Antiinflammatory Activity

Objective: To study the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of the Aqueous Extract of Leptadenia Reticulata (AELR) in different animal models. Materials and Methods: Acute toxicity studies were performed and extract was found to be safe upto 2000 mg/kg. Two doses were selected for the "evaluation of antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Leptadenia reticulata in animal models" i.e 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b. w. Antipyretic activity was evaluated using baker's yeast induced pyrexia in albino rats and cow milk induced pyrexia in albino rabbits. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced paw edema and turpentine oil induced paw edema in albino rats. Results: In all the animal models AELR at the dose of 200 mg/kg b.w and 400 mg/kg b.w showed significant (P<0.01) antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: These finding could justify the inclusion of aqueous extract of Leptadenia reticulata in the management of pyrexia and inflammation. Abstract Ipomoea reniformis Chaos is claimed in Indian traditional medical practice to be useful in the treatment of epilepsy and neurological disorders. In the present study, pretreatment effect of methanolic extract of Ipomoea reniformis on epilepsy and psychosis was evaluated in rodents using standard procedures. Besides evaluating epileptic and behavioral parameters, neurotransmitters such as Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) in epilepsy and in psychosis dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin contents in the rodent brain were estimated. The extract pretreatment reduced maximal electro shock; Isoniazid (INH) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures and also significantly inhibited the attenuation of brain GABA levels by INH and PTZ in mice. These results suggested that the observed beneficial effect in epilepsy may be by enhancing the GABAergic system. The test drug also inhibited the apomorphine induced climbing and stereotyped behavior and showed significantly reduced levels of brain dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin which may be due to blocking of central dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways or by enhancing the GABAergic system. The results obtained in present study suggest that the title plant possesses antiepileptic and antipsychotic activities in rodents.

Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of
methanolic extract of .  The extract was evaluated for its  anti-Cajanus cajan in vivoMaterials and Methods:
inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced paw oedema model using indomethacin as standard and  anti-in vitro
inflammatory activity by protein denaturation method using diclofenac sodium as standard. The extract was evaluated
for its antioxidant activity by reducing power assay and hydrogen peroxide assay using ascorbic acid as standard.
Results: The methanolic root extract of  (MECC) significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the paw oedema Cajanus cajan
volume. The extract significantly (p<0.05) protected protein membranes from denaturation. The extract also
significantly scavenged the free radicals. The lupeol present in the extract targeted inflammatory signalling pathways
there by exerting its anti-inflammatory activity. The phenolic constituents present in the extract might be responsible for
its antioxidant activity as phenolics possess strong ability to inhibit oxidants and free radicals.  From the Conclusion:
above it is clear that MECC possess anti-inflammatory and antiradical activities.
Keywords: Cajanus cajan, anti-inflammatory, antiradical activities, diclofenac sodium

The studies on metabolic compound of Andrographis paniculata shows that it possess potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. The aqueous extract of leaf samples was qualitatively analyzed for the presence of phytochemicals and it was conformed that the plant extract contain metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, aminoacids. The plant extract showed potential antibacterial activity. The chromatographical nalysis revealed the presence of possible metabolites. The purified active compounds through TLC and crude plant extract were subjected to analyze the anti-inflammatory activity and shows potent inhibitory activity against the adverse effects of the inflammation such as tissue damage and protein denaturation.

Nepalese medicinal plants were selected to study phytochemical presence, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
and analgesic activity of plants. Extraction was carried out by double maceration by ethanol and water.
Phytochemical screening was performed by standard methods. Total phenol content was determined by
Folin Ciocalteu method, flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method.
The antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. In Vivo anti-inflammatory
and analgesic activity was performed by carrageenan induced rat hind paw edema and hot plate methods
respectively. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins,
saponins, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides and carbohydrates. The ethanolic and aqueous extract of
Viscum album showed total phenols content, total flavonoids content and has significant antioxidant
activity. Similarly, the aqueous extract of Viscum album has dose dependent analgesic activity. Thus,
medicinal plants possess different compounds with valuable antioxidant properties which can contribute
to the development of modern medicines.

Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is an edible tropical fruit, which is usually consumed as a fresh table fruit or as fruit juice. It also exhibits various pharmacological activities. In this study, polysaccharides were extracted with boiling water and purified by freeze–thawing and Fehling treatments. After purification
steps, a homogenous fraction was obtained. It was analyzed by sugar composition, gel permeation chromatography, methylation, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectroscopy analyses. It comprised arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), and galacturonic acid (GalA) in a molar ratio
of 12.3:1.7:86.0. Methylation and NMR spectroscopy analyses showed that it contained a substituted galacturonan composed of (1→4)-linked -d-Galp A units branched at O-2 by (1→5)-linked -l-Araf and terminal -l-Araf and -d-Galp A units. The effect of PFSCW (10–300 mg/kg, i.p.) on nocifensive behavior induced by intraplantar injection of formalin in mice was evaluated. The fraction demonstrated antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting that it may be useful in therapeutic intervention for the management of inflammatory pain.

Temporin-1Tl (TL) is a 13-residue frog antimicrobial peptide (AMP) exhibiting potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. To develop novel AMP with improved anti-inflammatory activity and antimicrobial selectivity, we designed and synthesized a series of TL analogs by substituting Trp, Arg and Lys at selected positions. Except for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis, all TL analogs exhibited retained or increased antimicrobial activity against seven bacterial strains including three methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains compared with TL. TL-1 and TL-4 showed a little increase in antimicrobial selectivity, while TL-2 and TL-3 displayed slightly decreased antimicrobial selectivity because of their about twofold increased hemolytic activity. All TL analogs demonstrated greatly increased anti-inflammatory activity, evident by their higher inhibition of the production tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide and the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, compared with TL. Taken together, the peptide anti-inflammatory activity is as follows: TL-2 ≈ TL-3 ≈ TL-4 > TL-1 > TL. In addition, LPS binding ability of the peptides corresponded with their anti-inflammatory activity. These results apparently suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of TL analogs is associated with the direct binding ability between these peptides and LPS. Collectively, our designed TL analogs possess improved anti-inflammatory activity and retain antimicrobial activity without a significant increase in hemolysis. Therefore, it is evident that our TL analogs constitute promising candidates for the development of peptide therapeutics for gram-negative bacterial infection.

Melatonin is a highly evolutionary conserved endogenous molecule that is mainly produced by the pineal gland, but also by other nonendocrine organs, of most mammals including man. In the recent years, a variety of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have been observed when melatonin is applied exogenously under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. A number of studies suggest that this indole may exert its anti-inflammatory effects through the regulation of different molecular pathways. It has been documented that melatonin inhibits the expression of the isoforms of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase and limits the production of excessive amounts of nitric oxide, prostanoids, and leukotrienes, as well as other mediators of the inflammatory process such as cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. Melatonin's anti-inflammatory effects are related to the modulation of a number of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B, hypoxia-inducible factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and others. Melatonin's effects on the DNA-binding capacity of transcription factors may be regulated through the inhibition of protein kinases involved in signal transduction, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases. This review summarizes recent research data focusing on the modulation of the expression of different inflammatory mediators by melatonin and the effects on cell signaling pathways responsible for the indole's anti-inflammatory activity. Although there are a numerous published reports that have analyzed melatonin's anti-inflammatory properties, further studies are necessary to elucidate its complex regulatory mechanisms in different cellular types and tissues

Aims: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Vitex negundo leaves extract (VNE) were evaluated in the animal models. The VNE was evaluated for the phytochemical analysis. Settings and Design: Factorial design was used for the experimental models. Methods and Material: The analgesic effects at graded doses of VNE (40-320 mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated in mice against acetic acid induced writhing (chemically induced pain) and hot-plate method (thermally induced pain). The analgesia produced by VNE was compared with the standard analgesics diclofenac sodium (DIS, 5 mg/kg, p.o.) and pentazocin (PTZ, 5 mg/kg, p.o.). Acute anti-inflammatory activity of VNE was also analysed using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model at the doses 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg i.p., using diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg, i.p.) as standard. Statistical analysis used: ANOVA was applied followed my tukey’s post hoc test for comparison between the groups Results: In comparison to control group VNE showed highly significant, dose dependent analgesic activity against chemically as well as thermally induced pain models (P < 0.05). In comparison to control, VNE at the employed doses produced marked acute anti-inflammatory activity in rats (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that the aqueous extract of Vitex negundo has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential as reflected by the parameters investigated. Further investigations are however necessary to explore mechanism(s) of action involved in these pharmacological activities.

Adapalene (ADP) is a representative of the third retinoids generation and successfully used in first-line acne treatment. ADP binds to retinoic acid nuclear receptors. The comedolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are the known ADP effects. Its safety profile is an advantage over other retinoids. ADP recently was found to be effective in the treatment of several dermatological diseases and photoaging besides the utility in the treatment of acne vulgaris. New biological effects of adapalene with therapeutic potential are highlighted in this review paper. Thus, adapalene could be a valuable therapeutic drug into the treatment of several types of cancer. Additionally, some neurodegenerative diseases could be treated with a suitable formulation for intravenous administration. The antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of an analogue of ADP has been proven. In different therapeutic schemes, ADP is more effective in combina...

COVID-19 is a viral respiratory infectious disease caused by the novel strain of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro) is associated with viral replication and transcription, thereby making it a potent target for combating COVID-19. Natural compounds from plants are being widely explored for viral inhibitors due to their safety aspect. Therefore, the present study aimed at predicting the antiviral property of red rice phenolic metabolites (RRPM) from three Indian rice varieties against SARS-CoV-2 M pro through metabolomics and in silico studies. The Indian red rice cultivars, i.e., Veethi vadankan, Samba mosanam and Kuzhiadichan, were subjected to Q-TOF-LC-MS analysis and eighteen abundant polyphenols were selected using hierarchical cluster analysis. The abundant RRPM were virtually screened using Swiss ADME, a web-based tool. All the abundant polyphenols obeyed the Lipinski's rule except for hesperetin 3'-O-glucuronide, thereby exhibiting drug likeliness. Based on ADME analysis, fifteen of the RRPM showed good oral bioavailability, high GI absorption and acceptable overall bioavailability score. The 15 RRPM were further subjected to molecular docking analysis using Auto dock 1.5.6 against SARS-CoV-2M pro. The analysis revealed 7, 4'-dihydroxy flavone and eriodictyol to have strong binding affinity (>10 kcal/mol) higher than nelfinavir (-8.53 kcal/mol). Eight other compounds also proved to be potential natural inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 M pro. The present study has revealed Kuzhiadichan as a good source of eight potent natural inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 M pro and as a potential functional food for COVID-19 management.

Background:  Inflammation is a normal process in response to injury,  but causes problems for the patient, including the appearance of pain, swelling, or fever. Anti-inflammatory agents generally used for those conditions, have several side effects to patients.  Purpose:  The objective of this research was to find alternative anti-inflammatory agents, especially from natural sources. Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. knew as “Bawang Dayak”  belong to family Iridaceae is one of the natural sources for anti-inflammatory agents. This plant is known as traditional medicine in East Kalimantan and used as material in this research.  Method:  The experimental method of antiinflammatory measurement using membrane stabilization activity for E.  Bulbosa ethanol bulbs extracts.  Result:  The results showed that significant differences of EC50(p < 0.05) were  achieved between indomethacin (26.39 ± 2.91) as the positive control with E.  Bulbosa (52.87 ± 2.29). EC50 of E.  bulbosa showed the potential anti-inflammatory activities with similar effectiveness to half indomethacin concentration. Conclusion: It could be concluded that E.  bulbosa could be further developed as a new natural source  of the anti-inflammatory agents.

Objective: The use of naturally occurring medicines dependent on essential oils (EOs) is nowadays of great interest. In addition, within the human body, EO shows high efficacy as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs. The present experiment was conducted to access the anti-inflammatory activity of EO obtained from the fruit peels of Citrus macroptera Montr. (Rutaceae) against the denaturation of protein in vitro model. Methods: The test sample (EO) was incubated under controlled laboratory conditions at varying concentrations with egg albumin and was subjected to absorbance determination for the anti-inflammatory property analysis. Diclofenac sodium was used as the standard reference drug for the experiment. Results: The results show a concentration-dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation by the test oil. This was concluded by comparing their IC 50 average values. Citrus macroptera Montr. EO possessed IC 50 average value 54.6+0.07 μg/mL, whereas that of diclofenac sodium was found to be 52.89+0.06 μg/ml. The result shows that the test oil is more effective than the standard drug. Conclusion: From the above experimental finding, it can be concluded that Citrus macroptera Montr. EO has significance anti-inflammatory effect against the denaturation of the protein in vitro model. The activity may be due to the presence of terpene polyphenolic component or some other active compound present in the oil. The provided information was first of its kind of knowledge to keep the scientific data for future reference.

It is generally agreed that medicinal plants and their products are safer than their synthetic counterparts, however
some plant products may prove efficacious but have low therapeutic index or safety margin. Carica papaya fruits,
leaves, seed and latex are used medicinally for various ailments. This study was designed to evaluate the potency of
aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antinociceptive in animal models
treated orally with 100mg/kg and 1000mg/kg for groups 3 and 4 respectively. Antipyretic studies was done using
15% suspension of Brewer’s yeast in Wistar rats. The antinociceptive activity was done using writhing method in
mice and tail immersion method in Wistar rats. The Anti-inflammatory study was done using the xylene-induced ear
oedema test and Carrageenan–induced paw oedema. The results showed there was a significant decrease in
temperature after 120 mins for both extract groups. For the antinociceptive activity, there was no analgesia with tail
immersion test while the writhing test produced 4.5% and 17.4% inhibition for groups 3 and 4 respectively. In the
Carrageenan–induced paw oedema, the extract test did not have significant effect while the xylene-induced ear
oedema test showed inhibitions of 27.72% and 34.97% for groups 3 and 4 respectively. In Conclusion it can be said
that aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed extract has minimal anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities
with the tested doses in the used animal models, but a better antipyretic activity.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antinociceptive, and Carica papaya.

This study aimed to collect the crystallographic data of ethyl diclofenac and discover a cocrystal from this ester with its parent, diclofenac acid, and to investigate their physicochemical properties and anti-inflammation activity. Firstly, ethyl diclofenac single crystal was isolated and continued by the cocrystal screening and isolation. Solid characterization was conducted by thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, powder x-ray diffractometry, followed by structural determination using a single crystal x-ray diffractometer. The stability of the cocrystal toward heating and high humidity, followed by the anti-inflammatory activity, was also studied. Ethyl diclofenac and the cocrystal were successfully isolated and subsequently subjected to lattice system determination. Interestingly , the new cocrystal can be generated directly by Fischer equilibrium reaction during esterification of diclofenac acid. Structurally, ethyl diclofenac reveals a P21/c monoclinic and the cocrystal between this ester with its parent drug is a P-1 triclinic system. A hydrophobic interaction-C-Cl-, which is rarely found in a cocrystal, involved in the molecular interaction between ethyl diclofenac and the parent drug, besides the hydrogen bonds. The newly isolated cocrystal has a melting point AE103-104 C, which is higher than that of ethyl diclofenac (AE67.5 C) but lower than that of diclofenac acid (AE173 C). Hence, this cocrystal is stable towards accelerated stability testing by heating in a microwave, as well as storing in high relative humidity. Moreover, the anti-inflammation test also showed promising activity improvement.

Nimesulide is a poorly soluble drug, the rate of its oral absorption is often controlled by the dissolution rate in the gastrointestinal tract. There are several techniques to enhance the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. Among them the technique of liquisolid compacts which is a promising one. The liquisolid compacts were prepared using 20 mg nimesulide, Avicel PH102 as a carrier, and Aerosil 200 as a coating material in a ratio of 20:1, as well as AC-DI-SOL as a disintegrant in a concentration of 5% from the total weight of the compact. The liquids used include PEG400, PG, and a mixture of these solvents with Tween 80. From the results obtained it is concluded that the suitable loading factor (L f) is 0.2 which gave good flowability and compressibility. Friability, hardness, disintegration time and the dissolution rate were carried out. All the liquisolid compacts showed higher dissolution rate than the conventional tablets. The liquisolid compacts containing the PEG400 showed the highest dissolution rate than the other preparations. The effect of different concentrations of drug on the dissolution rate was studied, and it was observed that 20% of drug gave the maximum dissolution rate, and no significant increase of the dissolution rate with increasing the drug concentration. Conventional tablets and liquisolid compacts containing PG and PEG400 were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects using paw oedema test. liquisolid compacts exhibited a pronounced inhibition of swelling than that of conventional tablets. In conclusion liquisolid compact of nimesulide can be used as a technique to improve the dissolution rate and the antiinflammatory effect of nimesulide.

http://repository.ksu.edu.sa/jspui/handle/123456789/18694

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of rachis of Ormosia coccinea (Aubl.) Jacks (MEOC) using animal models of nociception and inflammation. The antinociceptive activity of the extract was assessed using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, hot-plate, and formalin tests. Oral administration of MEOC (500 mg/kg) produced significant (p < 0.05) antinociceptive effects when tested in mice using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test and on the inflammatory phase of the formalin test. It was also demonstrated that MEOC had no significant effect on the response latency time to the heat stimulus in the thermal model of the hot plate test. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was assessed using carrageenan, histamine and serotonin induced oedema in rat paw. The oral administration of MEOC showed maximum inhibition (64.29%) at 1 h on carrageenan edema, but it did not modify the edema induced by histamine and serotonin. The present results suggest that MEOC has a peripheral antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory action.

The present study was carried out to investigate hepatoprotective effects of herbal mixture in female albino rats, in the paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity model. Treatment of rats with herbal mixture at dose of (2g /kg for 4 weeks) significantly prevented the serum biomarker enzymes (AST and ALT). Herbal mixture further reduced PCM induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the rat liver by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and restoring the levels of antioxidant enzymes (PCO, LPO, MPO SOD, CAT, GSH, and HO-1). Our results indicate that herbal mixture can prevent hepatic injury with PCM induced hepatotoxicity by eliciting therapeutic protection against free radical stress and inflammation.

The effects of phytochemicals occurred in fractions and extracts of fruits of &quot;Maqui-berry&quot; (Aristotelia chilensis), on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible-nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) and the production of proinflammatory mediators were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophage RAW-264 cells, as well as their antioxidant activities. The MeOH extract (A), acetone/methanol extract (B), fractions F3, F4, subfractions (SF4-SF6, SF7, SF8-SF10, SF11-SF15, SF16-SF20), quercetin, gallic acid, luteolin, myricetin, mixtures M1, M2 and M3 exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The results indicated that anthocyanins, flavonoids and its mixtures suppressed the LPS induced production of nitric oxide (NO), through the down-regulation of iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions and showed a potent antioxidant activity against SOD, ABTS, TBARS, ORAC, FRAP and DCFH. The inhibition of enzymes and NO production by selected frac...

The aim of this study was to assess the differences in qualitative-quantitative composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic contents, together with anti-inflammatory activity of Ugni molinae leaves obtained from ten genotypes. The ethyl acetate (EAE) and ethanol extracts (ETE) were obtained and analyzed. The plant genotypes were grown under same soil and climate conditions and under same agronomic management; the leaves were also harvested under the same conditions. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by mice ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at a single dose of 200 mg/kg BW of each extract. Composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic contents was determined by HPLC-DAD and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. Ugni molinae leaves of different plant genotypes exhibited significant differences in regard to their anti-inflammatory activity, as well as in qualitative-quantitative composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic content.

Plants have been used for treatment of several disorders since long before history. Ornamental plants are plants which are mainly grown for their aesthetic value, however, there are many ornamental plants that are being used as folk medicine in the treatment of various diseases. This review highlights some ornamental plants on KNUST campus, Kumasi, with medicinal properties used in treating some reproductive disorders. Present paper aims to provide basis for further drug discovery of active phytochemicals for managing reproductive disorders.

Background: Rising tide of chronic nutrition related non-communicable diseases yoked with extant under nutrition problems makes it imperative to carry out scientific research for finding functional foods. Although the emergence of these diseases are believed to be related to a constellation of dietary, socio-economic and lifestyle related risk factors, central to the pathogenesis of these diseases (or disease states) are free radicals, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes typically accompanied by pain. Therefore, functional whole foods with physiologically active antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic compounds seem to be the most promising option to deal with the pathogenesis of existing and emerging chronic diseases burden of Bangladesh.

Methods: Edible portions of 70 commonly consumed Bangladeshi foods – including one cereal, five legumes, fourteen vegetables, four tea varieties, five oil seeds, twenty spices, and twenty one fruits – were evaluated for total phenol content (TPC) by Folin-Ciocalteau assay. To evaluate functional potentiality, in vitro antioxidant capacity (AC) of selected food items were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assays, in vitro anti-inflammatory potential by observing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α using J774A.1 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in vivo anti-inflammatory potential by measuring carrageenan induced rat paw edema reduction and in vivo analgesic potential by acetic acid induced writhing test in mice.

Results: Spices, oilseeds, and teas showed high concentration of TPC among the analysed foods while spices and teas exhibited notable AC. Green tea showed highest concentrations of TPC (2349 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent / g) and AC (2432 µmole Trolox Equivalent/g).  Fourteen food items showed potential in vitro anti-inflammatory activity with confirmatory dose response effect shown by 8 items. In vivo, black sesame and yellow mustard expressed anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in a dose dependent manner.

Conclusion: This study found commonly consumed food items representing different food groups of Bangladesh to contain diverse range of polyphenols and antioxidant capacities. Of these, black sesame and yellow mustard demonstrated anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential in animal model. The findings of this study can be used to promote polyphenols rich foods through dietary guidelines and facilitate epidemiological research investigating diet-disease relationships.

The current investigation was performed with the objective of finding the scientific reason for
health benefit of Occimum sanctum, Phyllanthus niruri and Cadaba fruticosa, simultaneously
evaluating the antioxidant activity of ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts. The potent
antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory leaf extracts can be used for producing a novel
ointment formulation, functional food or neutraceutical, in combination. The qualitative analysis
of antioxidant activity was performed by reducing power assay and DPPH assay and in vitro
anti-inflammatory test was performed by the HRBC membrane stabilization method. Further, the
bioactive compounds present in the alcoholic leaf extracts were detected by GC-MS analysis and
their applications were noted. Comparative studies on antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity
of the 3 samples were determined using respective standards. Cadaba fruticosa is an
under-emphasized herb, whose potential in the medical world is yet to be explored in details.
Hence, Cadaba fruticosa has been chosen as one of the herbal plants for comparative study with
Ocimum sp. and Phyllanthus sp. Ethanolic extract of showed significant antimicrobial activity
against the tested bacterial strains. Methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum at 200 μg mLG1
depicted highest scavenging activity, 81.1%. The results also indicate that Cadaba fruticosa
possesses significant free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. GC-MS
analysis of the herbs revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds.

Adapalene (ADP) is a representative of the third retinoids generation and successfully used in first-line acne treatment. ADP binds to retinoic acid nuclear receptors. The comedolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are the known ADP effects. Its safety profile is an advantage over other retinoids. ADP recently was found to be effective in the treatment of several dermatological diseases and photoaging besides the utility in the treatment of acne vulgaris. New biological effects of adapalene with therapeutic potential are highlighted in this review paper. Thus, adapalene could be a valuable therapeutic drug into the treatment of several types of cancer. Additionally, some neurodegenerative diseases could be treated with a suitable formulation for intravenous administration. The antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of an analogue of ADP has been proven. In different therapeutic schemes, ADP is more effective in combina...

Overuse of iron supplements can lead to an acute inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. This study investigates the ameliorative and prophylactic effects of a probiotic bacterium, L. rhamnosus MR1, on acute iron poisoning in rats. In this study, a probiotic strain was isolated from yogurt and characterized for its probiotic properties, including antibiotic-resistant, bile salt (BS) and acid resistance, iron tolerance, cell hydrophobicity of the bacterial cells. The anti-inflammatory effect of strain MR1 was studied on the iron exposed-Caco-2 cell line. In vivo experiments were conducted for the assessment of survival in rats overdosed with treatment. These findings indicate high bacterial tolerance in acidic conditions, high concentrations of bile salts, and iron. The anti-inflammatory effects of strain MR1 were confirmed by decreasing the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 in treated groups. Prophylactic and acute effects of strain MR1 in rats caused a significant reduction in intestinal iron poisoning by 50 % during 6 h. Prophylactic regimen by L. rhamnosus MR1 increased the viability of about 33% in acutely poisoned rats. Since no report is found in the current literature about the effect of probiotic supplements on iron's acute toxicity, these interesting results can provide a useful background for further studies on dietary supplements.

Context: Animals are used for the treatment of diseases caused by inflammatory processes,
although few studies evaluate their potential for these purposes.
Objectives: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of zootherapeutic products derived
from vertebrates used in Brazilian traditional medicine.
Material and methods: The species analyzed were Tupinambis merianae, Iguana iguana, Crotalus
durissus, Boa constrictor, and Euphractus sexcinctus. The methods used in anti-inflammatory
assays were ear edema (topical) and paw (systemic).
Results: With regard to topical anti-inflammatory activity, the fat from T. merianae, C. durissus,
I. iguana, B. constrictor, and E. sexcinctus reduced inflammation, while for systemic antiinflammatory
activity, only the fat and the skin of C. durissus, the skin of I. iguana and the
fat from B. constrictor reduced inflammation.
Conclusions: Studies should be conducted to evaluate the mechanisms of action for each
product that demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity as well as against other inflammatory
processes.

This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of dietary Nigella sativa on the cell-mediated immune response. Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided equally into a control group and treated groups that received black seeds at rates of 30 and 50 g/kg in the diet (Sa30 and Sa50 groups, respectively, for 30 days. The weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and cell-mediated immune response were monitored after the injection of 0.1 mL of 10% phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The intumesce index, serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), interleukin-12 (IL-12), gamma interferon (γ-IF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined. Histopathological examination and an immunohistochemistry analysis of splenic caspase-3 and CD8 were performed. Nigella sativa significantly improved the weight gain and FCR. Intumesce index of Sa50 group was significantly increased. Nigella sativa significantly increased TAC, CAT, IL-12, γ-IF and TNF-α. A histological examinati...

The effects of different drying methods, including sun-, oven-, and freeze-drying on the changes in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) rhizome were studied. Sun-, oven-, and freeze-dried ginger showed a significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in phenolic content by 1.79, 1.53, and 1.91-fold; flavonoid content increased by 6.06, 5.27, and 4.90-fold; FRAP increased by 3.95, 3.51, and 3.15-fold; ABTS•+ scavenging activity increased by 2.07, 1.72, and 1.61-fold; and DPPH• inhibition increased by 78%, 58%, and 56%, respectively. Dried ginger also exhibited better inhibitory effects on the lipopolysaccharides-induced nitric oxide production in murine macrophage RAW 264.7. The drying process demonstrated a positive effect on the bioactivities of ginger. The sun-dried ginger exhibited the most potent antioxidant properties with the best enhanced anti-inflammatory activity followed by the oven-dried ginger and lastly, the freeze-dried ginger.

The Director-General of the World Health
Organization, Dr Margaret Chan, has reported that
the development of resistance to the action of
antibiotics, which is a natural process, has now
reached a critical level.1 One way to overcome the
antibiotic resistance is by developing drugs with an
alternative mechanism of action.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of chronic autoimmune and idiopathic disorders that are characteristic of industrialized countries. In contrast to drug therapies, which exert several side effects, herbal remedies have constantly attracted the attention of researchers. Therefore, in the present study, a mother tincture (MT) from fresh, young, non-woody Thuja occidentalis L. branches with leaves was obtained using distillation-based techniques. Further, this was used to assess its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities and anti-inflammatory properties, and to validate it as a potential phytotherapeutic treatment for IBD. The characterization of the tincture included common phytochemical screening assays for antioxidant capacity measurement, cell viability assays on Caco-2 colon cells, and in vivo assessment of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by histopathological and ultrastructural analysis of the intestinal mucosa, measurement of reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, and gene expression of the inflammation markers (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) in intestine after oral administration to an experimental mouse model of colon inflammation (colitis) developed by intrarectal administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Our study proved that administration of 25 or 50 mg T. occidentalis MT/kg of body weight/day by gavage for 7 days succeeded in inhibiting the inflammatory process induced by TNBS in the intestine, most probably because of its rich contents of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. These data could contribute to the formulation of therapeutic products based on T. occidentalis that could come to the aid of IBD patients.

Background: Inflammation is a normal process in response to injury, but causes problems for the patient, including the appearance of pain, swelling, or fever. Anti-inflammatory agents generally used for those conditions, have several side effects to patients. Purpose: The objective of this research was to find alternative anti-inflammatory agents, especially from natural sources. Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. knew as “Bawang Dayak” belong to family Iridaceae is one of the natural sources for anti-inflammatory agents. This plant is known as traditional medicine in East Kalimantan and used as material in this research. Method: The experimental method of anti-inflammatory measurement using membrane stabilization activity for E. Bulbosa ethanol bulbs extracts. Result: The results showed that significant differences of EC50(p &lt; 0.05) were achieved between indomethacin (26.39 ± 2.91) as the positive control with E. Bulbosa (52.87 ± 2.29). EC50 of E. bulbosa showed the potential anti...

This study aimed to collect the crystallographic data of ethyl diclofenac and discover a cocrystal from this ester with its parent, diclofenac acid, and to investigate their physicochemical properties and anti-inflammation activity. Firstly, ethyl diclofenac single crystal was isolated and continued by the cocrystal screening and isolation. Solid characterization was conducted by thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, powder x-ray diffractometry, followed by structural determination using a single crystal x-ray diffractometer. The stability of the cocrystal toward heating and high humidity, followed by the anti-inflammatory activity, was also studied. Ethyl diclofenac and the cocrystal were successfully isolated and subsequently subjected to lattice system determination. Interestingly, the new cocrystal can be generated directly by Fischer equilibrium reaction during esterification of diclofenac acid. Structurally, ethyl diclofenac reveals a P21/c monoclinic and the cocrystal between this ester with its parent drug is a P-1 triclinic system. A hydrophobic interaction -C-Cl-, which is rarely found in a cocrystal, involved in the molecular interaction between ethyl diclofenac and the parent drug, besides the hydrogen bonds. The newly isolated cocrystal has a melting point ±103–104 °C, which is higher than that of ethyl diclofenac (±67.5 °C) but lower than that of diclofenac acid (±173 °C). Hence, this cocrystal is stable towards accelerated stability testing by heating in a microwave, as well as storing in high relative humidity. Moreover, the anti-inflammation test also showed promising activity improvement.

Adapalene (ADP) is a representative of the third retinoids generation and successfully used in first-line acne treatment. ADP binds to retinoic acid nuclear receptors. The comedolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are the known ADP effects. Its safety profile is an advantage over other retinoids. ADP recently was found to be effective in the treatment of several dermatological diseases and photoaging besides the utility in the treatment of acne vulgaris. New biological effects of adapalene with therapeutic potential are highlighted in this review paper. Thus, adapalene could be a valuable therapeutic drug into the treatment of several types of cancer. Additionally, some neurodegenerative diseases could be treated with a suitable formulation for intravenous administration. The antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of an analogue of ADP has been proven. In different therapeutic schemes, ADP is more effective in combination with other active substances. New topical combinations with adapalene include ketoconazole (antifungal), mometasone furoate (anti-inflammatory corticosteroid), nadifloxacin (fluoroquinolone), and alfa and beta hydroxy acids. Combination with oral drugs is a new trend that enhances the properties of topical formulations with adapalene. Several studies have investigated the effects of ADP in co-administration with azithromycin, doxycycline, faropenem, isotretinoin, and valganciclovir. Innovative formulations of ADP also aim to achieve a better bioavailability, increased efficacy, and reduced side effects. In this review, we have highlighted the current studies on adapalene regarding biological effects useful in various treatment types. Adapalene has not been exploited yet to its full biological potential.

Cyclamen L., belonging to the Primulaceae family, is a tuberous perennial geophyte with some taxa indigenous to Turkey. However, this genus has been poorly investigated for its cytotoxic and anticancer potentials. The current study aimed to explore the antiproliferative effects of the ethanolic extracts of three Cyclamen taxa (C. pseudibericum, C. mirabile and C. persicum) and their nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity in LPS-stimulated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, namely HCC78 and H1975. Also, total saponin contents of the extracts were determined as quillaja equivalents. The cytotoxicity of the Cyclamen extracts was assessed by the CellTiter-Glo assay. C. persicum extract caused a higher cytotoxic effect on both H1975 and HCC78 cells than the other two Cyclamen extracts and its IC50 values in H1975 and HCC78 cells were determined to be 17.27 and 34.15 μg/ mL, respectively. While Griess reaction was performed to determine the nitrite levels as an index of NO production in LPS-stimulated NSCLC cells treated with the Cyclamen extracts, vanillin-sulphuric acid method was used to detect total saponin contents in the extracts. Among the three Cyclamen taxa evaluated, the highest inhibitory activity towards NO production in HCC78 cells was obtained with from C. pseudibericum, while C. persicum showed the highest inhibitory activity in H1975 cells. As a result, this study demonstrated that the tuber extracts of three Cyclamen taxa, which have been determined their total saponin contents, had significant cytotoxic activity and NO inhibitory potentials against HCC78 and H1975 non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. These data suggest that Cyclamen L. extracts examined in this study merit further research so as to isolate the bioactive secondary metabolites with anti-tumor potentials.

Jobelyn, a West African pharmaceutical product derived from Sorghum bicolor leaf sheaths has been shown to possess strong antitumour and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to evaluate the expression of cell surface markers CD69 on activated natural
killer (NK) cells; natural killer T (NKT) cells; and T cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) upon treatment with
Jobelyn fractions using flow cytometry. Blood was collected from 3 donors, PBMC were isolated and plated with each specific fraction:
crude extracts (J); ethyl acetate (JE); n-butanol (JB); secondary compounds from JE (JE5; JE6); purified and semi-purified compounds from
JE5 (P8 and P9) at specific concentrations (2.5-500 g/ml). For the crude extracts, JE was the most active showing significant expression
of CD69 on NK-(P  0.001), T- (P  0.0001), and NKT- treated cells (P  0.0001). Secondary compound, JE5, of JE also showed significant
CD69 expression on NK- (P  0.018) and T-treated cells (P  0.027), but not on NKT-treated cells (P  0.084). Similarly, the semi-purified
compound P8, from JE5 showed increased expression of CD69 on NK- (P0.023); T- (P  0.001), and NKT-treated cells (P0.007). Evidence
of innate effector cells activation by ethanolic extracts of Jobelyn suggests that this variety of Sorghum may be able to mediate direct cell
cytotoxicity supporting the control and clearance of a number of tumour cells.
Keywords: CD69; NK cells; T cells; NKT cells; innate immunity; flow cytometry

Certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can inhibit fungal growth, fungal prostaglandin E2 production, and enzyme activation. This study aims to investigate the antifungal effect of nimesulide against pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeast. The experiments detailed below were also designed to investigate whether the action is dependent on E2 fungal prostaglandins. Our data showed that nimesulide exhibited potent antifungal activity, mainly against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533) and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC values of 2 and 62 μg/mL, respectively. This drug was also able to inhibit the growth of clinic isolates of filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus, and dermatophytes, such as T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, and M. gypseum, with MIC values ranging from 112 to 770 μg/mL. Our data also showed
that the inhibition of fungal growth by nimesulide was mediated by a mechanism dependent on PGE2, which led to the inhibition of essential fungal enzymes. Thus, we concluded that nimesulide exerts a fungicidal effect against pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeast, involving the inhibition of fungal prostaglandins and fungal enzymes important to the fungal growth and colonization.

Sodium salicylate (NaS) and aspirin (ASA) are known to have a variety of effects on microorganisms, such as fungus (C. albicans and C. neoformans), moreover, it have effects in leukocyte adhesion and migration in vitro. In this report, we investigated the effect of ASA and NaS in neutrophil migration and cytokine production in C. albicans-induced peritonitis murine model. For this, mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p) or orally (po) with NaS or ASA; after they were stimulated i.p. with C. albicans, the cellular migration was evaluated 24 h after stimulation. NaS, in mice treated i.p., unlike ASA, was able to inhibit the neutrophil migration and proinflammatory cytokine production induced by C. albicans, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-10, but did not alter the IL-4 levels in these animals. However, the po treatment with same the dose of NaS or ASA did not affect the influx of this cell for inflammatory site. These results suggest that the NaS inhibits cellular migration and proinflammatory cytokine by different anti-inflammatory mechanism compared to ASA.

The phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Dalbergia stipulacea and
Hymendictyon excelsum has indicated the presence of steroid, flavonoid and glycoside like antioxidative
and cardioprotective compounds.
Methods: Since these compounds are of pharmacological interest, we got curious to check D.
stipulacea and H. excelsum for their possible anti-inflammatory activity by HRBC (Human Red
Blood Cell) membrane stabilization method, anti-arthritic activity by the inhibition of protein denaturation method and anti-thrombotic activity.
Results: The methanolic extracts of these plants exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activity and
remarkable anti-arthritic, anti-thrombotic action. The maximum membrane stabilization of D.
stipulacea and H. excelsum was found to be 72.33±2.52% and 69.33±2.52% at a dose of 1000 μg
and that of protein denaturation was found to be 73.50±1.32% and 70.17±3.01% at the same dose,
correspondingly. On the other hand when compared to Streptokinase for their anti-thrombotic
activity, it was found that they were close to standard with p<0.0001 (from paired t-test), D.
stipulacea and H. excelsum results 46.79±2.43% and 39.01±2.24%, respectively.
Conclusion: Therefore, our studies support the isolation and the use of active constituents from D.
stipulacea and H. excelsum in treating inflammations and rheumatism as well as we should check
for reason of its thrombolytic activity.