Bird Migration

There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life.

Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.

La migration comme condition humaine Marseille et Gênes sont des villes de migration, d'émigration et d'immigration, de véritables carrefours de la Méditerranée. Ce sont des ports par lesquels sont passés des millions de gens et qui ont dû leur développement au « phénomène » migratoire lui-même. Un port n'est pas une frontière ; la limite de l'eau impose une disjonction tout à fait particulière qui est à la fois visuelle, physique, symbolique. Les images de la ligne gardée, de la stabilité dans le temps, de l'appropriation, du « ici c'est chez moi », de l'enracinement, sont mises en défaut par l'élément liquide qui, potentiellement, engloutit les gens ou au contraire les soutient, selon des logiques dans lesquelles la question de la maîtrise du territoire n'a plus guère de pertinence. Les ports sont des sortes de portes, franchies dans toutes les directions, qui assouplissent les frontières, relient dedans et dehors, figurent des seuils et des lieux de passage. Les considérer ainsi apporte un nouvel éclairage sur les migrations et constitue un poste d'observation qui met en cause un certain nombre de préconceptions problématiques. Parmi ces préconceptions, l'idée que la migration est un phénomène nécessairement négatif est prédominante. Souvent, les migrants sont perçus comme des êtres qui mettent dangereusement en cause les logiques traditionnelles de l'état territorial et bafouent ses prétentions de souveraineté absolue sur son espace politique. Sous cet angle, les migrants apparaissent tantôt comme des parasites, tantôt comme des envahisseurs ou des perturbateurs des équilibres locaux. À l'opposé, mais de façon tout aussi négative, les migrants deviennent des victimes impuissantes dont les

OHTAISHI Noriyuki, FUJII Kaoru, SAWA Yusuke, TAISHI Yuka,ISHIOROSHI Aisa & Maxim Alexandrovich Antipin//知床博物館研究報告Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum 40: 47–58 (2018)

The East Asian (EA) population of brent goose is of special conservation concern because they are facing some threats such as habitat loss or degradation due to climate change and coastal development and hunting pressure. Although some Japanese ornithologists have studied about wintering status in Japan and spring migration, the basic ecological information such as main breeding sites, migratory route, and wintering sites around China and Korea are still poorly understood. In this article, we reviewed current research and situation relevant to EA population of brent goose and concluded that the satellite tracking research from Notsuke Bay, the biggest staging site in East Asia is high priority to understand the whole migratory strategy throughout East Asia. After identifying the important habitat by satellite tracking, the ground survey in each site would be also required for next conservation actions. To promote these research and conservation actions, it is essential to develop the collaborative work among breeding sites in Russia and USA and staging/wintering sites such as China, Korea and Japan.

En muchas especies es imposible distinguir visualmente los sexos, si bien en algunas de
ellas, machos y hembras muestran pequeñas, pero cuantificables, diferencias  biométricas que pueden usarse para discriminarlos. Este es el caso del grupo de los mosquiteros Phylloscopus, en los que se usa la longitud alar para distinguir los sexos. Hemos desarrollado un método en el que además del ala se tiene en cuenta el tarso y en el que mediante probabilidades multivariantes hemos aumentado la proporción de individuos que se pueden discriminar en tres especies: mosquitero común P. collybita, mosquitero musical P. trochilus y mosquitero ibérico P. ibericus. Además, nuestro método de sexado no tiene sesgos hacia uno de los dos sexos. El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer una guía práctica para la implementación de nuestro método usando el software libre R.

Research in the Netherlands knows a long history in bird
tracking studies. In this introduction to the special issue of
Limosa on bird tracking, we provide an overview of different
bird tracking techniques, and their use in the
Netherlands. Also studies were considered in which
birds tagged abroad passed or ended up in the Netherlands. We identified an impressive amount of Dutch tracking studies. Radio transmitters have been used most frequently, mainly for studies focussing on local behaviour (e.g. habitat use). For migration studies researchers relied on (gps-based) satellite telemetry and, recently, light-level geolocation. Modern gps-loggers like the UvA-BiTS and e-obs are currently the most advanced tracking systems, and because of the plethora of accurate data these systems provide, they have been used for both local habitat use and migration studies. More complex tracking systems, such as Encounternet and TOA have only been used by specialised institutions. Tracking studies have enormously boosted our understanding of the behaviour and movements of birds, both at the local and global scale.

This is issue 23 of a serial publication with a selection of notable ring recoveries from the province of Groningen. Details of each ring recovery are given, often with a brief explanation of its importance. The previous issue was published in 2011. This issue is therefore an extended one. Presented are the first ring recoveries in Groningen of Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis (photo 1), Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita (photos 2-3), Black Swan Cygnus atratus ( photo 4 ), Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea (photo 5), Stonecurlew Burhinus oedicnemus and Dipper Cinclus cinclus. Figure 1 presents the staging areas and the presumed route of a Black Swan (blue 01A6, born nearby Roermond, photo 4) during a sweep through The Netherlands and northern Germany. Figure 2 presents the migration route and the staging areas during the non-breeding season of an Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea with a geolocator (see Fijn et al. 2013 for details). The geolocator was deployed on a breeding bird trapped on the nest at Eemshaven on 3 June 2011. The bird of figure 2 was photographed landing on its nest at Eemshaven, half an hour before it was retrapped on 9 June 2012 (photo 13). The lightcoloured dots in figure 2 connect the interpolated lines between calculated locations during the autumn migration. The dark-coloured dots connect the lines between those locations during the spring migration. The large number of dots in the lower right part of the figure depicts the area where this bird spent most of its time between the autumn migration and the spring migration. This area is situated at sea in the Antarctic, off Dumont d’Urville (ca 140°E), ca 17,000 kms southeast of Eemshaven. Photo 14 depicts another Arctic Tern breeding at Eemshaven, which was deployed with a geolocator on 3 June 2011. The picture was taken one year after the geolocator was removed. The tracks revealed that the bird had used roughly the same migration route and staging areas as the other Arctic Terns. Its main staging area between both migration periods was at sea in the Antarctic east of Prydz Bay (ca 78°E). I would like to thank all ringers and all reporters for their permission to use their data and I would like to thank everyone for providing me with supplementary details. Thanks as well to anyone else for answering all kinds of questions related to these ring recoveries. Please inform me when there are errors in this issue.

This work is based on the analysis of automnal data collected during an intensive two-month bird ringing campaign organized near Liège in 1984. At first we remind the reader of some features and results related to the study of avian migrations in general, and to the chaffinch Fringilla coelebs in particular. This information, gathered from an abundant literarure, is essential to the good understanding of our own results. We then deal with three aspects of the data we collected during the fall migration, 1984. The first one describes the visible migration evolution of the chaffinch, as we watched it on the field and as it appears for each age and sex class following the evolution curve of the daily number of catches. Furthermore, we compare these results and relate them to the evolution of the meteorological conditions logged daily on the capture site. Thus, we ascertain that in 1984 the young birds are passing by before the adults, and the females before the males (X2 test) and that for a given wind direction the migration intensity is determined by rainfalls.
The second aspect is a biometrical principal components analysis of a group of four hundred and twenty-six chaffinches. Besides a strongly marked sexual dimorphism in favour of the males, this analysis revealed groups, independently from individual age and sex. These groups differ from each other in biometric characteristics and especially in their period of migratory passage. The groups are obviously more or less overlapping. The results of the first aspect are emphasized in the interpretation of the clusters observed on the diagrams. The interpretation of the separating factors is of speculative nature: the well-known clinal variations and the more or less pronounced migratory habits of the chaffinch as disclosed in the literature are not sufficient to explain the observed trends.
Finally, a plot of the daily weighted averages of the wing shape index (HOL YNSKY, 1965), interpreted according to RENSCH(1938), confirms beyond any doubt
the differences between successive groups of rnigrators. We briefly advocate this interesting graphical method in this kind of investigations.
However in spite of these stimulating results, we have to conclude that exact determination of the geographic origin of different observed groups is by now impossible. Some suggestions are presented for the planning of further studies which might contribute to greater precision.

Le Chott de Djendli (3700 ha) appartient au complexe des zones humides Sud-constantinoises. L’étude menée de février 2006 à mars 2007 nous a permis la caractérisation bioécologique des éléments tant biotiques qu’abiotiques du site. Elle nous a également permis d’avoir un aperçu sur son importance, en étudiant et en suivant plusieurs paramètres physico-chimiques du sol et de l’eau ainsi que la richesse floristique et faunistique. En effet, nous avons déterminé le…

ECOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN LAKE AYATA (OUED RIGH VALLEY: NORTHERN ALGERIAN SAHARA).
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ABSTRACT: Ayata Lake (155 ha) belongs to the complex of wetlands of Oued Righ Valley in Algerian Lower-Sahara. This study conducted between October 2009 and June 2010 has allowed a bioecological characterization of both biotic and abiotic elements of the site.
Flora and fauna Inventories have revealed existence of 13 plant species, 03 fish, 02 amphibians, 06 reptiles, 55 birds and 07 mammals. The flora of the site is mapped then the dynamics of dominant plant species is assessed by GIS software. Bio-ecological Statuses (faunal, trophic, phenological and protection) are attributed to the species surveyed and they are discussed. The spatiotemporal occupation of the lake by birds is mapped and detailed. Furthermore, this study includes a general review on wetlands ecosystems. Wetlands of the Lower-Sahara region (Ziban, Souf, valley of Oued Righ, and Ouargla) are inventoried, classified and mapped. This approach helped to highlight the biological resources of Ayata Lake and determine its actual ecological value. This can lead to propose suggestions for management and conservation close to its socioeconomic status in a sustainable development view.

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RÉSUMÉ: Le Lac Ayata (155 ha) appartient au complexe des zones humides de la Vallée d’Oued Righ au Bas-Sahara algérien. L’étude menée entre octobre 2009 et juin 2010 a permis une caractérisation bioécologique des éléments tant biotiques qu’abiotiques du site. Les inventaires de la flore et de la faune ont révélé l’existence de 13 espèces végétales, 03 poissons, 02 amphibiens, 06 reptiles, 55 oiseaux et 07 mammifères. La flore du site est cartographiée et la dynamique saisonnière des espèces dominantes est estimée par un logiciel de SIG. Des statuts bioécologiques (fauniques, trophiques, phénologiques et de protection) sont attribués aux espèces animales inventoriées puis ils sont discutés. L’occupation spatiotemporelle du lac par l’avifaune est cartographiée et détaillée. Par ailleurs, cette étude comporte des connaissances générales sur les des zones humides. Celles-ci sont inventoriées, classifiées puis cartographies dans la région du Bas-Sahara (Ziban, Souf, Vallée d’Oued Righ et Ouargla). Cette approche a permis de mettre en valeur les ressources biologiques du site et de déterminer son importance écologique. Ceci peut aboutir à des suggestions de gestion et de conservation étroites à son état socioéconomique dans une prospection d’un développement durable.

Historically the species was widespread and very common; the decline of the population probably took place at the end of 19th century and went on in the first decades of the 20th century. At the moment there are 20-22/25 breeding pairs, 15-20 of which in the north-west while the others are to be found in the middle-east and in the south of the island. The current population is the same estimated in the period 1970-1980, but compared to the past the range has reduced. The species breeds on trees (h 13-20 m) on open valleys, usually in groves and reforestation areas, also near urban areas and roads above 3-400 m above sea level. The earliest layings take place around mid-March, juveniles fledge between the first two weeks of June and July. In Sardinia it is a regularly migratory and wintering species, but data are inadequate in order to understand whether the whole population is sedentary. Limiting factors are linked above all to direct human intervention (poaching, poisoned bites, etc.) and to changes in farming techniques and sheep-breeding. Besides, individuals wounded or killed by firearms and nests deserted owing to photographers disturbance were recorded. Another danger is represented by electrical power lines and, above all, by wind farms: these are growing considerably
on the whole Sardinian territory and are endangering other protected birds of prey such as Gyps fulvus, Circus sp., Aquila chrysaetos and other rare species such as Tetrax tetrax.

Groundbreaking Handbook Offers Detailed Research and Valuable Methodology to Address Dangerous and Costly Aviation Hazard
Though annual damages from bird and bat collisions with aircraft have been estimated at $400 million in the United States and up to $1.2 billion in commercial aviation worldwide and despite numerous conferences and councils dedicated to the issue, very little has been published on this expensive and sometimes-lethal flying risk. Bird Strike in Aviation seeks to fill this gap, providing a comprehensive guide to preventing and minimizing damage caused by bird strike on aircraft.
Based on a thorough and comprehensive examination of the subject, Dr. El-Sayed offers different approaches to reducing bird strikes, including detailed coverage of the three categories necessary for such reduction, namely, awareness/education, bird management (active and passive control), and aircraft design. In addition, the text discusses the importance of cooperation between airplanes, airports and air traffic authorities as well as testing methods necessary for certification of both aircraft frame and engine. Other notable features include:
Statistics and analyses for bird strikes with both civil and military helicopters as well as military fixed wing aircrafts, including annual costs, critical flight altitudes, critical parts of aircraft, distance from air base and specifics of date and timing
Thorough review and analysis all fatal bird strike accidents and most non-fatal accidents since 1905, the first book to provide such a reference
The use of numerical methods in analyzing historic data (ex. probability functions, finite element methods for analyzing impact on aircraft structure, experimental measurement technique for displacement, vibration, component distortion, etc.)
Instruction on identification of bird species (using visual, microscopic, and DNA evidence) and details of bird migration to aid air traffic control in avoiding scenarios likely to result in collision
With its wealth of statistical data, innovative research, and practical suggestions, Bird Strike in Aviation will prove a vital resource for researchers, engineers and graduate students in aerospace engineering/manufacturing or ornithology, as well as for military and civilian pilots and flight crew or professionals in aviation authorities and air traffic control.

A personal view of bird research and conservation. I explain the importance of the science of ornithology and how my faith encourages me to keep working in my field of study. Bird migration in Peru and the principle of creation care are explained.

Riassunto – Si presenta la prima checklist della Basilicata aggiornata al 31 Maggio 2008. Le informazioni riguardanti l'avifauna lucana sono ancora molto scarse e frammentarie a causa del basso sforzo di ricerca effettuato nella regione. Si ritiene per-tanto estremamente utile fornire un primo contributo che sintetizzi lo stato attuale delle conoscenze, al fine di ottenere uno strumento di supporto ad eventuali ricerche future. Abstract – Checklist of the birds of the Region Basilicata updated to May 2008.  Information on the birds of the Region Basilicata is very scanty because of the low intensity of research in region. We present the first work that synthesize the actual knowledge status.

The book is divided into two sections. The first half of the book has seven chapters dealing with birds in everything: humans and birds, birds in history, heraldry, coins, literature, language, art, rhyme and song, bird-related toponomy, proverbs and so forth. It also gives a detailed history of the main ornithological works going back to the 17th century, gives a detailed chronology of conservation measures since the 1500s. It also discussed hunting and trapping and their impacts, changes in hunting practices, social aspects of hunting as well as suggests several ideas for a way forward. , the second part deals with Maltese ornithology and has detailed information about all the species recorded in the Maltese islands. It has a forward by Keith L. Bildstein, the Director of Conservation Science at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary. It was published in 2010 and won the first prize in the Research Category in Malta's National Book Awards.

The study was conducted on the occurrence of bird species in northern part of Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park during the study period from September 2012 to August 2015 with the objectives to identify the avifauna and to examine the species composition and relative abundance of bird species. Sampling sites were stratified based on the vegetation type and fixed radius point count technique was employed. A total of 109 species belonging to 76 genera, 38 families under 13 orders were recorded. The maximum percentage of family composition was observed in Picidae. Black-crested bulbul Pycnonotus flaviventris was found as very common species although Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis, Oriental-scops Owl Otus sunia and Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus were recorded as uncommon species. The species composition of bird in dry season was significantly different with other seasons. Globally threatened species such as Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis and Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandri as Near-threatened species, and Great Slaty Woodpecker Mulleripicus pulverulentus as vulnerable according to IUCN Redlist (2015) were recorded. This result is hoped to provide some data to attract more ecotourism in future.

Between 1984 and 1994 I conducted field studies on bird communities of the piedmont forests of northwestern Argentina from the border with Bolivia to the province of Catamarca. These forests remained unknown so far in their taxonomic composition and dynamics of species, and due to its accelerated destruction was imminent risk of extinction. As a result of these studies, and compared to neighboring Chaco forests and montane forests, I came to the conclusion that the Bosque Pedemontano or Selva Pedemontana de Transition, according to the authors, is a forest with ornithological own characteristics. It is not a simple ecotonal area between the xeric forest associations of the plains and rain forests of the mountainsides. They are also essential for the preservation of a rich bird life due to the importance for migratory bird species. This is the result of their altitudinal location at the foot of high mountains and latitudinal distribution range (between 21 and 28 degrees south latitude), coinciding with the migratory route for many species of birds of Argentina.
The avifauna of  Bosque Pedemontano de Transición and Selva Montana have a number of shared species, although they have different dominance, relative abundance and regularity of species. Most of the genera of birds belong to the Amazonian domain and are typical of tropical rain forests. Many species invade the Chaco forest where extraction occurs, but are practically excluded when the forest retains its structure with high diversity of forest strata.
The main feature of piedmont forest is its seasonality, dry between May and October and almost completely deciduous between June and late September. There is typically an annual contingency with a hot and wet season and a warm and dry. The arrival of rains and abundant resources, especially fruits, imposes seasonal annual reproductive rate, similar in its dynamics to what occurs in temperate forests. This also determines that an important part of species of birds make migratory movements and interspecific associations occur in flocks during the lean season. This complex dynamics is contingent, repeating every year almost exactly the arrival of migrants and the beginning of the breeding season for particular species.
Most species breed once a year, including residents, and are omnivorous during the fall and winter. These statements are based on catches of more than 4000 birds in 25 locations, where I conducted a study of plumage, especially molt, weight and reproductive status, which allowed me to set the annual rate of each species.
I recorded 357 species to the Yungas of Argentina and 215 species for Bosques Pedemontanos de Transition, of which 83 were residents, and its constant presence characterize these forests throughout their range.
Two new species for the province of Tucuman, Elanoides forficatus and Todirostrum plumbeiceps were recorded. The distribution of Pyrrhura molinae, Psaracolius decumanus and Atlapetes torquatus was increased to the limit between Salta and Tucuman. Rare or little known species or with conservation priority were recorded, as Oroaetus isidori, Tigrisoma fasciatum and Aegolius harrisii in several locations. Of all common species, 130 occur throughout the range extension of these forests. 12% of them come just to the southeast of Jujuy, has its southern limit of distribution in Palo blanco forest and do not reach the Tipa and Pacará forest (Cabrera 1976).
The composition of species of birds in the Bosques Pedemontanos varies latitudinally, resulting in a depletion of species from north to south, the decline of species occurs along with the gradual disappearance south piedmont forest of palo blanco (Callycophylum multiflorum) and replacement the piedmont of tipa and pacará Forest (Tipuana tipu and Enterolobium contortisiliquum).

Altitudinal migration is the seasonal altitudinal movement of birds from breeding areas to
non-breeding or wintering areas at different elevations. Although this type of migration is widely reported,
questions remain concerning the number of species that perform altitudinal migration, possible variation
among different taxa and geographic locations in the extent of altitudinal migration, and the foraging guilds of
altitudinal migrants. We conducted an extensive bibliographic survey and compiled a list of altitudinal migrant
birds worldwide. We characterized species in terms of their foraging guilds because the spatial distribution of
food resources along altitudinal gradients is often evoked as a driver of bird altitudinal migration. We
identified 1238 species of altitudinal migrants, ~10% of the ~10,000 extant species of birds. We found a
strong geographic bias in publications focusing on avian altitudinal migration toward the United States and
Costa Rica, and a paucity of studies in megadiverse regions such as the Afrotropical and Indomalayan realms,
and areas in the Neotropics other than Costa Rica. We also found that most species of altitudinal migrants
were invertivores rather than frugivores or nectarivores. This general pattern held true for all zoogeographic
realms except the Neotropics, where nectarivores and frugivores predominated among altitudinal migrants.
The prevalence of invertivore birds among altitudinal migrants is not unexpected because this is the most
common foraging guild among birds worldwide. Overall, we found no prevalence of any specific foraging
guild among altitudinal migrants across zoogeographic regions. The results of studies to date suggest that
altitudinal migration by birds may be driven by a number of factors, including access to increased food
resources for breeding or molting, weather conditions, and mating and nesting opportunities. However, to
better understand the mechanisms underlying altitudinal migration, broadening the geographic scope of
studies is paramount, with additional study of altitudinal migration especially needed in the megadiverse
tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America.

Dans cette synthèse nous mentionnons 187 espèces inventoriées, appartenant à 18 ordres, à 46 familles et à 112 genres différents, où les Passériformes sont les plus représentées avec 90 espèces appartenant à 19 familles. Les consommateurs d’invertébrés prédominent avec 47,3%, puis viennent les polyphages (22,6%), les granivores (14,5%), les carnivores (9,7 %) ; alors que les piscivores et les charognards ne représentent, respectivement, que 3,2% et 2,7%. Les espèces migratrices (hivernales, estivales ou de passage) représentent 59 % de l’avifaune des Aurès. Les sédentaires sont représentés par 39 %. Les espèces accidentelles, sans statut phénologique évident figurent avec 2%. On compte 47 espèces protégées en Algérie, représentant 44% de l’avifaune algérienne protégée. À l’échelle internationale, 39 espèces sont mentionnées sur les annexes de la convention de Washington (CITES) ; 72 espèces sur celles de la convention de Bonn et 04 sur celles de la convention de Barcelone.

Being an interdisciplinary activity, computer modelling of bird flight tends to fall into the chasm between ornithology and engineering. Ornithologists mistrust calculation, while engineers think birdwatching is frivolous. It may seem obvious that aeronautical theory can be adapted to cover bird flight, but when I first attempted to do that, it was seen in ornithological circles as an eccentric activity, with little or no practical use. My earlier book Bird Flight Performance was politely received but biologists were unconvinced that they needed it. The present book, which is backed by a far more capable computer programme, is a fresh attempt to show why a physical theory is necessary as a framework for any quantitative discussion of animal flight. The barrier to communication between ornithologists and aeronautical engineers is due to their different attitudes to numbers. Biologists readily accept that the rate at which a bird needs energy to support its weight in air might be correlated with the wing span, but balk at the idea that this measurement (the distance between the wing tips) actually determines the power requirement, and can be used to calculate it for any bird, without the need to measure power or run regressions. There is actually no way to use statistical methods to predict the power requirements of even one species, because several variables are involved. These include the wing span, the forward speed, the strength of gravity, and the density of the air, and each of them affects the power in different ways. All of this, and much more, is represented in classical aeronautical theory, of which the relevant parts have been exhaustively tested over the last hundred years, and I have built the Flight programme on this foundation. Ornithologists sometimes want to use the traditional ''wing length'' as a substitute for the wing span, but this will not do. The power estimates are not correlations, but absolute numbers, calculated from Newtonian mechanics, and the right input numbers have to be used. The requirement to be aware of the definition of each variable and its physical dimensions is obvious to engineers, but less so to those who have been accustomed to relying exclusively on statistical methods. A statistical package looks for patterns in sets of numbers, and will usually produce a result whatever the numbers mean, or even if they mean nothing at all. The difficulty that many biologists seem to have with ix

The present report puts forth a systematic checklist of bird species observed at Amboli Ghat in Maharashtra from 2009 to 2012, along with information on their status. A total of 208 species were recorded, which is around 15% of bird species of the Indian subcontinent. A family-wise analysis showed that the families Accipitridae and Muscicapidae (14 species each) followed by Ardeidae dominated the avifauna of the region. The study also revealed that the area consisted of 11 species of birds that are classified under Near Threatened category and two under Vulnerable category of IUCN. This study highlights the urgent need to conserve the biodiversity-rich area of Amboli Ghat with long-term plans.

Timing of the spring arrival of dabbling ducks in Ukraine. - V.N. Grishchenko. - Berkut. 23 (1). 2014. - There are 7 species of dabbling ducks in the fauna of Ukraine: Mallard, Garganey, Wigeon, Pintail, Teal, Shoveller and Gadwall. The aim of this paper is to analyse the spatial and temporal patterns of phenology of their spring migration. For this purpose data from different sources since 1951 were used. Tables of mean arrival dates and other statistical parameters were composed for the period 1970–2014. Data were grouped by administrative regions of Ukraine. For Mallard and Garganey phenological maps of the arrival were plotted. Arrival dates of early migrating species were the most variable. The Pearson correlation coefficient between mean standard deviation and averaged mean date made –0,89 (p < 0,01). Correlation between times of arrival of separate species was found. There are two types of the correlation: chorologic (between average dates in regions) and chronological (annual fluctuations). Tree diagrams reflects these relations. Arrival times of Mallard and Wigeon negative correlated with North Atlantic Oscillation indices for February and March. Such correlation was found also for Teal (March) and Garganey (January – conditions of wintering). Significant changes of arrival times for the period since 1951 were found only for two short-distance migrants – Mallard and Wigeon. The analysis has shown that timing changed not linear. Values of coefficients of linear regression depend on the period of observations. Trend lines on graphs change their angles of inclination. First, arrival times fast advanced but in 1990s began deceleration of changes and than they came to delay. Last years arrival times of Mallard are very variable but without expressed trends. Similar patterns were found also for other duck species. [Russian].

Many studies have reported statistically significant associations between bird migratory phenology and climatic variables, and, consequently, it is mostly accepted that recent shifts in migration dates are a reaction to present climate change. Impacts of weather and climate on departure date, progression and stopover frequency and duration have been reviewed in order to explain the current knowledge of climatic mechanisms underlying such phenological shifts. Climate in departure areas can affect population phenology via the size of the returning population. In a short-term sense, ecological conditions can affect acquisition of migratory body condition during the days preceding departure. Migratory phenology can also be affected by quality and quantity of replaced feathers during moult. Adverse weather conditions en route strongly hinder the progression of individuals and even force them to land. The time spent on stopovers will greatly depend on the ecological conditions there and the opportunities for refuelling. Temperature is by far the climatic variable most frequently related to avian phenology. The use of climatic indices is spreading because they have the advantage of synthesizing weather conditions into a single variable. Remote sensing is probably the best option to explore ecological conditions in areas used by migratory species. Most of the climatic variables employed are from the arrival area, while climate from passage or departure areas is rarely assessed. The overwhelming majority of studies have used variables defined by months, while the use of periods designed ad hoc according to species’ biology is almost anecdotal. It can be concluded that further research is needed to disentangle the true relevance of each type of climatic variable over avian migratory phenology during each phase of migration.

Contrary to rigorous continental climate seen in Eastern Anatolian Region, the province of Iğdır, which covers about % 5 of country’s land area, has a microclimate clime due to the fact that it is surrounded by mountains and has a plain area.Natural life around the region has a convenient continuity in regard to temperature and formation of the food chain.

For decades, mangrove and mudflat coastal ecosystems have been regarded as mosquito-infested wasteland ripe for development to other land uses. This misconception has resulted in the loss and degradation of these valuable coastal ecosystems in many parts of the world. In Penang State, where development pressure is high particularly in the coastal zones, mangrove and mudflats now cover less than 1.5% of the total land area. The Teluk Air Tawar-Kuala Muda coast (TAT-KM), a narrow strip of mangroves and mudflats lining the northern part of Seberang Perai Utara District on mainland Penang (Figure A), was first identified as one of the 55 Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas (IBA) in Malaysia by BirdLife International in 2007. This IBA is recognised internationally as it supports several globally threatened waterbird species such as the Spoon-billed Sandpiper, Nordmann’s Greenshank, Chinese Egret and Lesser Adjutant and significant flyway population of the Chinese Pond-Heron. More recently, its importance as a regional stopover and/or roost site for migratory shorebirds were further reiterated through a series of surveys and monitoring efforts in this IBA between 2013 and 2015. However, the importance and value of this IBA is not only ecological but also provides ecosystem services that possess economic values. In this pilot effort by the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS), several key ecosystem services that this IBA provides were identified and assessed using the “Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based Assessment” (or in short TESSA).

The purpose of this Concept Paper to the Penang State Government and relevant state agencies is to highlight the importance of this IBA and its values, propose a suitable protection mechanism and possible tourism potentials. Given the IBA’s national and international standing, this proposal could complement George Town’s status as the World Heritage Site and assist Penang State further realise its world-class potentials. This Concept Paper is nonetheless a first step towards conserving this unique IBA and catalyse further discussions with the Penang State Government and its stakeholders.

Aquila Rapax or tawny eagle is one of the eagles found in Kashmir especially in Pirpanjal range. it is territorial bird of prey, lives in pair for life. It also shows distinct migratory behavior especially in winters when these bird live in flock and feed on carrion and small mammals. More research is required by expert researcher of the subject with modern techniques to more about this master of the skies of Kashmir.

RESUMEN.-En este trabajo se ofrece una revisión de las migraciones y desplazamientos de aves en Argentina. Se consideran 458 especies y subespecies con migraciones comprobadas o suficiente-mente justificadas; las no paseriformes incluyen 206 especies y subespecies pertenecientes a 21 órdenes y las paseriformes 252 especies, 126 del suborden Tyranni (Suboscines) y 126 del suborden Passeres (Oscines). Todas estas especies y subespecies fueron agrupadas en nueve tipos de patrones de desplazamiento migratorio: (1) desplazamientos en el oeste montañoso, (2) desplazamientos en las Yungas, (3) desplazamientos altitudinales, (4) desplazamientos entre el litoral argentino y el Pantanal, (5) desplazamientos longitudinales, (6) desplazamientos atlánticos patagónicos, (7) desplazamientos continentales australes frío-templados, (8) desplazamientos dentro del Chaco, el Espinal y el Cerrado, y (9) desplazamientos templado-tropicales. ABSTRACT. AN OVERVIEW OF BIRD MIGRATIONS IN ARGENTINA.-We offer a review of migrations and movements of birds in Argentina. We consider 458 species and subspecies with proven or sufficiently justified migratory movements; non-passerines include 206 species and subspecies belonging to 21 orders and passerines include 252 species, 126 within the suborder Tyranni (Suboscines) and 126 of the suborder Passeres (Oscines). All these species and subspecies were grouped into nine types of migratory displacement patterns: (1) displacements in the mountainous west, (2) displacements in the Yungas, (3) altitudinal displacements, (4) displacements between the Argentinean litoral and the Pantanal, (5) longitudinal displacements, (6) Patagonian Atlantic displacements, (7) cold-temperate southern continental displacements, (8) displacements within the Chaco, Espinal and Cerrado, and (9) temperate-tropical displacements.