Agro-Industrial Wastes

Polyphenols are natural antioxidants and play a very vital role in inhibition of oxidative stress as induced by free radicals in the body. Apple and pomegranate peels are significant agro-industrial wastes. The waste could be utilized to extract polyphenols for processing various functional foods and nutraceuticals. An investigation was executed for extraction of polyphenols from apple and pomegranate peels by sonication and maceration. Three different polar solvents: methanol, ethanol, and acetone were used in the study at two different concentrations (50% and 75%). Yield (%), total polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were performed. The extracts were then utilized in processing functional date bars with 2% and 3% concentrations. The results from the current study articulated that extraction from sonication yields higher quantity of polyphenols than that of maceration technique. The highest polyphenols were extracted at acetone 75% (44.71 mg GAE/g) in apple peel and at methanol 50% (72.21 mg GAE/g) in pomegranate peel. The results also revealed that pomegranate peel has higher polyphenols and greater radical scavenging activity as compared to apple peel. It was concluded that apple and pomegranate peel polyphenolic extract fortified date bars could be utilized as a preventive therapeutic agent against certain oxidative stress degenerative diseases.

Polyphenols are natural antioxidants and play a very vital
role in inhibition of oxidative stress as induced by free
radicals in the body. Apple and pomegranate peels are
significant agro-industrial wastes. The waste could be
utilized to extract polyphenols for processing various
functional foods and nutraceuticals. An investigation
was executed for extraction of polyphenols from apple
and pomegranate peels by sonication and maceration.
Three different polar solvents: methanol, ethanol, and
acetone were used in the study at two different concentrations (50% and 75%). Yield (%), total polyphenolic
content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and
1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging
assay were performed. The extracts were then utilized in
processing functional date bars with 2% and 3% concentrations. The results from the current study articulated
that extraction from sonication yields higher quantity of
polyphenols than that of maceration technique. The
highest polyphenols were extracted at acetone 75%
(44.71 mg GAE/g) in apple peel and at methanol 50%
(72.21 mg GAE/g) in pomegranate peel. The results also
revealed that pomegranate peel has higher polyphenols
and greater radical scavenging activity as compared to
apple peel. It was concluded that apple and pomegranate peel polyphenolic extract fortified date bars could
be utilized as a preventive therapeutic agent against
certain oxidative stress degenerative diseases.

Polyphenols are natural antioxidants and play a very vital role in inhibition of oxidative stress as induced by free radicals in the body. Apple and pomegranate peels are significant agro-industrial wastes. The waste could be utilized to extract polyphenols for processing various functional foods and nutraceuticals. An investigation was executed for extraction of polyphenols from apple and pomegranate peels by sonication and maceration. Three different polar solvents: methanol, ethanol, and acetone were used in the study at two different concentrations (50% and 75%). Yield (%), total polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were performed. The extracts were then utilized in processing functional date bars with 2% and 3% concentrations. The results from the current study articulated that extraction from sonication yields higher quantity of polyphenols than that of maceration technique. The highest ...

Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) can bioconvert lignocellulosic residues due to the secretion of extracellular enzymes. The production of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes by five Pleurotus spp. (P. ostreatus, P. columbinus, P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju, and P. floridanus), developed in the solid and liquid state of fermentation using three argo-wastes (rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and cotton waste), as substrate was evaluated in this work. The total nitrogen and potassium percentage were the highest in rice straw (0.96% and 0.60%). Also, the biological efficiency (BE), from these results, was the highest in P. sajor-caju, and P. columbinus recorded 64.4% on rice straw. It was observed that the submerged liquid fermentation (SmF) was suitable for the growth of all Pleurotus species. Also, the high value of enzymatic activity was determined through this study was higher in the submerged liquid fermentation SmF, than those produced during solid-state culture (SSF). Among proteolytic enzymes, protease is produced by the five Pleurotus spp. presenting the highest enzymatic activity (23.80 U/mL) on SmF and (22.56 U/mg) on SSF. The highest value (1.99 U/mL) of laccase activity of filtrate was estimated from P. ostreatus cultivated on sugarcane bagasse of SmF. Low enzyme level (0.39 U/mg) was manganese peroxidase, obtained from P. floridanus cultivated on the cotton waste of SSF. The enzymatic levels of α-amylase, β-amylase, cellulose, cellobiohydrolase, laccase, and lignin peroxidase were from 2.9-0.50 U/mL.

Cite this as: Abdel-Gawad, K.M., Dawood, M.F., Abdel-Azeez, A., Rashwan, M.A.A. (2019). Production of enzymes by five Pleurotus spp. developed in solid and liquid state fermentation using three agricultural wastes. J. Multidiscip. Sci.1(2), 1-14.

Agro-and forest-industrial wastes are abundant and low cost sources of carbohydrates and phenolic compounds, which can be converted into biofuels, biomaterials, and high added-value compounds by different pathways in small and large biorefineries. The development of technologies based on hydrothermal treatments could improve the utilization of lignocellulosic wastes through the separation of its components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives) in sequential processes. The adopted technologies for the separation and conversion of these lignocellulosic wastes into synthesis intermediates or products of high added value represent an important part of the total production cost. Low liquid to solid ratios and mild temperatures in the pre-treatment are interesting ways of reducing energy costs, subsequently economizing both steam and electricity. This work focuses on the advantages of using low liquid to solid ratios in the hydrothermal treatment of different agro-and forest-industrial wastes, paying particular attention to the performance of separation, purification, and conversion of hemicelluloses. Relevance of Agro-and Forest-Industrial Waste Biorefineries are analogous to petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum, but instead use biomass as raw materials. Biorefinery technology is an alternative to the petroleum-based industry for energy, chemical, and material production from unconventional raw material. Given its renewable nature and low associated pollution, lignocellulosic biomass can be regarded as an important and sustainable source of carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicelluloses) fuel, cellulosic pulp, biomaterials, and a variety of chemicals. Lignocellulosic residues generated by the agro-industry are available in large quantities at low cost. The chemical, thermochemical, and biological conversions of this waste into its main components allow the production of chemical intermediates for the manufacture of various products. The use of forest and agricultural lignocellulosic residues as raw materials to generate high value added products is important because of their renewable nature and high availability (Area and Vallejos 2012).

Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is still one of the most important fermentation product based on the volume of sales and its use for bread-making. New products with better and sophisticated properties that can grow easily on cheap substrates make the search for new and improved industrial strains a promising talk. The present study was envisaged to utilize easily available agro-industrial wastes for biomass production of the yeast isolate (FJ1) having some industrially important attributes (high trehalose content and freeze tolerance) and to compare this isolate with the commercial yeast strains. Seven commercially available Baker’s yeasts formulations procured from local market were screened for their microbiological contaminants and were compared w.r.t morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics with a laboratory isolate (FJ1). Freeze tolerance of all these yeast isolate was studied upto 90 days, whereby, freeze tolerance of FJ1 was comparable with the commercial strain (Allinson). Allinson yeast showed maximum assimilation of maltose which is the main sugar available for fermentation in flour. Allinson and FJ1 showed significantly higher carbohydrate content (%) of 33.62 and 33.89, while for all other 6 brands it was at par. Trehalose content was highest for FJ 1 (5.0 g/100g DW) followed by Falora, Platinum and Allinson, whereas invertase activity was highest in Allinson (205 U/mg). On the basis of the above mentioned properties Allinson was selected as a reference strain and compared with FJ1 isolate for bread making. Optimum conditions for maximum biomass production of both these strains were pH - 6.0, temperature - 30°C and aeration - 120 RPM. Out of the five selected agro-industrial wastes viz. molasses (clarified), molasses (unclarified), whey, sugarcane bagasse and fruit bagasse, maximum biomass production was observed on molasses (un-clarified) as carbon source and with supplementation of corn steep liquor (CSL) as a nitrogen source. At optimized conditions, FJ1 showed biomass yield of 5.63g/L which further increases to 6.54g/L on supplementation with CSL. Therefore, CSL was found to increase the biomass yield by 16.16%. Bread prepared by using FJ1 was compared with that produced from Allinson on nine points hedonic scale for consumer acceptability and quality analysis.

The aim of this work was the use of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju for the previous lignocellulolytic decomposition of banana tree leaf straw and the further use of the degraded straw as substrate for the culture of Agaricus blazei. For optimising the production of A. blazei in terms of yield (Y%) and biological efficiency (BE%), adjustments to the composition of the substrate were evaluated in a 25 experimental design. The following components were tested in relation to % of substrate dry mass: urea (1 and 10%), rice bran (10 or 20%) or ammonium sulphate (0 or 10%), inoculum (10 or 20%) and the casing material (subsoil or burned rice husks). The best results (79.71 Y % and 6.73 BE%) were found when the substrate containing 10 % of rice bran, without ammonium sulphate, inoculated with 20 % and covered with subsoil was used.

Polyphenols are natural antioxidants and play a very vital role in inhibition of oxidative stress as induced by free radicals in the body. Apple and pomegranate peels are significant agro-industrial wastes. The waste could be utilized to extract polyphenols for processing various functional foods and nutraceuticals. An investigation was executed for extraction of polyphenols from apple and pomegranate peels by sonication and maceration. Three different polar solvents: methanol, ethanol, and acetone were used in the study at two different concentrations (50% and 75%). Yield (%), total polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were performed. The extracts were then utilized in processing functional date bars with 2% and 3% concentrations. The results from the current study articulated that extraction from sonication yields higher quantity of polyphenols than that of maceration technique. The highest polyphenols were extracted at acetone 75% (44.71 mg GAE/g) in apple peel and at methanol 50% (72.21 mg GAE/g) in pomegranate peel. The results also revealed that pomegranate peel has higher polyphenols and greater radical scavenging activity as compared to apple peel. It was concluded that apple and pomegranate peel polyphenolic extract fortified date bars could be utilized as a preventive therapeutic agent against certain oxidative stress degenerative diseases.

Reducing sugars produced from agro-industrial wastes by means of hydrolysis represent a promising alternative of chemicals and energy. Yet, large scale production still struggles with several factors involving process complexity, sugars degradation, corrosion, enzyme recyclability, and economic feasibility. More recently, sub and supercritical water hydrolysis has been reported for the production of reducing sugars as a readily available alternative to acid and enzymatic biomass hydrolysis. Accordingly, in this work, the results of batch and semicontinuous lab scale subcritical water hydrolysis experiments of agro-industrial wastes of pea pot and corn stover are discussed. Experiments were carried in the temperature range 250 to 300 °C, pressures up to 3650 psi, residence times up to 30 minutes in batch mode operation, or water flowrates up to 12 mL/min in semicontinuous mode operation. Produced sugars were assessed in the effluent of each experimental run by means of dinitrosalicilic acid method (DNS). A maximum total reducing sugar (TRS) yield of 21.8% was measured for batch pea pot subcritical water hydrolysis experiments at 300°C, 15 minutes, 3650 psi, and 1:6 biomass to water mass ratio. Semicontinuous subcritical water hydrolysis of corn stover showed a maximum TRS accumulated yield of 19% at 290 °C, 1500 psi, and water flowrate of 9 mL/min. The results showed the feasibility of producing reducing sugars from agro-industrial wastes currently discarded through subcritical hydrolysis.

Polyphenols are natural antioxidants and play a very vital role in inhibition of oxidative stress as induced by free radicals in the body. Apple and pomegranate peels are significant agro-industrial wastes. The waste could be utilized to extract polyphenols for processing various functional foods and nutraceuticals. An investigation was executed for extraction of polyphenols from apple and pomegranate peels by sonication and maceration. Three different polar solvents: methanol, ethanol, and acetone were used in the study at two different concentrations (50% and 75%). Yield (%), total polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were performed. The extracts were then utilized in processing functional date bars with 2% and 3% concentrations. The results from the current study articulated that extraction from sonication yields higher quantity of polyphenols than that of maceration technique. The highest polyphenols were extracted at acetone 75% (44.71 mg GAE/g) in apple peel and at methanol 50% (72.21 mg GAE/g) in pomegranate peel. The results also revealed that pomegranate peel has higher polyphenols and greater radical scavenging activity as compared to apple peel. It was concluded that apple and pomegranate peel polyphenolic extract fortified date bars could be utilized as a preventive therapeutic agent against certain oxidative stress degenerative diseases.