Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Building and Environment 39 (2004) 307 – 316
www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv
A building elements selection system for architects
Halil Z. Alibaba∗ , Mesut B. Ozdeniz
Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, North Cyprus Via Mersin, 10 Turkey
Received 2 December 2002; received in revised form 26 July 2003; accepted 10 September 2003
Abstract
This paper explains the development stages of an expert system BES for the evaluation and selection of the building elements. The
work covers all kinds of building elements that are available in building construction including retaining walls, foundations, external walls,
internal walls, oors, external stairs, internal stairs, roofs, external chimneys, internal chimneys, windows, and external doors and internal
doors. The selection is based on the importance of performance requirements of the building elements and their expected performances.
The selection is achieved by SMART Methodology, and the expert system shell “Exsys Corvid” is used to construct the expert system.
Use of computer and Internet with its advantages in handling vast amount of data makes the system widely applicable and a useful
design aid for architects. The decision-making feature of the system provides a suitable selection among numerous alternatives. The paper
explains the experience gained through the use of this method and discusses further development of the system.
? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Building elements; Performance requirements; Exsys corvid; Architectural design; Design aid; Smart methodology and expert systems
1. Introduction
The selection of building elements correctly among a vast
number of alternatives is an important problem in architecture. Selection of building elements depends on di erent factors. Wrong building element selection causes serious
problems concerned with economy, construction functionality and appearance, which will not be easy to correct. This
paper deals with an expert system proposed for this purpose.
The architecture of the building element selection system is
shown in Fig. 1.
As already known, expert systems are computer programs
which are composed of knowledge about one special eld
and are used for solving the problems as human experts can
solve. In expert systems there are a number of advantages.
Firstly, expertise of human is perishable because human may
change jobs, become ill or even die. However, computer expertise is permanent. Secondly, human expertise is dicult
to transfer. Expert systems can be shared in many places at
the same time. Finally, human expertise is very expensive,
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-392-630-1142; fax: +90-392365-09-18.
E-mail addresses: halil.alibaba@emu.edu.tr (H.Z. Alibaba), mesut.
ozdeniz@emu.edu.tr (M.B. Ozdeniz).
∗
0360-1323/$ - see front matter ? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2003.09.010
the salary of an expert person is more than the cost of personal computer and the related software. Expert systems
are therefore much more a ordable. There are some disadvantages of expert systems compared to human beings.
Firstly, human is creative and inspired; however, computers are uninspired. Secondly, human is exible and easily
adapts to other domain knowledge; however, computers are
not very exible. Thirdly, humans possess common sense,
however, expert systems cannot apply knowledge to a problem beyond their domain, because expert systems have got
a rather narrow focus about a particular problem. Fourthly,
human learning is more advanced than the expert system
learning [1,2].
Expert system building tools, called “shells”, allow users
to develop an expert system in an easy way. The “shells”
are also expert systems that have been emptied of their rules
so that the knowledge engineer concentrates on entering the
knowledge base without having to build everything, including the inference engine and user interface. It is very easy
for non-programming experts to be familiar with them. The
shells are also not exible. Therefore it is not easy to change
or modify the way they work. In the literature there are a
number of expert system shells in the market [1]. Any expert systems developed with EXSYS asks questions to the
system designer about the subject or domain. The designer
H.Z. Alibaba, M.B. Ozdeniz
/ Building and Environment 39 (2004) 307 – 316
308
BUILDING ELEMENTS SELECTION SYSTEM
Exsys Corvid (version 1.2.14)
Knowledge Base
User Interface
(629 rules)
Inference Engine
(forward chaining)
Fig. 1. Architecture of the building elements selection system.
responds by selecting a single answer or multi-answers from
a list. The program will ask questions till the conclusion.
Conclusion is sometimes the selection of a single solution
or a list of possible group of solutions arranged in the order
requested by designer. The program on request, can explain
how it arrives at its conclusion [3,4].
There are also some expert systems for selection making.
Rivard et al. [5] proposed a shared conceptual model for the
building envelope design process in order to provide communication between the di erent members of building design team. The wealth of data in this area are organized into
major envelope entities, which are then decomposed into
cohesive sets of data called “primitives” to form the conceptual model. This study focuses on modeling the user requirements and does not address the modeling of the building
envelope design. In addition, the grades of the building elements in terms of performance speci cations are collected
from the expert people by a survey. SMART methodology
is used for this selection [6–8].
Mohan had made a review of expert systems in building
construction area at its infancy [9]. After this review many
more expert systems were introduced. It is worthwhile to
mention the most important ones.
Altunay [10] proposed a model for the selection of internal
nishes. This model handles oor covering materials made
of wood, stone, ceramic, metal, concrete, plastic, carpet, partition walls, plastering and painting materials. The factors
that are taken into consideration are: strength and durability,
maintenance, ergonomic, health and safety, acoustic, re resistance and aesthetics. In order to evaluate the importance
of the factors Paired Comparision Scoring Matrix Method
was used. The functional spaces included in this model are
bathroom, kitchen, laundry, entrance, bedroom, living room,
corridor and lobby. The user of the system establishes the
weight of importance for each factor. Then the system integrates this input with knowledge and proposes some material alternatives with the highest score.
Mahmoud and Al-Hammad [11] proposed another model
for the ‘evaluation and selection of oor nishing materials’. In this model there are three lters. The rst lter
narrows down the material options considered for evaluation and selection. Second lter has two parts. The rst part
determines the performance requirement criteria weights via
paired comparison scoring matrix methodology. In the second part, the determined performance requirements criteria
weights for each of building’s functional space will then be
used in evaluation matrix. The third lter is about the cost
analysis of the selected materials. In this stage the selected
materials from the previous lter are examined and ranked
according to their costs. As a result, the one with the lowest
cost is recommended.
Cheung, Kuen and Skitmore proposed a model for the selection of architectural consultants [12]. The model is based
on multi-criteria evaluation model.
In summary, none of the existing methods for building
element selection cover all the building elements. The selection criteria used are not complete. None of the existing
methods tackled the problem of performance requirements
since they are di erent for each building element.
2. The proposed system
The expert system proposed in this article is called Building Elements Selection System (BES). It is a design aid
for architects in selecting building elements during the early
stages of design process. Any wrong decision without an
expertise knowledge at this stage cannot be corrected at the
later stages in an architectural design. The professional architects and the students of architecture will be able to benet from this design aid. This separation is necessary because
both types of designers have di erent levels of knowledge
about building elements and their performances. The system
will aid in international building construction arena and will
also be available via the internet.
The method for the selection of building elements consists of the performance requirements of building elements,
knowledge acquisition and knowledge representation. The
architects who will use BES will be asked to input important weights for the performance requirements. Simple
Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) is used for
changing the weights of importance of the performance requirements, to the normalized weights. It will also help
in selecting the best alternatives. Edward developed Smart
Methodology in 1971 as a basic method for assisting the
decision-makers by simplifying complex decisions through
a series of stages [6]. In this method, even if there are two
competitors at minimum, with equal weights of importance,
the selection can be made. However, there is another selection method called Analytic Hierarchy Process or Paired
Comparison Method. As its name implies, this method cannot give any result between two equal weighted competitors.
It works for a pair to select the one with greater priority.
Smart is preferred to BES because of this attribute.
Exsys Corvid version 1.2.14 was chosen as an expert system shell for BES because it can be used via Internet as well.
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309
Fig. 2. List for “external walls”.
Exsys Corvid supports “jpg” les that are useful for providing users with the building construction details and information about selected sub-building elements. Exsys Corvid
delivers knowledge not just as information, it also delivers
advice and recommendations. Exsys Corvid has got a very
easy user interface that does not require special training in
computer science.
There are six di erent user interfaces in BES. The default
values in these user interfaces can be accepted by the inexperienced architects and the students of architecture. However, they can be changed by experienced architects due
to their preferences and experience. Therefore, all of these
interfaces are same for the experienced and inexperienced
architects. The rst user interface is a welcoming menu. The
second user interface is for the selection of main building
elements out of nine di erent types. The third user interface
is for the selection of sub-building elements (Fig. 2). This
user interface has nine menus. The fourth user interface is
for listing the performance requirements of each main building element (Fig. 3). There are di erent lists of performance
requirements for each building element types. For example, if designer selects “wall” and then external wall from
second user interface, the alternative external wall types will
be seen in the third user interface and the performance re-
quirement lists will be seen in the fourth user interface. The
expert system will rank the performance requirements in
terms of importance according to the preferences of the designer. For this purpose, the designer will be asked to give
a grade to each performance requirements out of hundred.
Since every performance requirement gets a separate importance grade, these grades should have a normalized weight.
SMART will normalize these weights. The grade given by
the designer will be added to each other and total grade for
all performance requirements will be found. Later the grade
for each performance requirements will be divided by the
total grade to get the normalized weight. For example, if
the designer attributes 90 to re resistance, 80 to cost, 95 to
strength and stability and zero to the rest of the performance
requirements the total grade will be 265. The normalized
weight for re resistance will be 90=265 = 0:33 and so on.
The highest normalized weight will indicate the most important performance requirement of the designer. The total
of the normalized weights will always be equal to 1. The
zero-graded performance requirements will be eliminated.
The fth user interface is about the grading of expected
performance of the selected sub-building elements. This
step gives di erent chances to professional architects and
to students of architecture depending on their knowledge
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/ Building and Environment 39 (2004) 307 – 316
Fig. 3. List for the performance requirements of “external walls” with the edit box for default values.
background. They may accept or change the default values
(Fig. 4). These data acquisition categorizes the building
elements as poor, medium and best according to the performance expected from them. This knowledge is acquired
from the expert people and integrated to the expert system.
Structured interview technique is used while acquiring the
grades of importance for the performance requirements and
grades of expected performance from the sub-building elements from the expert people. For each grade the average
grade of all expert people is used. These experts are selected
from the universities and from the construction companies
in North Cyprus. The expert system will ask questions with
an edit box continuously. In the categorisation, poor will be
graded as 1 or 2, medium as 3 or 4 and best as 5 or 6. For
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Fig. 4. List for the grading of performances expected from “stone solid wall” with the edit box for default values.
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Fig. 5. Results page of building elements selection system for external walls.
example, grading the wall for re resistance will require the
architects to think about the performance of walls as poor,
medium or best. The expected performance grading will
be multiplied with the normalized performance requirement
weights for re resistance. Each result of the multiplication
will be added to establish the nal grade. When all external
wall types are graded, BES will show the external wall alternatives with the highest grades in descending order.
In the sixth user interface, the expert system will list
the grades for the advised building elements so designer
can think about them before clicking (Fig. 5). Although,
the building element with the highest grade is the most
appropriate one, the second or third highest graded alternatives can be considered as well. Clicking on the name of
each alternative will bring their drawings and details as “jpg”
les (Fig. 6). On every “jpg” le there are three buttons
called Performance Speci cations, Cost Calculation button
and CPI Calculator button. Performance Speci cations button allows architects to reach the documentation of building
elements. Cost calculation button is used for nding total
cost of the building element or building itself. CPI calculator button is used for standardization of the cost of building
elements so that they can be compared in di erent times.
For the whole BES, 307 user interfaces are prepared. In
Figs. 2–5, only the user interfaces about external wall
are shown as an example. The owchart of BES is given
in Fig. 7.
3. Discussion
BES o ers a list of building element types through a
user-friendly interface, which makes it easy for the user to
interact with the system. It allows the user to make selections
among alternative main building elements and sub-building
elements easily by a single or multiple check clicks. Checking will be bene cial for the selection of building elements
because the unchecked element types will not be considered
by the system any more (Fig. 2).
BES is designed to o er a list of performance requirements for building elements in which the user can modify easily. SMART Methodology is used for normalizing
the grades of importance of the performance requirements
according to the designer. As a result, the proposed system
will yield the selected sub-building elements in a ranked
order starting from the best choice. The nal selection of
building elements by the designer will depend on this rank.
BES is designed to show a list of constructional advices for the building element alternatives. Thus, depending
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313
Fig. 6. “jpg” construction detail page for stone solid wall.
on these advices the designer can make the nal selection
among the most suitable alternatives.
Performance requirements are related to the expectations
of the people from buildings. The performance requirements
may di er from person to person and none of them can
have certainty. Some of the performance requirements can
be more important than the others. However, performance
speci cations deal with information about the underlying
requirements. For example, with a broader concept of performance speci cation, selection of an external wall needs
adequate re resistance, good appearance, strength and stability, vapor permeability, reasonable cost and so on. For a
user, appearance may be less important than the cost. Performance speci cations for the buildings can describe the
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Start
Welcoming Menu
No
Selection of main Building Elements
yes
Selection of one or more Sub-Building Elements
Selection of Performance Requirements for the
Selected Main Building Element and giving weight of
importance (0-100) to the Performance Requirements.
Finding the Normalised Weight of the Performance Requirements.
Evaluation of Building Elements Alternatives in terms of Performance
Requirements.
Ranking of the Building Element Alternatives.
Maximum Ranked Value
Decision on the Building
Element Alternatives.
Yes
Do You wish to select another Main
Building Element.
No
Stop
Fig. 7. Flowchart of building elements selection system.
works to be done and standards to be achieved after design
has been nished. Performance speci cation tells us about
the sizes, materials of the building element and type of nish
to be used and so on. Performance speci cations can be in
the form of written documents, drawings and instructions.
There are changeable default values for the importance of
“performance requirements” and the expected performance
of the building elements. The designer may select the default
value or an alternative one according to his own expertise.
One of the reasons for selecting the Exsys Corvid shell is
its ability to support images. In BES, construction details of
the building elements are represented as “jpg” les. These
are prepared to be shown at the sixth user interface where
the suggested ranked sub-building elements are shown to the
architects. The clicking of the sub-building element will lead
to the “jpg” les. These gures include information about
the building types in which they can be used. Moreover, very
detailed analysis about their cost is given on every “jpg”
le via “Cost Calculation” button. All the costs were given
with February 2002 prices. In order to compare them with
the cost of new building elements in future all the prices are
standardized with consumer price index (CPI). Consumer
Price Index predicts the price changes during a time interval.
It considers predicted in ation. The CPI in BES can estimate
the future expenses of the building elements. This calculator
works for the years between 2002 and 2010 [13,14]. Thus,
any cost added in the future can be comparable.
Hardware requirements of BES is a PC with Pentium and
Internet Explorer 5 (minimum). BES is designed to use the
forward chaining, inference method. There are three types of
rules in this system. The rst type is for nding normalized
weights for the importance of performance requirements.
When the normalized weights for performance requirements
are found, the user interfaces for every clicked sub-building
elements appears. The second type of rule is for multiplication of normalized weights with the expected performance
H.Z. Alibaba, M.B. Ozdeniz
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grades of sub-building elements. Third type of rule is about
connecting rst type of rule with second type of rule in
order to give ranked results for a number of best sub-building
elements.
BES can always provide the user with a result, unless all
the grades of importance for the performance requirements
are not entered as zero. The grades of importance for performance requirements are between “0” to “100” because
“0” means the elimination of the performance requirements.
In order to develop BES, two di erent prototypes were
prepared and tested. The rst prototype was separate for
the experienced and inexperienced architects. The critics of
the experts were integrated to the system and the second
prototype was prepared.
The students and architects who tested BES found the
number of questions good and ecient. BES is found to
be more attractive for the 4th year and 3rd year students
than the 1st and 2nd year students, because 1st and 2nd
year students were not aware of the problems of building
elements selection. Besides, the 3rd and 4th year students
enjoyed BES because of its educational features and showing
“jpg” images in detail.
As stated earlier, SMART is preferred in BES for selecting the best ones among the competitive alternatives. In order to make SMART work, designers’ preferences should
be known. These preferences can be di erent from person to
person. In order to avoid problem, the method was tried on
many specialized people and their averages were included
in BES as default values. The default values in BES give
chance to inexperienced designer in selecting the building
components. Any user of BES may accept or change the default values. It is also possible to accept some of the default
values and change the others.
BES contains 13 building elements, 308 sub-building
elements and 248 performance requirements. There are
di erent performance requirement lists for each building
element although some of the performance requirements
are common. For example, re resistance is a common performance requirement for most of the building elements.
Every building element has di erent advice page produced
by system. One of these is provided as an example for
external walls in Fig. 5.
The experienced designers’ grades of importance for the
performance requirement were also identical. This shows
the consistency of designers about importance that is given
to performance requirements. However, the inexperienced
designer’s grades were too di erent. This shows the unawareness of the inexperienced designers about the importance given to performance requirements and BES can also
be used as an educational tool.
Grading of building elements in terms of performances
expected from them was identical for the experienced designers, though, in many cases they commented about the
default values. However, inexperienced designers gave
di erent grades. This is a very normal situation because
inexperience designers do not know much about the build-
315
ing construction materials and elements. In this manner, the
default values are found very useful in BES.
Generally, the professional architects found BES as an
experimental invention for building elements selection. The
professionals tested their judgements and discovered some
di erent results by changing the default values. Some of
them discovered that several sub-building elements could
be used safely in building because there was a wrong interpretation in their mind before. Frequently asked questions
and general reactions can be stated as follows: (1) Can the
client be integrated to BES? (2) When we grade cladding
wall, will we grade the main structure of the wall as well?
(3) When we grade timber for re resistance shall we consider natural timber or re proofed timber? (4) Is it logical
to ask rain-tightness for roof in BES? (5) Why structural
glass was not included as a building element? The following
answers are given to these questions: (1) The architect can
show and explain the alternative building element proposals
of BES to the client and use the clients’ preferences in nal
decision. (2) When we grade cladding wall we only grade
the cladding itself not the main structure of the wall. (3)
When grading the building elements, the materials should be
considered as in their natural form. (4) All the performance
requirements of the building elements were taken from the
list of CIB, which is an authoritarian organization in this respect. (5) Any new building element can be added to BES.
4. Conclusions
BES is intended both for experienced and inexperienced
architects and for all kinds of building types. It can be used
during the preliminary design stage when the small mistakes
of designers may cause big problems in later stages of the
design. It will help the designers in selecting the building
elements rationally. It is an ideal design aid for all architects
with its simplicity and decision-making.
Normally, in designing the building element selection is
made according to some decisions of the designer. These
decisions are sometimes correct but sometimes they are totally wrong and do not satisfy the client needs. Precise
decision-making needs knowledge, rapid reasoning and accuracy, which is not an easy thing to obtain most of the time.
A survey of existing expert systems was also made. All
of them were found to be local works so they are not widely
applicable systems like BES. Most of the existing systems
can be used with personal computers but BES can be used
anywhere in the world via the Internet.
While using BES, the architects and students found it very
easy to interact through its simpli ed user interfaces and
the internet. Moreover, the system is de ned to be portable
because it could be transferred to any personal computer
through HTML les that are installed in a CD.
If an architect wishes to include the client’s preferences
that are related with cost in building element selection, it can
easily be done with BES. This may be necessary for taking
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/ Building and Environment 39 (2004) 307 – 316
decisions on the building elements with di erent costs of
sub-building elements. BES is an open-ended expert system.
It is possible to change the list of performance requirements,
add new building elements.
BES gives the opportunity to the users to rank their
sub-building element selections. The bene t of ranking is
selecting the sub-building elements according to the most
important performance requirements. All of the above advantages of BES and manual selection of building elements
with similar reasoning would take 2 weeks while with BES
it will take only several minutes. Thus BES can be regarded
as an e ective tool in selecting the sub-building elements.
Additional work planned for the future is to develop multiple comparable “documentation method for building elements” so that speci cations of building elements in terms of
thermal resistance, acoustics, re, moisture, strength, durability, etc. can be achieved easily. This is needed because
CIB’s master lists for the documentation of building elements aim the manufacturers rather than the architects.
BES can be used as an educational and design tool as
well. Building construction education is a very important issue involving building elements selection. Knowledge about
constructional aspects of building elements and comparison
of building elements in terms of performance requirements
and speci cations are the main areas for this future research.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Mehmet Tolun
and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ugur Dagl for their help, advice and
support at all stages of this paper and to the Eastern Mediterranean University, TEKMER organization for the nancial
support of this research.
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