Acoustic Phonetics/phonology

Many languages have phonemes in their inventory that result from the combination of two different consonants and have a different manner of articulation. Affricates are created by the sequence of a stop and fricative consonant at the same place of articulation (Ledefoged, 2014; Crystal, 2008; Hayward, 2000; Johnson, 1997). Mahmoodzade (2009: 65) quoting Deihl and Castleman (1996: 192-200) states that the closure is one of the most important acoustic parameters in the affricate/fricative contrast. Also, the frication duration is another important cue to distinguish fricative from affricate consonants. In addition to frication and closure, the amplitude rise time is also one of the acoustic features that contrast fricatives and affricates. Amplitude rise time increases more rapidly than fricatives (Hayward, 2000; Johnson, 1997). Hayward also states that the closure duration and frication length are shorter than stop and fricatives respectively. The constriction of affricates consists of closure region of stop and frication region of fricative (2000, 368). Affricate consonants have received less attention, but in recent years, some studies have looked at affricates' properties in different languages ​​such as Hindi (Dixit and Hoffman, 2004), Korean (Kim, 2001; 2004), Italian (Falowski and Bendeto, 2011) and two dialects in Catalan (Recasens and Spinosa, 2007). Mitani et al., (2006) examined the perceptual distinction of voiceless fricative and affricate in Japanese. They found that many acoustic cues, including frication length and amplitude rise time play a role in distinguishing / ʃ / and / ʧ / in Japanese. Studies have been conducted in English to contrast the manner and place of articulation and also to investigate the differentiation between affricate and fricative consonants. Repp et al., (1978) compared the manner of articulation in / ʃ / and / ʧ / and showed that by reducing the frication length in the middle part of the frication, similar changes occur in the manner of two consonants. They conducted another experiment which also stated that the short interval is one of the important cues between affricates and fricatives in the term of manner of articulation.

It has been long noticed that it is difficult to maintain both trilling and palatalization (Brok 1910, Shevelov 1979, Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, Kavitskaya 1997, among others). Various suggestions as to why this should be the case have been made in the literature. The general idea present in most accounts is that trilling and palatalization involve different constraints that make conflicting demands and are thus incompatible. For instance, Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 claim that the raising of the blade and front of the tongue ...

It has been long noticed that it is difficult to maintain both trilling and palatalization (Brok 1910, Shevelov 1979, Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, Kavitskaya 1997, among others). Various suggestions as to why this should be the case have been made in the literature. The general idea present in most accounts is that trilling and palatalization involve different constraints that make conflicting demands and are thus incompatible. For instance, Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 claim that the raising of the blade and front of the tongue ...

It has been long noticed that it is difficult to maintain both trilling and palatalization (Brok 1910, Shevelov 1979, Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, Kavitskaya 1997, among others). Various suggestions as to why this should be the case have been made in the literature. The general idea present in most accounts is that trilling and palatalization involve different constraints that make conflicting demands and are thus incompatible.