Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development Series Editors Diery Seck, CREPOL - Center for Research on Political Economy, Dakar, Senegal Juliet U. Elu, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA, USA Yaw Nyarko, New York University, New York, NY, USA Africa is emerging as a rapidly growing region, still facing major challenges, but with a potential for significant progress – a transformation that necessitates vigorous efforts in research and policy thinking. This book series focuses on three intricately related key aspects of modern-day Africa: economic, social and political development. Making use of recent theoretical and empirical advances, the series aims to provide fresh answers to Africa’s development challenges. All the sociopolitical dimensions of today’s Africa are incorporated as they unfold and new policy options are presented. The series aims to provide a broad and interactive forum of science at work for policymaking and to bring together African and international researchers and experts. The series welcomes monographs and contributed volumes for an academic and professional audience, as well as tightly edited conference proceedings. Relevant topics include, but are not limited to, economic policy and trade, regional integration, labor market policies, demographic development, social issues, political economy and political systems, and environmental and energy issues. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11885 Rotimi Ajayi • Joseph Yinka Fashagba Editors Nigerian Politics Editors Rotimi Ajayi Political Science Federal University Lokoja Ido - Ekiti, Nigeria Joseph Yinka Fashagba Department of Political Science Federal University Lokoja Lokoja, Nigeria ISSN 2198-7262 ISSN 2198-7270 (electronic) Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development ISBN 978-3-030-50508-0 ISBN 978-3-030-50509-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50509-7 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface In recent years, most of the literature on Nigerian politics have become inadequate in illuminating our understanding of the whole gamut of the politics and politicking in Nigeria. The inadequacy did not arise due to the low quality of the literature; in fact, most of the writers did excellently in compiling those brilliant pieces. Most of them have shed light on specific areas or focused on a period in the history of the nation in such a way that readers in other climes, not familiar with Nigeria, may readily find it accessible, educating, informative and illuminating. However, the coverage and subject specificity of most of the books meant that a few different books must be purchased to truly understand and have broad knowledge of the processes of government and the ways politics has been played in Nigeria from the pre-colonial period to the modern time. Thus, this edited piece, containing twenty five chapters, has been carefully prepared to cover broad areas of Nigerian politics from the pre-colonial era to the modern time. The subject areas covered include: history, politics, policy, economics, government, institutions, foreign policy and the challenges of the Nigerian state. In some instances, we dedicate a number of chapters to some of the subject listed above to cover as much areas as possible. The contributors to this edited volume developed their respective chapters to produce a master piece that we present to you. We achieved this by carefully selecting some seasoned academics from different universities in Nigeria. Efforts to get this project started in 2013. The effort was partially successful but that was not what we desired. Consequently, we had to return to the drawing board because full success is when this project is read all over the world, especially wherever those interested in Nigerian politics as well as the Africanists, the world over, may be able to access the book. The new efforts received fresh live and oil in 2019 with vigorous drive and many days of sleepless night to produce this piece. In chapter one of this book, under the subsection titled, ‘The lay-out of this book’, the lead editor, Dr Joseph Yinka Fashagba, carefully highlights the subject matter covered by each chapter in the order in which the chapters appeared in the book. At different times, this project received professional and moral supports from different scholars and people. Specifically, the idea that gave rise to this project was initially discussed with Dr. Oluwashakin Ajinde, currently with the Department of v vi Preface Political Science, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti and also the late Professor Arthur E. Davies of the Department of Political Science, University of Ilorin, by Dr. Joseph Yinka Fashagba. Regretfully, Professor Davies passed on in 2018, eight months after his retirement from University of Ilorin. He was a great scholar and a great mentor to the two editors of this volume. He also supervised the Phd of Dr. Joseph Yinka Fashagba. May his soul rest in peace. Therefore, we sincerely express our profound gratitude to Dr. Ajinde and late Davies for their input into this project. Similarly, we are grateful to the late Professor Sunday Otokiti for giving us his moral support through persistent encouragement. Also, all thanks to Professor Ogundiya of the Department of Political Science, Utman Dan Fodio University, Sokoto for the thorough review and editorial work he did on eighteen of the twenty five chapter of this book. Similarly, we appreciate Lorraine Klimowich of the Springer Nature publisher for his encouragement that made this publication a reality. Also many thanks to Shobha Karuppiah, Faith Su and Susan Westendorf and other members of the Springer Nature team as well for their contribution to the production of this book. We also appreciate all our contributors for their hard work, time and for always responding to queries promptly. Many thanks to our families, Mrs. Taiwo Fashagba and Helen Ajayi for their understanding and patience with us while the project lasted. Lastly, all glory to God for his mercies over us and the publication of this book. Lokoja, Nigeria Joseph Yinka Fashagba Contents 1 Nigeria: Understanding the Contour of the Political Terrain . . . . . . . Joseph Yinka Fashagba 2 Nigeria up to 1914: Some Emerging Political and Economic Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohammed Audu and Roseline Oshewolo 25 Nigeria Between 1914 and 1960: Political-Constitutional Changes and Crises in an Era of Colonialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olajide O. Akanji 37 Postcolonial Nigeria: Power and Politics in the First Republic, 1960–1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daniel Eseme Gberevbie and Samuel Oni 55 3 4 1 5 The Executive Arm of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stephen Akinyemi Lafenwa and Leke Abraham Oluwalogbon 77 6 The National Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joseph Yinka Fashagba and Chiedo Nwankwor 99 7 The Politics of Intergovernmental Relations: Assessing the Many Phases and Challenges of Nigeria’s Judicial System . . . . . 125 Agaptus Nwozor 8 Nigeria (Con)Federal Structure? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Emmanuel O. Ojo 9 Local Government/Governance System in Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Toyin Abe and Femi Omotoso 10 Bureaucracy, Bureaucratic Politics, and the Policy Establishment . . 217 Fatai Ayinde Aremu and Solomon Adebayo Adedire vii viii Contents 11 Party Politics and Political Parties Under Presidential and Parliamentary Democracy in Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Margaret Apine and Sophia Balogun 12 Nigerian Economy During Colonial Era: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Sunday Olabisi Adewara 13 Debt Crisis, Structural Reforms and Debt Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Roseline Oshewolo and Segun Oshewolo 14 Terrorism in Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Segun Joshua and Felix Chidozie 15 Postcolonial Party Politics and Some Aspects of Intergroup Relation in Nigeria up to 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Fidelis Achoba and Borok Andrew Maren 16 Nationalism and National Integration in Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Abubakar Abdulahi and Yahaya T. Baba 17 The Niger Delta, Oil Politics and the Nigerian State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Luqman Saka, Moh’d Azizuddin Moh’d Sani, and Adedoyin J. Omede 18 Money Politics in the Nigerian Electoral Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Arthur E. Davies 19 Population Census Administration in Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 J. F. Olorunfemi and Irewolede Fashagba 20 Politics of Pension Administration in Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Mathew Olasehinde Fashagba 21 Corruption, Politics and Governance in Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Sheriff Folarin 22 Military Intervention in Nigerian Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Solomon A. Adedire and John. S. Olanrewaju 23 Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: Continuity, Change and Contradictions . . 407 Segun Oshewolo and Femi Fayomi Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Notes on Contributors Toyin Abe is Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Ekiti State University. He obtained his PhD degree in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He is with the Department of Political Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. His papers have appeared in both local and international outlets. His key areas of expertise include Governance, Political Economy, Public Policy, International Relations and Development Studies. Abubakar Abdulallahi is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science, Uthman Dan Fodio University, Sokoto. Solomon Adedire holds a PhD degree and he is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Landmark University, Kwara State. He is holder of a doctoral degree in Political Science. Sunday Olabisi Adewara is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Economics, Landmark University, Nigeria. He is a holds a PhD degree in Economics. Rotimi Ajayi is Professor of Political Science and the pioneer Vice Chancellor of Landmark University, Omuaran, Kwara State, Nigeria. He is currently with the Department of Political Science, Federal University Lokoja. He is a holder of a PhD degree from the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. His areas of research interests span comparative politics, political economy and public administration. Professor Ajayi has won a number of local and international awards at different times. He was with the University of Texas on Fellowship between 1993 and 1994. He has published extensively in both local and foreign outlets. He was Acting Head of Department of Political Science, Delta State University, Abraka; Head, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State; and Dean, College of Development Stusies, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun state. ix x Notes on Contributors Olajide O. Akanji is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Science at the University of Ibadan. He holds a PhD degree in Political Science from the same university. He was with the King’s College, London, as a research fellow for 18 month between 2011 and 2013. He has participated in several local and international workshops and conferences. He is an alumnus of the American Political Science Association (APSA) Africa Workshop. His publications have appeared in both local and international journals. Margaret Apine is Lecturer I in the Department of Political Science, Federal University, Lokoja, Nigeria. Fatai A. Aremu is Professor of Political Science at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. He holds a PhD in Asia Pacific Studies from the Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (Japan) where he was awarded a ‘Certificate of Merit for Outstanding Quality of Dissertation’. His research focus covers Comparative Institutions, International Political Economy, Asia-Pacific and Development Studies. He is the author of Asymmetrical Foreign Policy Behaviour of Japan and China (2011). He is co-editor (with H. A. Saliu) of Introduction to International Relations (2012) and Introduction to Political Science (forthcoming). His works have appeared in several reputable journals including African and Asian Studies, Ritsumeikan Journal of Asia Pacific Studies and Asia Pacific World among others. He is an alumnus of several methodology training programmes including the prestigious APSA Africa Methodology Workshop and Institute for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research (IQMR) as well as the American Political Science Association (APSA) Africa Workshop among others. Mohammed S. Audu is Professor of History at Federal University, Lokoja, Nigeria. He holds a doctorate degree in History and is currently Head of the Department of History at the Federal University, Lokoja, Nigeria. Moh’d Azizuddin Moh’d Sani is Professor of Political Science, School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia. Yahaya T. Baba is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Science at Uthman Dan Fodio University, Sokoto. He holds a PhD degree in Political Science from the same university. He has published widely on democratic governance, especially legislative studies. He has participated in several local and international workshops and conferences. He is an alumnus of the American Political Science Association (APSA) Africa Workshop. Sophia Osebi Balogun is Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Political Science at Federal University, Lokoja, Nigeria. Felix Chidozie is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Covenant University, Ogun State. He is doctoral candidate in the same university. Notes on Contributors xi Arthur E. Davies is late Professor of Political Science and former Head of Department of Political Science, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. He obtained his PhD from the University of Lagos, Nigeria, after which he joined the University of Ilorin. He focuses on comparative politics and political theory. His papers have appeared in several reputable local and international journals. Moses M. Duruji is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ogun State. He obtained his doctorate degree from the same university. He is a specialist in conflict studies. Joseph Yinka Fashagba is an Associate Professor and the Head of Department of Political Science, Federal University Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. Fashagba holds a PhD degree in Political Science from the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Fashagba specialises in African politics and democratic institutions with particular interest in legislative studies. His papers have appeared in both local and international journals. He has presented papers in different countries and institutions. He coedited the African State Governance: Subnational Politics and National Power with Professors Carl LeVan of the School of International Service, American University, Washington DC, and Edward MacMahon of University of Vermont. His newly co-edited book published by Springer Nature in 2019 was titled The Nigerian National Assembly. Irewole Fashagba is a Lecturer in Kwara State PolyTechnic. He holds a doctoral degree from the Department of Geography, University of Ilorin. His papers have appeared in a number of local outlets. His research interest is population studies. Matthew Olasehinde Fashagba is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Business Administration at Federal University Lokoja, Lokoja, Nigeria. He is a holder of the PhD degree in Business Administration with special interest in actuarial studies. Femi Fayomi is Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Landmark University, Nigeria. Sheriff Folarin is Professor and Head of Department of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria. He is a holder of the PhD in Political Science Degree at Covenant University. Daniel Eseme Gberevbie is Professor of Political Science in the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ogun State. He holds BSc, MSc and PhD degrees in Political Science and Public Administration. Currently, he is the Deputy Dean, School of Social Sciences. He is a member of Nigerian Institute of Management, Nigerian Association of Political Science and Chartered Institute of Personnel Management of Nigeria (CIPMN). xii Notes on Contributors Segun Joshua is Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science, Kola Daisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State. He obtained his doctorate degree from the same university. His areas of interest include: Comparative Politics, Governance, Violence, Conflict and Peace Studies. Steven Lafenwa is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Science at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. He holds a PhD degree in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. Dr Lafenwa writes on democratic institutions/governance. He has participated in several local and international conferences. Chiedo Nwankwor is a Lecturer and Research Associate in the African Studies Program, John Hopkins School of Advanced International Stusies, Washington DC. Agaptus Nwozor is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Landmark University, Omu-Aran. He obtained his PhD degree in Political Science from University Nigeria, Nzuka. His research interest is in comparative studies, international relations and conflict studies. Shola John Olarewaju holds a PhD in Political Science and he is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Landmark University, Nigeria J. F. Olorunfemi is Professor of Geography and specialist in Population Studies. He has consulted for different organisations at local, national and international levels. His papers have appeared in reputable local and foreign outlets. He is with the Department of Geography, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. He has been visiting professor to different universities. He is currently with the Obahemi Awolowo University as a visiting Professor. Leke Abraham Oluwalogbon is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Redeemer’s University, Ogun State. He is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science, University of Ibadan. Adedoyin J. Omede is Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. She was acting Head of Department. She obtained her PhD degree in Political Science from the University of Lagos. Femi Omotoso is Professor of Political Science. He obtained his PhD degree in Political Science from the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. He is the Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ekiti State University, and former Director of the Part Time Programme of the institution. He has published articles in reputable journals both locally and internationally and has contributed chapters in books. Professor Omotoso has edited several books including Readings in Political Behaviour. Notes on Contributors xiii Samuel Oni is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ogun State. He obtained his doctorate from the same university. He is a specialist in legislative studies. Segun Oshewolo is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Landmark University, Omu-Aran. He obtained his PhD degree in Political Science from the University of Ilorin. He has appeared in several local and international journals. His area of specialization is International Relations Roseline M. Oshewolo is a Lecturer in the Department of History of the Federal University, Lokoja, Nigeria. Luqman Saka is Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. He obtained his doctorate degree from the Universiti Utara Malaysia.