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Page 1 of 18 Endocrine Connections Publish Ahead of Print, published on September 27, 2017 as doi:10.1530/EC-17-0269 ! % & ' ( 0 - . 2 % )! / ' ! #! $ & * * 0! ( & 34 (! '2 "& 1- . % ( (! ' - ! #! $ + , - . / / ! - . " ! 0 - . 5 % ' 6! ' % ( " * (! ' 7 89 : 5 ;;<=1"81 " 88< > ;;<=18"81 " 88? @ ! A! $ B1 ! 3 3 ( ! ' @ ": >@ C )! ( ( )! ( '! @" @8 1 Copyright 2017 by Society for Endocrinology and European Society of Endocrinology. ! ! ! Page 2 of 18 ( @ * >@ 7 D ' ! $ . @ ' ?* 0 ! F A! I J ! !'' ! ! ! ' ! E55F ' E< = 5 ! *J 88 ! F . ' J FF E** ! E" ? 2 * D *J 88 F ** E9 : F * D J =F *5 E ! ! ( * 3 ( D E** E D <: 7 E= < *J 88 ( ' ! E?J=F !' 5 ' E** E K =F *5 E K"<F 55 F 55 E 9I *5 ' 55 ' @ * J ( D ! ! D ! ' * ": :I 8 *D A! . F *5 E ' . ( D ! ( *J 88 ! " ' E ?I <J D ! ' ' * ' ! ! . D E K=FF ' ' * 0 . %! ! @ ! 7 @ E* 0F E5 F ! ( 7 ' . '! D % F E *F 5 ! ( G(H E7 J"<FF ( D D Page 3 of 18 7 '! ' 5 E5 F > E ' ' ! 1" ( D ! ( . ! D ' 1 = ' H 2 ' '! ' 8 ! ! D ! D H ' (! ' ! ' ! ( D 8 ) 1α ! ! A! 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A! !( D ?1 : *J 88 . < ! G! ! *J 88 E< C1? C . ! D A! 8 * 0 '* 0 D ' 7 ' ( ' ' C ' ! 1D . C " *J 88 C . * 0 D *J 88 A! F 1D "1 : ! ! * 0 *J 88 ! A! ? ! . * ! *J 8 ' ' ! ' ! 7 ' ! D * ' ( ! ' ' . ( ! ! D α E ) 1αF H ) 1α = > D ! . ! <2 "2 < $ ' ! 7 ! D '! ! ! . ! ( '! = . 9 ( ! ' ! ) 1α ' H : '! D D D 5 . ' ' . 5 ! ! . 55 ! D D 0 D . 0*1 A! . D ' ! ' ( D ' ! ( ( D D > $ ( ** ' * ! " A! 3 ' 8 *5 ! ' ! ! ' ' * Page 9 of 18 ' ' ! ( ! ' '! D . ' . ! ( $ ! ' = D . ! ! D D . ! D ! ! ! ' ": : ! . D ' ' ' 6 ! $ ' D . > > ! "8 0 D . 51 0 D . 8 9F D > D ( E 8C 9? ! ' ! 5 ! ' D ( ! ' D ! D . '! ' A! A! ' '! ! " # 9 ' D . ! ! ! ! Page 10 of 18 Reference List (1) van Rossum, E.F., Koper, J.W., van den Beld, A.W., Uitterlinden, A.G., Arp, P., Ester, W., et al. (2003) Identification of the BclI polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: association with sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo and body mass index. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 59(5),pp. 585-592. (2) van Rossum, E.F., Lamberts, S.W. (2004) Polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene and their associations with metabolic parameters and body composition. Recent Prog Horm Res 59,pp. 333-357. (3) Stevens, A., Ray, D.W., Zeggini, E., John, S., Richards, H.L., Griffiths, C.E., et al. (2004) Glucocorticoid sensitivity is determined by a specific glucocorticoid receptor haplotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(2),pp. 892-897. (4) Spijker, A.T., van Rossum, E.F. (2009) Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms in major depression. Focus on glucocorticoid sensitivity and neurocognitive functioning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1179,pp. 199-215. (5) Spijker, A.T., Giltay, E.J., van Rossum, E.F., Manenschijn, L., Derijk, R.H., Haffmans, J., et al. (2011) Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor polymorphisms and clinical characteristics in bipolar disorder patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36(10),pp. 1460-1469. (6) Steiger, H., Bruce, K., Gauvin, L., Groleau, P., Joober, R., Israel, M., et al. 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(2011) The Bcl I single nucleotide polymorphism of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene h-GR/NR3C1 promoter in patients with bronchial asthma: pilot study. Mol Biol Rep 38(6),pp. 3953-3958. (11) Arlt, W., Allolio, B. (2003) Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet 361, (9372),pp. 18811893. (12) Koetz, K., Kienitz, T., Quinkler, M. (2010) Management of steroid replacement in adrenal insufficiency. Minerva Endocrinol 35, (2),pp. 61-72. (13) Johannsson, G., Falorni, A., Skrtic, S., Lennernas, H., Quinkler, M., Monson, J.P., et al. (2015) Adrenal insufficiency: review of clinical outcomes with current glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 82(1),pp. 2-11. 11 Page 12 of 18 (14) Hahner, S., Spinnler, C., Fassnacht, M., Burger-Stritt, S., Lang, K., Milovanovic, D., et al. (2015) High incidence of adrenal crisis in educated patients with chronic adrenal insufficiency: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(2),pp. 407-416. 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(2013) BclI polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with increased bone resorption in patients on glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 78(6),pp. 831-837. 12 Page 13 of 18 (21) Rivkees, S.A., Crawford, J.D. (2000) Dexamethasone treatment of virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia: the ability to achieve normal growth. Pediatrics 106, (4),pp. 767-773. (22) Gergics, P., Patocs, A., Majnik, J., Balogh, K., Szappanos, A., Toth, M., et al. (2006) Detection of the Bcl I polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene by single-tube allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 100(4-5),pp. 161-166. (23) White, K., Arlt, W. (2010) Adrenal crisis in treated Addison's disease: a predictable but under-managed event. Eur J Endocrinol 162, (1),pp. 115-120. (24) Hahner, S., Loeffler, M., Bleicken, B., Drechsler, C., Milovanovic, D., Fassnacht, M., et al. (2010) Epidemiology of adrenal crisis in chronic adrenal insufficiency - the need for new prevention strategies. Eur J Endocrinol 162, (3),pp. 597-602. (25) Meyer, G., Neumann, K., Badenhoop, K., Linder, R. (2014) Increasing prevalence of Addison's disease in German females: health insurance data 2008-2012. Eur J Endocrinol 170(3),pp. 367-373. (26) Ritzel, K., Beuschlein, F., Mickisch, A., Osswald, A., Schneider, H.J., Schopohl, J., et al. (2013) Clinical review: Outcome of bilateral adrenalectomy in Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(10),pp. 3939-3948. (27) Smans, L.C., Van der Valk, E.S., Hermus, A.R., Zelissen, P.M. (2016) Incidence of adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 84(1),pp. 17-22. 13 Page 14 of 18 (28) Reisch, N., Willige, M., Kohn, D., Schwarz, H.P., Allolio, B., Reincke, M., et al. (2012) Frequency and causes of adrenal crises over lifetime in patients with 21hydroxylase deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. (29) Van, B.T., Vandevyver, S., Dejager, L., Van, H.F., Pinheiro, I., Petta, I., et al. (2011) Tumor necrosis factor inhibits glucocorticoid receptor function in mice: a strong signal toward lethal shock. J Biol Chem 286(30),pp. 26555-26567. (30) Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. (2017) https://de statista com/statistik/daten/studie/13441/umfrage/entwicklung-derjaehrlichen-anzahl-krankheitsbedingter-fehltage-je-arbeitnehmer/. 14 Page 15 of 18 @ * D E* 0F '! 2 %0& ! ! ! E7 K( K F ' >2 0* K % 2 5* K I 6% QQQ K N8 88 7 * ! D E *F ! ! E7 >2 0* K ! '! E* 0F ! ' E7 F ! ! E* 0F . 2 *K ' K( ! E6)7F ' '! 0* K ' ! I 6% @* ! F ' *5 I 6% 15 ** ' ' D 55 ' $ K( D . >2 Page 16 of 18 ! " # # $ % & ' ( % ) * #$+ ! "# & $$ % " '" " (" $% ) , ) - " Page 17 of 18 ! " # $ % & ' ( % & ' ( ) # * # % ! + , - . , - . /00 1 ) Page 18 of 18 ! " # ! " # ! $ % ! !$ & ! ! ! ! " # $% % ! & $ $ ' ! * $ * ( ) ( ) ! $ - % . +,, $ ! $ !