Antropology of Law

This reflection arose from my doctoral project on the socio-political process of institutionalization of solidarity economy, through social and legal regulation in Brazil, developed at Graduate Program in Social Sciences at University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Since 2003, when the Brazilian Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE), a subsidiary of the National Secretariat for Solidarity Economy (SENAES), has been institutionalized as a solidarity economy, the growing combating poverty and social exclusion. After three governments of the Workers' Party (2003 to 2014), we see an incorporation of the solidarity economy into the "Brazil Without Misery Plan", a federal public policy strategy that, based on the actions of the three institutional leaders of the solidarity economy Social Movements and State), reserves public resources to "civil society organizations", such as NGOs, social movements, representatives of associated workers, university nuclei, Technological Incubators of Popular Cooperatives-ITCP's, states and municipalities, to make feasible access to the right to associate work and solidarity economy to associated workers, especially those living in "extreme poverty". In this process, the workers, who were initially appointed by Cáritas Brasileira-CB (Catholic Church), and therefore by the two other institutional leaders as "protagonists" of the solidarity economy, become, mainly from 2010, with the realization of the II National Conference on Solidarity Economy (CONAES), the "subjects of law" to which the State must meet, through the interlocution with "civil society organizations", to guarantee them the right to associated work and solidarity economy. It is in the scenario of contradictions between the alternative to unemployment, the political project of alternative to capitalism and social inclusion with the right to associated work and solidarity economy in capitalism itself, that the "subjects of law" arise as the product of a socio-political process which aims at the universalization of a right. In this sense, the objective of this paper is to analyze the problem of the difference in the universalization of the right to associated work and solidarity economy based on the specificities of workers from different worldviews and different ways of being and living from urban peripheries, of rural, indigenous and quilombola communities. Men and women of varying shades, however, all taken by the institutional leaders of the solidarity economy, homogeneously, as "subjects of law" amid forms of discrimination and exclusion that prevent the assimilation of the difference in the universalization of the right to associated work and the solidarity economy in Brazil.

The rapid development of contemporary Polish-Ukrainian relations and the emigration of Ukrainians to Poland and EU countries require more and more lawyers to provide cross-border legal services. However, the emerging barriers between the countries effectively limit the possibilities for cooperation. It is particularly important to determine the extent of involvement of Polish lawyers in Ukraine and Ukrainians in Poland and to explain the reasons for their lack of involvement. It is also important to determine the consequences of the observed problem and the development strategy for the future.

The present research is part of a larger study on the internationalisation of the Polish justice system and the provision of cross-border legal services. Methodologically, the study has been performed through structured interviews among representatives of Polish lawyers and questionnaires among all Polish lawyers. It was supplemented by non-reactive methods: an analysis of statistical data, an anthropomastic analysis, a content analysis of websites, and a functional analysis of legal acts.

The results of the study show that Polish lawyers do not practice in Ukraine at all, and no more than 20 Ukrainian jurists work in Poland. The reasons are the border barriers and the lack of demand for mutual legal services, as well as cultural differences. The low level of involvement of the Polish and Ukrainian Bar Associations also contributes to the low level of provision of cross-border legal services. Nevertheless, Ukrainian immigrants to Poland are increasingly becoming Polish lawyers. Currently, the involvement of Ukrainian lawyers in the Polish legal services market is slowly increasing. This confused situation will likely change later this decade.

Texto base de minha apresentação na conferência anual da Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em Sociologia do Direito, que argumenta que se a marcha dos direitos humanos se mantém fortemente ligada ao pensamento crítico sociológico, a compreensão dos direitos não humanos (ou "alter-direitos") possuiria uma afinidade específica com a antropologia crítica. Para tanto, analisam-se textualmente as declarações de direitos de Equador (2008) e Bolívia (2009), fontes documentais como as ações judiciais movidas por um grande primata (Estados Unidos, 2018) ou pelas bacias hidrográficas do rio Atrato (Colômbia, 2015) e do rio Doce (Brasil, 2017) e finalmente um caso registrado numa jurisdição originária dos Andes equatorianos. Verifica-se que a epistemologia dos "direitos não humanos" não apenas requer uma mudança de rota em direção a uma política que questione o sentido da distribuição das riquezas, senão também uma reflexão sobre a forma como os seres humanos se relacionam no/com o planeta.

ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the Public Hearing led by the Federal Public Attorneys in São Mateus, North of Espírito Santo (Brazil) from an the ethnographic point of view. The theme was the regularization of the quilombolas territories in the State.
From the context of Article 68 of the Constitution and Decree 4887/2003 of the Quilombolas in the State, the ordinary practices of MPF and positioning of agents at that Public Hearing. I seek to describe the meaning of the production of justice in such contexts and how they are perceived by those who took part of it.

No capítulo 8 - A regulação da economia solidária no Brasil: da alternativa ao capitalismo à política de combate à pobreza e à exclusão social -, Joannes Paulus Silva Forte apresenta uma reflexão sobre o processo sociopolítico de regulação da economia solidária no Brasil (2002-2018), a partir das interações dos atores sociais de três grandes agentes institucionais articulados em rede, quais sejam: a Igreja Católica, o Estado e os movimentos sociais. O autor analisa sociologicamente o processo de regulação da economia solidária como um fenômeno resultante da luta pelo direito ao trabalho associado e à economia solidária, levando-a a uma juridicização para que ela seja reconhecida como um direito da cidadania e consolidada como uma política estatal no Brasil. Nesse capítulo, o autor questiona a institucionalização, via processo de regulação social e jurídica, considerando que houve um distanciamento da economia solidária de uma proposta de "alternativa ao capitalismo", conformando-a, dentro de seus limites no capitalismo, como uma política de "combate à pobreza" e de "inclusão social" (O/as organizador/as).

Özet Kuramsal hukuk alanı içerisinde yasaların etkinliği tartışması önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Ayrıca bu tartışma, doğal hukuk ve pozitif hukuk kuramcılarını sıklıkla karşı karşıya getirmektedir. Bu çalışma yasaları ve yasaların alt metinlerini ele almaktadır. Yasaların ideal yasalar, başka bir ifadeyle adil ve etkin yasalar olup olmadığı problemini incelemekte ve yasa koyucunun bu iddiayı afişlerde nasıl dile getirdiğini araştırmaktadır. Bu amaçla, bu çalışma öncelikle Psikolojik Unsur ve Afiş kavramlarını tanımlayacak, Afiş örneklerini gösterecektir. Ardından siyasal iletişim ve hukuk felsefesi arasında bir köprü kuracak, psikolojik unsur ve yasanın uygulanabilirliği ilişkisi konusunda bir sonuca varacaktır. Abstract The applicability of laws holds an important place in jurisprudence. Additionally, in this argumentation often confronts natural law's theorists and positive law's theorists. This paper handles laws and laws' subtexts. Examines that promise of "laws are fair and forceful" and this how this promise find voice in campaigns' banner or information's banners. To this end, firstly, this paper will determine "Psychological Side in Law" and "Banner", will demonstrate Banner's examples. After that, will construct a bridge between Political Communication and Jurisprudence, come to a conclusion about the law's applicability and "Psychological Side in Law".

No presente trabalho é descrito e analisado a administração de conflitos que chegam ao Juizado Especial Criminal (JECrim). Por meio de pesquisa de campo, realizada de janeiro a outubro de 2013, em um Juizado Especial Criminal de um município da Baixada Fluminense, foi possível construir e analisar dados qualitativos e quantitativos que evidenciam contradições entre os ideais proclamados do juizado e as práticas de seus operadores. É Demonstrado que apesar do Juizado Especial Criminal ser uma política pública voltada para a democratização do acesso a justiça, pautada na consensualidade como meio de resolução de conflitos, isso não ocorre. Sua forma de administrar os conflitos da violência cotidiana acaba por limitar a democratização da justiça e o exercício da cidadania, ao invés de ampliá-los, e vêm se transformando em um ritual burocrático e sem sentido para o cidadão, onde se propicia precário acesso á justiça e não se provê, adequadamente, acesso a direitos.

In the present work, I describe and analyze the conflict management process at the Special Criminal Court (JECrim). Through field research, conducted from January to October 2013, at a Special Criminal Court of a municipality located at Baixada Fluminense, it was possible to construct and analyze qualitative and quantitative data showing contradictions between the ideals proclaimed in court and the practices of its operators. I demonstrate that despite the fact that Special Criminal Courts are a public policy designed to the democratization of the access to justice based on consensus as the means to achieve conflict resolution, it does not occur. Their ways of managing conflicts of everyday violence limit the democratization of justice and the exercise of citizenship, rather than expand them, and have been turning into a bureaucratic ritual, meaningless to the citizen.