Barbados

In all of the major military campaigns of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, including the “American War of Independence” and the Napoleonic Wars, both the Royal Navy and the Crown regiments of the British Army employed Black servicemen. The Royal Navy employed Black and Asian men as ratings on their vessels, before, during and after the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).(1) The British Army’s Black rankers served before, during and after the Battle of Waterloo (1815).(2) (Neither service seems to have made any distinction between men of African or Asian origin, simply referring to them as either “Black” or “of colour”).
Peter (Perry) Brookings, was born in Barbados c.1791-1793, and between 1810 and 1833 he served in both the Royal Navy and the 40th Foot of the British Army. (Nothing is known of his early life and throughout his military and civilian records, his forename alternated between Peter and Perry). His twenty-three years of service to the Crown included the Napoleonic War against France, the “War of “1812” against the United States (with the Royal Navy), and service in Britain, France, Ireland, Australia and India (with the 40th).

Entangled Species: Conversations on Contemporary Art in the Caribbean provides a different view of the Caribbean through a personal lens showcasing the depth and variety of artists and art communities of the Caribbean.

Entangled Species, is the result of a fifteen-month research project by Sasha Dees (the Netherlands). Between November 2017 and May 2019, she visited 16 countries in the Caribbean (including, Barbados, Curacao, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and the Virgin Islands). Decolonization discourse and international politics are reflected in her encounters and conversations with artists, art professionals, and institutions in the Caribbean. Engaging anecdotes and conversations with artists and art professionals draw us into her journey. This publication reads like a travel book and serves as a toolkit; a Lonely Planet Guide to contemporary art in the Caribbean.

“In Entangled Species, Sasha has mapped out critical contemporary art, artists, funding bodies and art institutions from a genuine and personal interest in the art world. I enjoyed reading about her journey and her experience of writing and the art she encountered. I could also relate some of the examples in the book to my own experiences. The book helped me to better understand the Caribbean art landscape, its place in the world of art, and the implications of the differences between the two. As I read, I was forced to rethink and reaffirm career choices I made in the past. Reading the words of other Caribbean artists, motivated me as I felt the confirmation of their words and shared experience. Sasha Dees takes you with her as she reaches out to a wide range of artists and art professionals across the Caribbean. The people she speaks with are honest about their struggles and generous with their advice—illuminating a context and a region we need to better understand if we are to appreciate the art, the culture and the community of the Caribbean.” - Sharelly Emanuelson (Curacao), Artistic Researcher.

Published: 12 December 2021
Publisher: Art Agent Orange / Trendbeheer, Rotterdam (NL)
ISBN 978-90-830648-6-4
https://www.trendbeheer.com/sashadees/

An obsessive genealogist and descendent of one of the most prominent Jewish families since the American Revolution, Blanche Moses firmly believed her maternal ancestors were Sephardic grandees. Yet she found herself at a dead end when it came to her grandmother's maternal line. Using family heirlooms to unlock the mystery of Moses's ancestors, Once We Were Slaves overturns the reclusive heiress's assumptions about her family history to reveal that her grandmother and great-uncle, Sarah and Isaac Brandon, actually began their lives as poor Christian slaves in Barbados. Tracing the siblings' extraordinary journey throughout the Atlantic World, Leibman examines artifacts they left behind in Barbados, Suriname, London, Philadelphia, and, finally, New York, to show how Sarah and Isaac were able to transform themselves and their lives, becoming free, wealthy, Jewish, and--at times--white. While their affluence made them unusual, their story mirrors that of the largely forgotten population of mixed African and Jewish ancestry that constituted as much as ten percent of the Jewish communities in which the siblings lived, and sheds new light on the fluidity of race--as well as on the role of religion in racial shift--in the first half of the nineteenth century.

De Waal, M.S., Amerindian Cultural Landscapes in Ceramic Age Barbados.
In: De Waal, M.S., Finneran, N., Reilly, M.C., Armstrong, D.V. and Farmer, K. (eds) 2019: Pre-Colonial and Post-Contact Archaeology in Barbados. Past, Present, and Future Research Directions, Sidestone Press (Leiden), pp. 99-114.

Mrs H. Graham (E.A.C.) Yearwood's cookery book, West Indian and Other Recipes (1911, 1932) is that rare thing: an early West Indian cookbook. It is a collection of over 2,300 written recipes from mainly female contributors which was compiled by a prominent white creole woman on the island of Barbados in the early decades of the twentieth century. It is rare because very few early cookbooks have survived a fragile archive in a West Indian context and rare because, to this day, West Indians tend to eschew written or printed recipes in favour of individual culinary improvisation and/or family traditions which are, first and foremost, oral in transmission. The cookbook is exceptionally important in shedding light on an often-overlooked minority tradition of written recipes and cookbooks produced by and for the 'white elite' Eurocreole and colonial expatriate community of early twentieth century Barbados. Although a printed text, West Indian and Other Recipes is also key in being one of the very first – if not the first-recordings and transcriptions of earlier Barbadian/Caribbean foodways and culinary practices, which hitherto had existed only outside of print culture, in oral tradition. As a written text from a primarily oral culture and one which includes paratextual advertisements for local businesses, it is also a fascinating early document which reveals much about the material culture, tastes and codes of respectability of a colonial society starkly divided along class, gender and racial lines. In particular, it sheds light on the Euro-Creole elite and the networks of a growing black and mixed-race middle class eager to gain cultural and culinary capital and to consume material goods as a sign of their upward social mobility. In this sense, the cookbook acts as both a 'missive and [a] commodity to be bought " (Irving, 178) as well as signaling the close relationship of print culture in this period to the wider 'world of business' (Irving, 204). The article argues that 'the paratextual elements of the [cookbook] provide a wealth of information about the material conditions of [cookery] writing, reading, printing and publishing in the West Indies, which in turn, shape our understanding of the [culinary culture] of the early decades of the twentieth-century.' (Irving, 203).

In this presentation I return to my initial doctoral research in Barbados when I lived for 15 months between 1956 and 1958 in Ellerton, St. George, a community adjacent to the largest sugar estate on the island.  Engaged  in the project of studying the impact on sugar workers of the recent introduction of trade unionism and mass politics, I reflect on the view I gained of Barbados from the bottom up at a time when the island was on cusp of changes that would significantly alter its singular 325-year structuring as a sugar plantation society, often referred to as a society run by a plantocracy. I selectively recall specific experiences, events, villagers stories and viewpoints. I discuss how they informed my understanding and subsequent theorizing about Barbados in general and about its village social and political life, family configurations and values, sex/gender relations, historical consciousness and cultural concepts of identity that were/are race/class inflected.  These remembrances of Barbados are offered by way of memorializing a past social reality too often forgotten, but central to the processes of social
change.

This paper examines Barbados’ public monuments –  those constructed during the colonial  period and those constructed after independence. It discusses the meanings attributed to the statues, their placement, and the debates ignited by some of these icons of the past. As colonized Barbados moved from being regarded as “Little England” to creating a post-colonial history and national identity, some of its monuments became sites of contestation over problematic aspects of Barbados’ historical legacies.

The very strange and extremely tragic adventures of
Antoine Biet
A Senlis missionary during the Fronde (Revolt) on the
French equinoctial Island of Cayenne
Jean-Marc Popineau, Doctor of Medieval History and
Vice President of the Society of History and Archeology
of Senlis.
In the middle of the period of Revolt, an ambitious
expedition was to be organized, backed by a lot of
publicity, with a view to colonizing Guyana, which
to date had remained free of any durable European
occupation. The land which was called “Equinoctial
France” or “The Lands of the Golden King” was
presented as overflowing with wealth of all kinds and
the commercial company “Terra Firma of America” was
created to exploit this, with the founding stockholders
calling themselves “The 12 Lords”. Among these was
: a soldier, a religious scholar, a geographer, a high
government official and a missionary – the parish
priest of Senlis, Antoine Biet who subsequently was
to publish the tale of his adventures in Madera, Brazil,
Guyana, Barbados, Guadeloupe and Martinique. Their
experience regarding navigation and colonization led
everyone to believe that the company had started up
in the best of conditions. However the expedition,
which was to last two years in total from 1652 to 1654
involving more than 700 colonials and which was to
witness the beginnings of slavery in Guyana but also
that of a true republic in Cayenne-Cépérou, proved to
be a series of unbelievable catastrophies. Between the
death of the religious leader of the expedition, who
was drowned in the Seine as he boarded his ship, the
bloody war with the American Indians, an incredible
succession of mutineries, conspiracies, famines and
desertions, the story told by Antoine Biet is worthy
of the most fantastic Hollywood scenarios. It was not
until twenty years later that France established itself
definitively in Guyana.

De Waal, M.S., Barbados’ Natural Landscapes. Conditions for Pre-Colonial Settlement, Site Preservation and Archaeological Fieldwork.
In: De Waal, M.S., Finneran, N., Reilly, M.C., Armstrong, D.V. and Farmer, K. (eds) 2019: Pre-Colonial and Post-Contact Archaeology in Barbados. Past, Present, and Future Research Directions, Sidestone Press (Leiden), pp. 43-60.

У даній статті вперше у вітчизняній історіографії проаналізовано формування та занепад Федерації Вест-Індії (1958–1962 рр.), що складалася з британських колоній в Карибському басейні. Визначено передумови та причини виникнення Федерації Вест-Індії. Розглянуто політичний устрій та економічну політику Федерації. Досліджено місце і роль Федерації Вест-Індії в деколонізаційних процесах в регіоні.
Ключові слова : Карибський басейн, колонії, федерація, парламент.

This paper will examine the case of Barbados and how it is strategically repositioning its economy towards export orientation by looking at its policies for culture and the cultural industries. Part I will examine very briefly the successes and challenges of Barbados after 40 years of Independence as a backdrop to understanding its current cultural policy in the framework of development. Part II will review the goals of the national strategic plan and the emanating cultural policy before an analysis of
the cultural exports, and their support mechanism in Part III.

The draft paper as at 24th April which is updated from the draft made for the oral presentation session (5th April 2017 does not contain any references and text errors needed corrections). The paper is still being worked on with more sections being added with some aspect areas clarified in more detail. Others are being reviewed. Due to the closure of the Parliament in the UK early for the snap elections, the text is still unfinished and will be resumed for the new Parliament session with no end date set yet. The document is best viewed by a download to Microsoft Word as web browsers tend to muddle the layout. Please note that the ice sheet mass balance changes occur mainly in nearby Iceland, Jan Mayen and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rather than Greenland itself. (High viscous, low nucleation events pushing very cool, effusive, almost 'solid' lava incursions vertically up like the Mascarene volcanism of Mauritius are rare anomalies from a misaligned hotspot influencing further afield - and therefore far less likely.)

The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in Barbadian patients and controls was studied. H. pylori was isolated from biopsies from 50/100 (50%) adult patients undergoing endoscopy for investigation of upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Urease was detected in biopsies from 54 patients and gastritis was detected by histology in 71 patients. Serology was performed using a commercial ELISA method. Using an IgG concentration of 10 U/ml as a threshold, antibodies were detected in 78% of 100 patients undergoing endoscopy, 72% of 230 blood donors and 22% of 50 children. The mean antibody concentration was significantly higher in patients (92 U/ml) than in blood donors (49 U/ml) or in children (9.5 U/ml). Culture-positive patients (120 U/ml) had higher IgG concentrations than culture-negative patients (64 U/ml). Using isolation of H. pylori or a positive biopsy urease test as a measure of true prevalence of infection, the sensitivity of serology was 96%, the specificity 42%, pos...

This paper undertakes the case study methodology to explore and understand how Casuarina Beach Resort in Barbados has incorporated the use of cleaner technologies in an environmental management system and made it a successful part of their operations.  The case study analysis indicates the need for other accommodation businesses to use Casuarina as a benchmark and facilitate the widest use of cleaner technologies in their business operations, which can ultimately play a vast and optimistic role in enhancing the sustainability of the tourism industry by generating positive environmental and economical impacts for Barbados as a destination. Considering that Barbados is a country heavily dependent on tourism for its economic development, the evidence thus suggest that, cleaner technologies in an environmental management system is being used to enhance and sustain Casuarinas’ hotel operations, in terms of the recognition of cost savings and the marketing benefits, should be of primary interest to other hospitality accommodation businesses and to a larger extent, other tourism industry players and policymakers, which can move the move towards its aim at achieving sustainable development.

This article examines how the Barbadian sugar industry was interpreted by the English
scientific community in the latter seventeenth century. In particular it focuses upon the
spread of ingenios (sugar mills) to Barbados from Brazil, and how this process was
understood and chronicled by England’s early scientific community of experimental
philosophers. It then contrasts these narratives against archived plantation documents
from this period, demonstrating how these writers, despite explicit claims to the contrary,
were relatively unconcerned with creating an objective account of sugar-making.
Rather, they highlighted specific elements of the industry in order to make the ‘invention’
of sugar appear congruent with their new experimental methodology. These scientific
narratives thus ignore a host of factors within the early Barbadian industry,
particularly the critical sugar-making knowledge embodied within the plantation’s servile
workforce. Rather than illuminating this facet of the industry, experimental philosophers
efface these workers and portray ingenios as the laudable product of a few
ingenious, experimenting white planters.

All members of medical staff, including students, were asked to participate in a self-administered questionnaire concerning patterns of mobile phone use and care. Participants' phones were cultured for micro-organisms. Healthcare professionals working in close proximity to sensitive equipment were surveyed concerning adverse events associated with mobile phones. Telephone operators were asked to monitor time elapsed as they attempted to contact medical staff by various methods. Of 266 medical staff and students at the time of the study, 116 completed questionnaires (response rate=44%). Almost all (98%) used mobile phones: 67% used their mobile phones for hospital-related matters; 47% reported using their phone while attending patients. Only 3% reported washing their hands after use and 53% reported never cleaning their phone. In total, 101 mobile phones were cultured for micro-organisms; 45% were culture-positive and 15% grew Gram-negative pathogens. The survey of staff working in close proximity to sensitive equipment revealed only one report of minor interference with life-saving equipment. Telephone operators were able to contact medical staff within 2 min most easily by mobile phone. Mobile phones were used widely by staff and were considered by most participants as a more efficient means of communication. However, microbial contamination is a risk associated with the infrequent cleaning of phones. Hospitals should develop policies to address the hygiene of mobile phones.

This chapter focuses on key issues impacting school counseling in Barbados and describes findings that emerged from an ethnographic study of the roles, practices, challenges, and demands of school counselors in Barbados. School counseling was officially implemented in Barbados' secondary schools in 1988, but in the 32 years since, no research studies exist about school counselors, their work or the school counseling profession in Barbados. Therefore, the current ethnographic study was conducted to gain an understanding of school counselors’ experiences in Barbados and to explore their roles, practices, challenges, and demands. Interviews, observations, and field notes were the main data collection tools and a thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) was employed to analyze the data. Three themes with several subthemes emerged from the data: Roles, Responsibilities, and Requirements (the 3R’s); Problematizing the Policies, Politics, and Culture; and School-Family-Community Contexts. The authors discuss the implications of the findings for school counselors, counselor educators, and policymakers and a 21st-century Caribbean school counseling model.

This book examines the daily details of slave work routines and plantation agriculture in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic, focusing on case studies of large plantations in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia. Work was the most important factor in the slaves'' experience of the institution. Slaves'' day-to-day work routines were shaped by plantation management strategies that drew on broader pan-Atlantic intellectual and cultural principles. Although scholars often associate the late eighteenth-century Enlightenment with the rise of notions of liberty and human rights and the dismantling of slavery, this book explores the dark side of the Enlightenment for plantation slaves. Many planters increased their slaves'' workloads and employed supervisory technologies to increase labor discipline in ways that were consistent with the process of industrialization in Europe. British planters offered alternative visions of progress by embracing restrictions on freedom and seeing increasing labor discipline as central to the project of moral and economic improvement.

Research in historical archaeology has often focused on analyzing the degree to which African diaspora material culture has been shaped by the beliefs and practices of particular African cultures impacted by the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Landscapes, architecture, and objects can, at times, be analyzed to evaluate whether their design, construction, or use has been influenced by such cultural traditions. Through the concepts of innovation and creolization, material culture such as this can be reinterpreted in new ways. This article re-examines English manufactured smoking pipes recovered from Newton Plantation cemetery on Barbados. I argue that within an African diasporic burial context, unmodified European manufactured objects, such as English manufactured smoking pipes, could carry cultural significance shaped by African cultural beliefs and practices. Artifacts such as these are embedded in both diversity and situational complexity

A debate about the role of ceramics in communicating social identities among enslaved Africans has been a primary element of archaeological investigations of the African diaspora. Early studies sought to identify distinct production techniques and vessel forms among low-fired earthenwares that were made on and traded between plantations and relate those to particular pottery types produced in regions of Africa impacted by the trans-Atlantic slave trade. A theoretical shift occasioned by contextual archaeologies
refocuses attention on how artifacts and spaces were used by enslaved workers to forge identities through the social and labor relationships that surrounded them. This article investigates the production of earthenware on
Barbados during the eighteenth century, where production techniques and vessel forms did not conform to early archaeological models of Africanisms and cultural markers. This study employs documentary evidence to explore
the locales within which pottery was produced on a group of related plantations. Drawing on work by Silliman and Gosselain, this article argues that a combination of ethnic and demographic evidence from particular pottery production locations can illuminate how new African diaspora social
identities were negotiated and communicated within and between enslaved communities during the working tasks of the plantations.

Scholars of material culture are not the only people in Jewish studies ardently studying the body and everyday life as a site of meaning. Whether they have lauded interest in the body as "the new Jewish cultural studies," or decried it as a symptom of "voguish, post-modern skepticism," many scholars have noted that Jewish studies took a corporeal turn starting in the 1990s. Scholars' interest in the body has influenced how historians approach evidence by encouraging an analysis of the body—not the book—as the primary site of Jewish identity. In recent years, the conferences and publications of the American Jewish Historical Society have broadened scholars' vision of history to include interdisciplinary approaches to historical evidence as well as analyses of literature, music, and the arts. This special issue of American Jewish History adds to those recent conversations in American Jewish studies by showcasing the methods used for understanding material culture and by further broadening the scope of the types of objects that might be considered essential for understanding changes in American Jewish life.

There are two highly successful community based organizations (CBOs) in Barbados, the Pinelands Creative Workshop and the Israel Lovell Foundation. Both of these entities are
linked to impoverished neighborhoods and over the past 20 years have been successful in social empowerment and transformation through the strategic and creative use of the arts.
Additionally, both these CBOs have strong affiliation with the political representatives and leaders of their constituencies. This combination of CBOs, the arts and political support has
led to a model that is now being duplicated throughout the rest of Barbados and the Caribbean. Of particular interest is the fact that both these groups are now engaging entrepreneurial development as part of their new mandate and social agenda.
This paper will examine the evolution of these CBOs and their models for achieving social transformation. Much of the research will be primary drawing directly from the source of their leadership and members as well as the author’s experience in managing their arts projects through Barbados’ Cultural Action Fund. It is hoped that this attempt to examine this model will serve to inspire further research.