, im Leben und in den Überlegungen sowohl des Menschen an sich als lebendigem Wesen und Gläubigen als auch innerhalb seiner gesellschaftlichen und religiösen Gemeinschaft intensiv anwesend seien.»Dabei ist zu bemerken, dass das Verständnis dieser Realitäten niemals eindimensional war. Man ging von der körperlichen Dimension aus, konzentrierte sich aber noch viel stärker auf den geistig-religiösen Aspekt, in dem die körperliche Dimension eingeschlossen war. Krankheit und Gesundheit sind Realitäten, die den ganzen Menschen und sein gesamtes Leben auf der Erde, mit all seinen Relationen, be-rühren. Ferner sind Krankheit und Gesundheit Realitäten, die dem Menschen seine Beziehung zu Gott tiefer bewusst machen und ihn zur  Neubewertung des Sinns und der Art und Weise seines Lebens moti-vieren. Das war auch der Sinn der Heilungen Jesu und seiner Bezie-hungen zu den Kranken. Sein Vorbild, sein Auftrag zur Nachfolge und Gebot der Nächstenliebe haben die Christen von Beginn an intensiv dazu bewegt, die Sorge für Kranke, Schwache und Arme effektiv zu organisieren. Obwohl durch die Geschichte hindurch manches Mal allein die religiöse Dimension von Krankheit betont wurde, so hat das Christentum bei der Einführung und Entwicklung des Systems der körperlichen und geistigen Fürsorge für Kranke und Schwache si-cherlich Pionierarbeit geleistet. Es hat die Entwicklung der Medizin vorangetrieben und Einfuss auf das Bewusstsein über die Sorge für  jene schwächsten Glieder der Gesellschaft genommen.Die Bibel und die christliche Entwicklung der Krankenfürsorge innerhalb der Geschichte bieten Grundsätze, die mit Sicherheit zum heute so notwendigen umfassenderen Zugang zu Krankheit und Gesundheit und zur Lösung des zeitgenössischen Problems ihrer Depersonalisation und Reduktion auf das naturwissenschaftliche und technische Gebiet beitragen können«, betont Dr. Sr. Valerija Kovač.

Pesnički zanos i maestralno književno umeće stvaranja okrepljujuće poezije u kombinaciji s mističkim duhom, pogotovu kada se na to pridoda i mogućnost korišćenja bogate saznajne religijske baštine – imaju mnogo toga originalnog da ponude. Tako se zapravo stvara tradicija vredna pažnje i ritam usklađen sa svakom vrstom emocije. Tako se pojavljuju stihovi puni duha, stihovi koji će se roditi da bi nadživeli sve generacije i naraštaje, koji će nastati da bi opstali, koji će nastupiti da bi spasli čovečanstvo – od mrtvila, od ustajalosti, od statičnosti, od izgubljenih puteva, od pogrešnih iluzija, od neispravnih ideala. Tako se stvara poezija nalik samome čoveku, prelivena ljubavlju, ali onom istinskom, večnom. Tako se stvara život, zapravo. A tako nastaju i okrepljujuće reči Mevlane Rumija. Rumijev život možemo podeliti u tri perioda: obrazovanje, naučnički život, mističko putovanje. Tokom prvog perioda, mladi Rumi stekao je veliko znanje, upoznao je gotovo sve tradicionalne i racionalne naučne discipline. U drugom periodu, iskusni Rumi predavao je svojim učenicima sve ono što je ranije naučio. A u poslednjem periodu, produhovljeni Rumi – ili kako bi on sam rekao "izgoreli zaljubljenik" – pevao bi pesmu svoje udaljenosti od Boga i samoće među ljudima. Iako je Rumi u svakom ovom periodu bio različit u odnosu na druge periode, ipak je nemoguće negirati jedinstvenu nit koja ga je pratila celog života – a to je bila njegova konstantna privrženost šerijatu, odnosno islamskom verozakonu. Gotovo sve Rumijeve zbirke i dela stvoreni su u poslednjem periodu njegovog života, čime se svedoči da nam se u njima obraća Rumi koji je kroz sve te periode uspešno prošao. Zato je veoma bitno da istražimo kako je jedan maestralni pesnik i veliki mistik i zaljubljenik u Boga koji je prethodno dokazan i kao vrli poznavalac raznih islamskih nauka posmatrao društvo i društveni život. U ovom radu pokušaćemo da precizno razmotrimo to pitanje.

U tekstu iznosim kritiku simplificirane diferencijacije religija na „autoritarne“ i „humanističke“ koju je ponudio Erich Fromm u svom djelu „Psihoanaliza i religija“, zasnovane na također simplificiranoj podjeli vrsta autoriteta na „racionalni“ i „iracionalni“, koja implicira da je upotreba moći od strane autoriteta nespojiva sa određivanjem i iskustvom istog kao racionalnog (onako kako, kao svojstva autoriteta, Fromm definira „racionalno“ i „iracionalno“). Uz kraći osvrt na Kaufmannovu kritiku ove klasifikacije, ponuđeno je objašnjenje njene nepotpunosti, uz praktični primjer problema njene primjene na islamsku sunitsku teologiju. U tekstu predlažem nadogradnju Frommove originalne kategorizacije dodavanjem treće kategorije, „autoritativne religije“, zasnovane na novom razumijevanju autoriteta kojeg, između ostalog, karakterizira benevolentna upotreba moći.

Ključne riječi: Bog, idol, otuđenje, autoritarna religija, humanistička religija, iracionalni autoritet, racionalni autoritet, teistička religija, neteistička religija, pokornost,  sloboda, sankcije, stilovi roditeljstva

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Rational Authority and the Use of Power – Reconsidering Fromm’s Typology of Religions

In this text, I bring out the critical assessment of an oversimplified differentiation of religions with “authoritarian” and “humanistic” categories offered by Fromm in his work “Psychoanalysis and religion”, which is rooted in an equally oversimplified division of types of authorities into “rational” and “irrational”, which implies that the use of power is antiethical to an authority that is defined and perceived as being rational (the way Fromm understands “rational” and “irrational” as attributes of authority). With brief recursions to Kaufmann’s criticism of this classification, an explanation of its shortcomings is offered, along with a practical example of problems of its application to Sunni Islamic theology. A recomposition of Fromm’s original categorization is proposed by adding a third category, “authoritative religion”, which is based on a new understanding of authority that is, aside from other qualities, characterized by the benevolent use of power.

Key words: God, idol, alienation, authoritarian religion, humanistic religion, irrational
authority, rational authority, theistic religion, non – theistic religion, obedience, freedom, sanctions, parenting style

U radu razmatramo uticaj neoplatonizma (pre svega Plotina) na Avgustinovo mišljenje, fokusirajući se na deveto poglavlje sedme knjige Avgustinovih Ispovesti. Najpre se razmatra Avgustinova interpretacija Plotina. Prikazuju se paralelno principi Plotinove filozofije i Avgustinonova interpretacija. Zatim se razmatra Avgustinovo iskazivanje nezadovoljstva Plotinovim metafizičkim sistemom, koji mu nije dovoljan, i na koji odgovara citatima iz Biblije. Nastojimo da objasnimo razloge zbog kojih hrišćanin ne može biti zadovoljan Plotinovim učenjem. Sumu osnovnih razloga treba da ponudi zaključak rada.

Worldwide, governments, the private sector, and non-government organizations face the challenge of balancing wetland conservation with promotion of wise use of resources and appropriate associated economic development. Similar challenges exist in Alberta. Over the span of a few decades the province has evolved from no wetland policy to a leader on no-net-loss policy and practice. However, as a revised policy is poised to be announced, Alberta may now become a province with potentially diminished wetland protection if replacement of lost wetlands is not considered. As growth continues in the province, Albertans are becoming increasingly concerned about environmental issues, as are those elsewhere in the world. At this juncture, Alberta has the unique opportunity to continue the leadership charge on wetland policy and practice, and can set the precedent for effective and balanced wetland conservation and management in Canada, and elsewhere.

Wetlands are Alberta’s keystone ecosystem and resource. Keystone ecosystems are those that are particularly important from the perspective of ecology or management, and whose influence and significance is greater than their geographic presence. In Alberta, wetlands are found in all biomes and are inextricably linked to the province’s aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Alberta’s wetlands provide a wide range of functions and values. This keystone ecosystem will become progressively more important with increased development and climate change. The state of Alberta’s wetlands is a bellwether for the condition of the province’s aquatic resources and, ultimately, the quality of life for Albertans.

In Alberta there are two primary wetland types in two geographic regions that require two different management strategies. Most of the province’s wetlands are peatlands (bogs, fens, conifer swamps) in the Peatland Zone. This region coincides with, but is larger than, the green area (78% vs. 61%). Here wetland loss is generally unknown but likely relatively smaller compared to the south. Current and planned developments, however, will likely lead to significant wetland losses here. The remaining wetlands in Alberta are mineral soil wetlands (marshes, shallow water wetlands, and shrub swamps) found primarily in the province’s Mineral Soil Wetland Zone. The zone is similar to, but smaller than, the white area (22% vs. 39%). Here wetland loss approaches 65% and it is critical to preserve what remains, restore what has been impacted, and construct new wetlands to add value.

The Peatland and Mineral Soil Wetland regions differ significantly by wetland type, area, land ownership, population, land use pressure, and authority to set regulations. Herein lays the opportunity for Alberta to lead the development of two novel policies and practices that will address the different requirements of both zones. Examples of wetland policy and practice exist in other provinces and countries that can be used as models. In Alberta, policy for wetlands in the Mineral Soil Wetland Zone, where the highest loss has occurred, would benefit from a no-net-loss and a mitigation sequence of 1) avoid impacts, 2) mitigate or minimize impacts, and 3) compensate for irreducible impacts. The established 3:1 compensation ratio with a sliding scale for distance from original wetland is a useful replacement for lost wetland function and value until a standardized wetland evaluation system can be developed for this zone. Application of the mitigation sequence concept in Alberta has recently been identified as disfavouring avoidance of wetlands with resulting wetland loss. However, with some adjustment, no-net-loss and wetland compensation can remain proven concepts that enhance wetland conservation in Alberta.

Mineral Soil Wetland Zone policy is the low-hanging fruit in Alberta. Policy development in the Peatland Zone is more challenging and will require extensive consultation, resources, funding, and research. Here, time is of the essence. Nothing less should be acceptable given that the province’s most ambitious development plans are in the region with the most wetlands. In the interim, priority should be given to conserving wetlands in the region until the creative solutions can be explored and a Peatland Zone policy developed.

Both wetland policies would be enhanced with support from the following programs and products: a validation program for qualified wetland workers and agencies; a provincial wetland inventory; a made-in-Alberta wetland classification, and; individual evaluation systems for the Peatland and Mineral Soil Wetland Zones using holistic broad-based indicators including hydrological, biological, social, rarity, and other aspects. Care must be taken when determining function and placing values on wetlands. Wetland rarity is independent of function and value as much as function is independent of value. Rarity or importance must not be used at the cost of the lost function and value in ‘common’ wetland types that are deemed nonessential. There is an important temporal aspect of value. Value judgements made on wetlands today may not reflect future values, the same way that past value judgements have not served us in the present. Wetlands must remain a legacy.

The province, industry, and academic institutions can support a research centre of excellence for applied wetland science in western Canada. Scientists have been conducting wetland research in Alberta for over 30 years. The research continues to grow and there is excellent expertise and top-rate research facilities. Through consolidation of expertise and resources, Alberta can become an international exporter of wetland knowledge, technology, and innovation. Current climate change models are forecasting an overall movement of development northwards into peatland-rich areas of Canada and Alberta is uniquely placed to develop progressive techniques for wetland construction, restoration, and mitigation.

Wetlands in Alberta are at a crossroads. They are the province’s keystone resource. The challenge is to balance conservation of our wetland legacy with wise use of resources and appropriate economic development. Alberta now has the opportunity to be among those jurisdictions that play a key leadership role in the development of novel and effective wetland policy, practice, research, and technology.

U tri nastavka se tematizira kategorija tajne/otajstva u svakodnevnome, racionalističkome i teološkome značenju. Zatim se na temelju Rahnerove transcendentalne teologije predstavlja njegovo razumijevanje Boga kao tajne/otajstva, koji se čovjeku objavljuje i otvara mu zajedništvo sa sobom, ali i dalje ostaje trajno nedokučiva tajna (mysterium stricte dictum). Iz te teološke utemeljenosti tajne/otajstva potom se izvodi posljedice za samu teologiju i za čovjekov vjernički život te se ističe važnost mistagogije i kontemplacije.

We undertook a survey of the vegetational ecology of 94 peatlands at Duck Mountain, Manitoba to discriminate differences among peatland types at the southeastern edge of the boreal plain, especially black spruce swamps, and to clarify boreal swamp terminology. The majority of peatlands surveyed were wooded, relatively small (mean = 1.8 ha), and in depressions on the landscape. A classification and indicator species analysis identified the dominant peatland types as moderate-rich fens, with bogs and extreme-rich fens as rare. Black spruce swamps were relatively common and often found on gentle slopes. They were distinguished from wooded fens by larger trees (mean height = 9.7 m; diameter = 12.6 cm), denser overstory (68%), shallower peat depth (90 cm), and small size (1.6 ha). Although most similar to wooded moderate-rich fens by vegetation, black spruce swamps have a denser bryophyte layer and more mesic plant species. Significant indicator species on hummocks and drier areas include Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens, Equisetum sylvaticum, Petasites frigidus var. palmatus, Cornus canadensis, Linnaea borealis, Rosa acicularis, Moneses uniflora, Geocaulon lividum, Orthillia secunda, Equisetum arvense, Listera cordata, and Mertensia paniculata. Species characteristically found in black spruce swamp hollows include Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum, Rhizomnium gracile, and Plagiochila porelloides. We discuss conifer swamp terminology globally, and recommend that black spruce swamps be recognized as a peatland type distinct from eastern white cedar-dominated boreal swamps found in the eastern boreal region, wooded fens, and black spruce-dominated uplands. The environmental gradients most strongly associated with an ordination of the Duck Mountain peatland plant community data were forest mensuration variables, e.g., overstory density (range = 7 – 80%), peat depth (0.4 – +3.0 m), peat C:N (14 – 67), organic C (54 – 98%), bulk density (0.19 – 64.00 g/cc), surface-water temperature (3.0 – 19.5 ºC), specific conductivity (0 – 989 µS/cm), and Ca2+ (1.8 – 111.4 mg/L). Wooded bogs were distinguished from the other peatland types based on mean pH (3.8), alkalinity (0.2 mg/L), Ca2+ (5.0 mg/L) and other cations, but there was much overlap among the fens and black spruce swamp. A number of isolated, topographically high, open peatlands were characterized by plant species with affinities to open moderate-rich fens, including Drepanocladus aduncus, Helodium blandowii, Salix discolor, Equisetum fluviatile, and Calamagrostis canadensis, but mean surface water pH (5.4), Ca2+ (13 mg/L), DOC (47 mg/L), and NH4+ (188 µg/L) were more similar to wooded bogs. This may be the consequence of fluctuating water levels. The potential impact of climate change, in addition to current impacts from logging, emphasizes the importance of understanding the vegetation and environmental variables in southern boreal peatlands.

Apstrakt: U tekstu je razmatrana Dekartova doktrina o veènim istinama, s obzirom na status principa neprotivreènosti. Pokazano je da kod Dekarta postoje stvorene i nestvorene veène istine; prve jesu veène istine o stvorevinama i jesu objekat
Božje volje, druge jesu veène istine o Bogu samom, temelje se u njegovoj egzistenciji i on ih ne može menjati. U vezi sa pitanjem da li je princip neprotivreènosti stvorena ili nestvorena veèna istina, ukazamo je na razlièite, potencijalno nesaglasne
Dekartove tvrdnje o ovom problemu. Na osnovu èinjenice da on ne vai više apsolutno, izveden je zakljuèak da u Dekartovoj metafizici njegov status jeste irelevantan, zato što je Boja beskonaèna moæ prema njemu indiferentna.
Kljuène reèi: veène istine, princip neprotivreènosti, Francisko Suarez.

Sphagnum fuscum was collected from twenty-five ombrotrophic (rain-fed) peat bogs surrounding open pit mines and upgrading facilities of Athabasca Bituminous Sands (ABS) in northern Alberta (AB) in order to assess the extent of atmospheric contamination by trace elements. As a control, this moss species was also collected at a bog near Utikuma (UTK) in an undeveloped part of AB and 264km SW of the ABS region. For comparison, this moss was also collected in central AB, in the vicinity of the City of Edmonton which is approximately 500km to the south of the ABS region, from the Wagner Wetland which is 22km W of the City, from Seba Beach (ca. 90km W) and from Elk Island National Park (ca. 45km E). All of the moss samples were digested and trace elements concentrations determined using ICP-SMS at a commercial laboratory, with selected samples also analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis at the University of Alberta. The mosses from the ABS region yielded lower concentrati...

Apstrakt: Nakon pokazivanja postojanja velike strukturne sliènosti izmeðu Hobsovog razumevanja položaja suverena u državi i Dekartovog razumevanja Boga, i pored njihove međusobne potpune nezavisnosti, u tekstu se pokazuje metafizička utemeljenost Hobsove koncepcije suverena, odnosno brani se osnovna teza da subjektivnost u liku suverena nije tzv. "empirijska“ subjektivnost rane moderne filozofije, veæ da je ekvivalentna Božjoj subjektivnosti, kako je ona razumevana kod Dekarta kao neizmerna moæ.
Kljuène reèi: Bog, smrtni Bog, moć, suveren.

L’objectif de notre étude 1 consiste à examiner la possibilité de dépasser l’horiz on de l’être, fixé voire figé par la métaphysique comme infra chissable, afin d’ouvrir de nouvelles possibilités de penser Dieu. Nous suivrons J ean-Luc Marion dans sa démarche de penser Dieu non plus comme l’être mais selon la don tion et nous verrons dans quelle mesure ce dépassement de la métaphysique par la hénoménologie de la donation contribue à mieux rendre compte du Dieu-Amour de la Révélation chrétienne pour notre époque.

The Alberta tar sands are examined in the context of Jacques Ellul's analysis of the technological society.  Ellul's theory of technology as a social rather than technical phenomenon illuminates the rhetoric of economic necessity and inevitability used to justify the particular case of the Alberta tar sands industry. Other social values -- including moral goods, future generations, and environmental sustainability -- are subsumed within the efficient mastery of nature. This techno-logic recognizes no logic but its own and thus assumes for itself a sacred character. Applying Ellul's hermeneutic provides grounding for the examination of tensions surrounding the Alberta tar sands.

Erica tetralix patři k fytogeograficky význacným druhům ceske flory, s výrazně oceanickým charakterem rozsiřeni, přicemž ceske lokality tvoři jihovýchodni okraj arealu druhu. Otazkou je vsak původnost druhu na větsině lokalit a v Ceske republice vůbec. Dosud byly na nasem uzemi znamy tři recentni lokality druhu (na Dokesku, v Jizerských horach a na Sumavě). V předkladanem přispěvku popisujeme nový nalez vřesovce na vrchovisti Tajga ve Slavkovskem lese, kde se vyskytuje mala populace v otevřene vrchovistni vegetaci svazu Sphagnion magellanici. S ohledem na okolnosti nalezu považujeme za možne, že výskyt je přirozný a že Erica tetralix patři k původnim druhům nasi květeny.Erica tetralix belongs to biogeographically distinctive members of the flora of the Czech Republic, with clear oceanic tendency in distribution and with Czech sites forming the south-eastern edge of the species' distributional range. The origin of its occurrence at most localities, and thus its native status in t...

Rates of peat growth and carbon (C) accumulation in a Sphagnum-dominated boreal peatland in south-east Norway were compared over two time periods each 17 yr long, that is, an earlier period from 1978 to 1995 and a recent period from 1995 to 2012. Our research was based on 109 peat cores. By using exactly the same study area and sampling protocols to obtain data for the two time periods, we were able to obtain a clear picture of the spatio-temporal patterns of peat accumulation. We show that peat growth and C accumulation were significantly higher in the recent than in the earlier time period. Interestingly, nitrogen (N) deposition was lower in the recent than in the earlier time period, while precipitation increased in the recent time period. Temperatures did not show any consistent trends over the time periods. Although our data do not allow assessment of the relative importance of declining N deposition vs increasing precipitation as drivers of peat accumulation, our results sugge...

Peat bogs play a large role in the global sequestration of C, and are often dominated by different Sphagnum species. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how Sphagnum vegetation in peat bogs will respond to global warming. We performed a greenhouse experiment to study the effect of four temperature treatments (11.2, 14.7, 18.0 and 21.4°C) on the growth of four Sphagnum species: S. fuscum and S. balticum from a site in northern Sweden and S. magellanicum and S. cuspidatum from a site in southern Sweden. In addition, three combinations of these species were made to study the effect of temperature on competition. We found that all species increased their height increment and biomass production with an increase in temperature, while bulk densities were lower at higher temperatures. The hollow species S. cuspidatum was the least responsive species, whereas the hummock species S. fuscum increased biomass production 13-fold from the lowest to the highest temperature treatment in monocultures. Nutrient concentrations were higher at higher temperatures, especially N concentrations of S. fuscum and S. balticum increased compared to field values. Competition between S. cuspidatum and S. magellanicum was not influenced by temperature. The mixtures of S. balticum with S. fuscum and S. balticum with S. magellanicum showed that S. balticum was the stronger competitor, but it lost competitive advantage in the highest temperature treatment. These findings suggest that species abundances will shift in response to global warming, particularly at northern sites where hollow species will lose competitive strength relative to hummock species and southern species.

SUMMARY
Balancing peatland conservation with appropriate economic development is a significant challenge in Alberta, Canada. Wetlands are extensive in areas where the scale of industrial activity is large. This includes extraction of significant petroleum reserves in the form of oil sands. Little is known of potential cumulative impacts on peatlands, but the effects will potentially be high. This includes climate change impacts. While novel wetland restoration and construction initiatives are being developed, wetland policy and management initiatives have not kept pace with peatland loss and alteration. Peatland conservation could be enhanced through the recognition of wetlands as Alberta’s keystone ecosystem, two distinct provincial wetland zones, identification of wetland function and value, and establishment of no-net-loss policy.

In 2010, during the investigation of the site Asaviec 2 (Krivina peat bog, Beankovičy District, Viciebsk Region, Belarus) a unique set of tools in a case was revealed. It consists of an ornamented case made of the tubular bone of a large bird, an awl made of the lateral metapody of an elk, and a pointed bone item with an extension in the form of a wedge at one end. The method of experimental-traceological analysis was employed to determine the details of the manufacturing technology and the functional purpose of the find. According to the results of the study, a separate use of the tools was established working with plant materials, which may indicate evidence of knitting or weaving products from organic fibers. Following experimental observations, some possible ways of working with these implements are considered. Thus, on the basis of the structural and contextual features of the artefacts, a variant of their use in a composite form, where the case served also as a handle is propo...

U članku se razmatra nekoliko temeljnih pitanja kod Dostojevskog u kojima je uočljiv aporetički element. Tako, ovaj tragalac za smislom, govori o ljubavi (bar) dvosmjerno. Jednom je ona ključni element življenja po Riječi Krista, ali se prokazuje i kao egoistični impetus podčinjavanja i tiraniziranja Drugoga. Otkrivatelj kriza duše i duha istraživao je egzistencijalni pathos i kroz prijepore pokazivao da je biti čovjek i biti slobodan jedno te isto. Argumentira se protiv trivijalnih teza iz Golosovkerove studije "Dostojevski i Kant", a sve zbog inzistiranja na "mišljenju krize" kao primjerenom kvalifikativu velikoga pisca. Freudova analiza Dostojevskog vrjednovana je kao ekscesivno pretjerivanje ili nepriznavanje odlučnih momenata. Biografska istraživanja se pokazuju također vrijednim područjem za dobivanje potpunije slike.

The Alberta tar sands are examined in the context of Jacques Ellul's analysis of the technological society. Ellul's theory of technology as a social rather than technical phenomenon illuminates the rhetoric of economic necessity and inevitability used to justify the particular case of the Alberta tar sands industry. Other social values -- including moral goods, future generations, and environmental sustainability -- are subsumed within the efficient mastery of nature. This techno-logic recognizes no logic but its own and thus assumes for itself a sacred character. Applying Ellul's hermeneutic provides grounding for the examination of tensions surrounding the Alberta tar sands.

Annual production of Sphagnum on three perched and three raised forested bogs was determined and compared. Perched bogs occupy small depressions in glacial moraines and raised bogs occur on broad, flat plains. Data from both cranked rods and threads were used with regression techniques to determine rates of growth on hummocks and hollows of bog microrelief. Hummocks and hollows were operationally defined by the characteristic moss species that dominated each position. Over a 3-year sampling period, average rate of moss growth in perched bogs was 3.9 (± 4%) on hummocks and 13.1 cm year−1 (± 13%) in hollows. In raised bogs, the growth was 3.6 (± 4%) and 9.1 cm year−1 (± 14%), respectively. About half the lineal growth occurred early in the growing season, and slightly more of the remaining growth occurred in midseason compared with late season. Conversion to ovendry mass per unit surface area of bog indicates production of 320 on hummocks and 520 in hollows on perched bogs; 300 on hum...